Multisensor and Multispectral LiDAR Characterization and Classification of a Forest Environment

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 501-520

  Hopkinson, Christopher ^a   Chasmer, Laura ^a   Gynan, Chris ^b   Mahoney, Craig ^a   Sitar, Michael ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE   (Canada)

^b Silv Econ Ltd   (Canada)

^c Teledyne Optech Incorporated   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CLASSIFICATION (OF INFORMATION); INFRARED DEVICES; OPTICAL RADAR; PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS;

APPLICATION SPECIFIC; DESIGN AND MANUFACTURES; FOREST ENVIRONMENTS; INDEPENDENT SENSORS; LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION; MULTI-SPECTRAL DATA; MULTIPLE WAVELENGTHS; NEAR-INFRARED WAVELENGTH;

FORESTRY;

EID: 84978512208     PISSN: 07038992     EISSN: 17127971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2016.1196584     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. A.S.Antonarakis, K.S.Richards, and J.Brasington, 2008. “Object-based land cover classification using airborne LiDAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 2988–2998.
2. P.Axelsson, 1999. “Processing of laser scanner data - algorithms and applications.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54:pp. 138–147.
3. L.E.Chasmer, C.Hopkinson, and P.Treitz, 2006. “Investigating laser pulse penetration through a conifer canopy by integrating airborne and terrestrial LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32(No. 2):pp. 116–125.
4. M.L.Clark, D.B.Clark, and D.A.Roberts, 2004. “Small-footprint LiDAR estimation of sub-canopy elevation and tree height in a tropical rain forest landscape.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 91(No. 1):pp. 68–89.
5. J.E.Colwell, 1974. “Vegetation canopy reflectance.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 3(No. 3):pp. 175–183.
6. N.Crasto, C.Hopkinson, P.Marsh, D.Forbes, L.Lesack, and I.Spooner, 2015. “Open-water classification in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT using airborne LIDAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 164:pp. 90–102.
7. R.O.Dubayah, and J.B.Drake, 2000. “LiDAR remote sensing for forestry.” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 98(No. 6):pp. 44–46.
8. S.O.Elberink, J.Stoter, H.Ledoux, and T.Commandeur, 2013. “Generation and dissemination of a national virtual 3D city and landscape model for the Netherlands.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 79(No. 2):pp. 147–158
9. D.M.Gates, 1970. “Physical and physiological properties of plants.” In Remote Sensing with Special Reference to Agriculture and Forestry, pp. 224–252. Washington, DC, USA:National Academy of Sciences.
10. A.F.H.Goetz, B.N.Rock, and L.C.Rowan, 1983. “Remote-sensing for exploration - an overview.” Economic Geology, Vol. 78(No. 4):pp. 573–590.
11. R.Goodale, C.Hopkinson, D.Colville, and D.Amirault. 2007. “Mapping Piping Plover habitat in coastal areas using airborne LiDAR data.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33(No. 6):pp. 519–533.
12. S.Hancock, P.Lewis, M.Foster, M.Disney, and J.P.Muller, 2012. “Measuring forests with dual wavelength LiDAR:A simulation study over topography.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 161:pp. 123–133.
13. A.R.Hogg, and K.W.Todd, 2007. “Automated discrimination of upland and wetland using terrain derivatives.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33(No. S1):pp. S68–S83.
14. J.Holmgren, M.Nilsson, and H.Olsson, 2003. “Simulating the effects of LiDAR scanning angle for estimation of mean tree height and canopy closure.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29(No. 5):pp. 623–632.
15. J.Holmgren, Persson, Å., and U.Söderman, 2008. “Species identification of individual trees by combining high resolution LiDAR data with multispectral images.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1537–1552.
16. C.Hopkinson, 2007. “The influence of flying altitude and beam divergence on canopy penetration and laser pulse return distribution characteristics.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33(No. 4):pp. 312–324.
17. C.Hopkinson, and L.Chasmer, 2009. “Testing LiDAR models of fractional cover across multiple forest ecozones.”Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113(No. 1):pp. 275–288.
18. C.Hopkinson, L.E.Chasmer, R.J.Hall, 2008. “The uncertainty in conifer plantation growth prediction from multitemporal LiDAR datasets.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112(No. 3):pp. 1168–1180.
19. C.Hopkinson, L.E.Chasmer, C.Young-Pow, and P.Treitz, 2004. “Assessing plot-level forest metrics with a ground-based scanning LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 34:pp. 573–583.
20. C.Hopkinson, D.Colville, D.Bourdeau, S.Monette, and R.Maher, 2011. “Scaling plot to stand-level LiDAR to public GIS data in a hierarchical approach to map the biomass of Nova Scotia.” Paper presented at Proceedings of the SilviLaser 2011 Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Oct. 16–20. Unpaginated USB.
21. J.L.Irish, and W.J.Lillycrop, 1999. “Scanning laser mapping of the coastal zone:the SHOALS system.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing. Vol. 54:pp. 123–129
22. S.Kaasalainen, Hyyppä, H., Kukko, A., Ahokas, E., Hyyppä, J., Lehner, H., Jaakkola, 2009. “Radiometric calibration of LIDAR intensity with commercially available reference targets.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 47(No. 2):pp. 588–499
23. Y.Ke, L.J.Quackenbush, and J.Im, 2010. “Synergistic use of QuickBird multispectral imagery and LIDAR data for object-based forest species classification.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 114:pp. 1141–1154.
24. E.B.Knipling, 1970. “Physical and physiological basis for the reflectance of visible and near-infrared radiation from vegetation.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1(No. 3):pp. 155–159.
25. I.Korpela, H.O.Ørka, M.Maltamo, T.Tolola, and J.Hyyppä, 2010. “Tree species classification using airborne LiDAR – effects of stand and tree parameters, downsizing of training set, intensity normalization, and sensor type.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 44(No. 2):pp. 319–339.
26. S.Koukoulas, and G.A.Blackburn, 2005. “Mapping individual tree location, height and species in broadleaved deciduous forest using airborne LIDAR and multispectral remotely sensed data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 26(No. 3):pp. 431–455.
27. M.A.Lefsky, D.Harding, W.B.Cohen, G.Parker, and H.H.Shugart, 1999. “Surface LiDAR remote sensing of basal area and biomass in deciduous forests of eastern Maryland, USA.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 67(No. 1):pp. 83–98.
28. M.A.Lefsky, W.B.Cohen, G.G.Parker, and D.J.Harding, 2002. “LiDAR remote sensing for ecosystem studies.” Bioscience, Vol. 52(No. 1):pp. 19–30.
29. K.Lim, C.Hopkinson, and P.Treitz, 2008. “Examining the effects of sampling point densities on laser canopy height and density metrics at the forest plot level.” Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 84(No. 6):pp. 876–885
30. D.B.Lobell, and G.P.Asner, 2002. “Moisture effects on soil reflectance.” Soil Science Society of America Journal, Vol. 66(No. 3):pp. 722–727.
31. R.E.McRoberts, E.Næsset, T.Gobakken, and O.M.Bollandsås, 2015. “Indirect and direct estimation of forest biomass change using forest inventory and airborne laser scanning data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 164:pp. 36–42.
32. J.E.Means, S.A.Acker, B.J.Fitt, M.Renslow, L.Emerson, and C.J.Hendrix, 2000. “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning LiDAR.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 66(No. 11):pp. 1367–1371.
33. J.E.Means, S.A.Acker, D.J.Harding, J.B.Blair, M.A.Lefsky, W.B.Cohen, M.E.Harmon, and W.A.McKee, 1999. “Use of large-footprint scanning airborne LiDAR to estimate forest stand characteristics in the Western Cascades of Oregon.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 67(No. 3):pp. 298–308.
34. K.Millard, and M.Richardson, 2013. “Wetland mapping with LiDAR derivatives, SAR polarimetric decompositions, and LiDAR–SAR fusion using a random forest classifier.”Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39(No. 4):pp. 290–307.
35. T.Moffiet, K.Mengersen, C.Witte, R.King, and R.Denham, 2005. “Airborne laser scanning:Exploratory data analysis indicates potential variables for classification of individual trees or forest stands according to species.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 59(No. 5):pp. 289–309.
36. A.Montaghi, 2013. “Effect of scanning angle on vegetation metrics derived from a nationwide airborne laser scanning acquisition.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39(No. s1):pp. S152–S173.
37. F.Morsdorf, C.Nichol, T.Malthus, and I.H.Woodhouse, 2009. “Assessing forest structural and physiological information content of multispectral LiDAR waveforms by radiative transfer modelling.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113(No. 10):pp. 2152–2163.
38. E.Næsset, 2009. “Effects of different sensors, flying altitudes, and pulse repetition frequencies on forest canopy metrics and biophysical stand properties derived from small-footprint airborne laser data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113 (No. 1):pp. 148–159
39. E.Naesset, 2002. “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 80(No. 1):pp. 88–99.
40. R.Nelson, 2013. “How did we get here? An early history of forestry LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39(No. s1):pp. S6–S17.
41. R.Nelson, W.Krabill, and G.Maclean, 1984. “Determining forest canopy characteristics using airborne laser data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 15(No. 3):pp. 201–212.
42. K.O.Niemann, G.Quinn, D.G.Goodenough, F.Visintini, and R.Loos, 2012. “Addressing the effects of canopy structure on the remote sensing of foliar chemistry of a 3-dimensional, radiometrically porous surface.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 5(No. 2):pp. 584–593.
43. W.Ni-Meister, S.Y.Lee, A.H.Strahler, C.E.Woodcock, C.Schaaf, Yao,T.A., K.J.Ranson, G.Q.Sun, and J.B.Blair, 2010. “Assessing general relationships between aboveground biomass and vegetation structure parameters for improved carbon estimate from LiDAR remote sensing.” Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, Vol. 115
44. H.O.Ørka, E.Næsset, and O.M.Bollandsås, 2007. “Utilizing airborne laser intensity for tree species classification.” International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 36(No. 3/W52):pp. 300–304.
45. H.O.Ørka, E.Næsset, and O.M.Bollandsås, 2009. “Classifying species of individual trees by intensity and structure features derived from airborne laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113(No. 6):pp. 1163–1174.
46. G.Patenaude, R.A.Hill, R.Milne, D.L.A.Gaveau, B.B.J.Briggs, and T.P.Dawson, 2004. “Quantifying forest above ground carbon content using LiDAR remote sensing.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 93(No. 3):pp. 368–380.
47. J.Rosette, J.Suarez, P.North, and S.Los, 2011. “Forestry applications for satellite LiDAR remote sensing.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 77(No. 3):pp. 271–279.
48. M.B.Satterwhite, and J.P.Henley, 1990. Hyperspectral Signatures (400 to 2500 nm) of Vegetation, Minerals, Soils, Rocks, and Cultural Features:Laboratory and Field Measurements. DTIC Document. Fort Belvoir, VA. Army Engineer Topographic Labs.
49. J.M.Stoker, M.A.Cochrane, D.P.Roy, 2014. “Integrating disparate Lidar data at the national scale to assess the relationships between height above ground, land cover and ecoregions.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 80(No. 1):pp. 59–70.
50. B.St-Onge, Y.Hu, and C.Véga, 2008. “Mapping the height and above-ground biomass of a mixed forest using LiDAR and stereo Ikonos images.” International Journal of Remote Sensing. Vol. 29(No. 5):pp. 1277–1294.
51. B.St-Onge, J.Jumelet, M.Cobello, and C.Véga, 2004. “Measuring individual tree height using a combination of stereophotogrammetry and LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 34(No. 10):pp. 2122–2130.
52. J.Vauhkonen, I.Korpela, M.Maltamo, T.Tokola, 2010. “Imputation of single-tree attributes using airborne laser scanning-based height, intensity, and alpha shape metrics.” Remote Sesning of Environment, Vol. 114:pp. 1263–1276.
53. A.Wallace, C.Nichol, and I.Woodhouse, 2012. “Recovery of forest canopy parameters by inversion of multispectral LiDAR data.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4(No. 2):pp. 509–531.
54. I.H.Woodhouse, C.Nichol, P.Sinclair, J.Jack, F.Morsdorf, T.J.Malthus, and G.Patenaude, 2011. “A multispectral canopy LiDAR demonstrator project.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 8:pp. 839–843. doi:10.1109/Lgrs.2011.2113312.
55. M.Woods, D.Pitt, M.Penner, K.Lim, D.Nesbitt, D.Etheridge, and P.Treitz, 2011. “Operational implementation of a LiDAR inventory in Boreal Ontario.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 87(No. 4):pp. 512–528.
56. M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, C.W.Bater, N.C.Coops, C.Hopkinson, and G.Chen, 2012. “LiDAR plots-a new large-area data collection option:context, concepts, and case study.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 38(No. 5):pp. 600–618.
57. W.Y.Yan, A.Shaker, and N.El-Ashmawy, 2015. “Urban land cover classification using airborne LiDAR data:A review.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158:pp. 295–310.
58. W.Y.Yan, and A.Shaker, 2015. “Radiometric normalization of overlapping LiDAR intensity data for reduction of line striping noise.” International Journal of Digital Earth. (Submitted).
59. X.Yang, N.Rochdi, J.Zhang, J.Banting, D.Rolfson, C.King, K.Staenz, S.Patterson, and B.Purdy, 2014. “Mapping tree species in a boreal forest area using RapidEye and LIDAR data.” In Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society conference. IEEE.
60. X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, H.Kaartinen, and M.Maltamo 2004. “Automatic detection of harvested trees and determination of forest growth using airborne laser scanning.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90(No. 4):pp. 451–462.