A church-based intervention for families to promote mental health and prevent HIV among adolescents in rural Kenya: Results of a randomized trial

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 84, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 511-525

  Puffer, Eve S ^a   Green, Eric P ^a   Sikkema, Kathleen J ^a   Broverman, Sherryl A ^a   Ogwang Odhiambo, Rose A ^b   Pian, Jessica ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EGERTON UNIVERSITY   (Kenya)

Author keywords

adolescents; Africa; family intervention; HIV prevention; mental health

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; ERROR; FAMILY; FAMILY STUDY; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; JUVENILE; KENYA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PSYCINFO; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RELIGION; RISK REDUCTION; SELF CONCEPT; SKILL; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNPROTECTED SEX; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; PHYSIOLOGY; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PSYCHOLOGY; RURAL POPULATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; UNSAFE SEX;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; CHILD; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; KENYA; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; RURAL POPULATION; SELF EFFICACY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL SUPPORT; UNSAFE SEX;

EID: 84977878036     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: 19392117     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000076     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Agadjanian, V. (2005). Gender, religious involvement, and HIV/AIDS prevention in Mozambique. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 1529-1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.012
2. Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health, 13, 623-649. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/08870449808407422
3. Barnes, H. L., & Olson, D. H. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication and the circumplex model. Child Development, 56, 438-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129732
4. Barrera, M., Jr., Castro, F. G., Strycker, L. A., & Toobert, D. J. (2013). Cultural adaptations of behavioral health interventions: A progress report. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 196-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027085
5. Basen-Engquist, K., & Parcel, G. S. (1992). Attitudes, norms, and selfefficacy: A model of adolescents' HIV-related sexual risk behavior. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 263-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 109019819201900209
6. Bastien, S., Kajula, L. J., & Muhwezi, W. W. (2011). A review of studies of parent-child communication about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive Health, 8, 25.
7. Baumrind, D. (1966). Prototypical descriptions of 3 parenting styles. Psychology, 37.
8. Bell, C. C., Bhana, A., Petersen, I., McKay, M. M., Gibbons, R., Bannon, W., & Amatya, A. (2008). Building protective factors to offset sexually risky behaviors among black youths: A randomized control trial. Journal of the National Medical Association, 100, 936-944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0027-9684(15)31408-5
9. Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20, 317-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363
10. Betancourt, T. S., Ng, L. C., Kirk, C. M., Munyanah, M., Mushashi, C., Ingabire, C., ⋯ Sezibera, V. (2014, July). Family-based prevention of mental health problems in children affected by HIV and AIDS: An open trial. AIDS (London, England), 28(Suppl 3), S359-S368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000336
11. Bhana, A., Petersen, I., Mason, A., Mahintsho, Z., Bell, C., & McKay, M. (2004). Children and youth at risk: Adaptation and pilot study of the CHAMP (Amaqhawe) programme in South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 3, 33-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085 900409490316
12. Biddlecom, A., Awusabo-Asare, K., & Bankole, A. (2009). Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four African countries. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35, 72-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/3507209
13. Bogart, L. M., Skinner, D., Thurston, I. B., Toefy, Y., Klein, D. J., Hu, C. H., & Schuster, M. A. (2013). Let's talk! A South African worksitebased HIV prevention parenting program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, 602-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.01.014
14. Boudreault-Bouchard, A.-M., Dion, J., Hains, J., Vandermeerschen, J., Laberge, L., & Perron, M. (2013, August). Impact of parental emotional support and coercive control on adolescents' self-esteem and psychological distress: Results of a four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 695-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.002
15. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Brook, D. W., Morojele, N. K., Zhang, C., & Brook, J. S. (2006, June). South African adolescents: Pathways to risky sexual behavior. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 259-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.3.259
17. Brown, L. K., Hadley, W., Stewart, A., Lescano, C., Whiteley, L., Donenberg, G., ⋯ the Project STYLE Study Group. (2010, August). Psychiatric disorders and sexual risk among adolescents in mental health treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 590-597.
18. Carey, M. P., & Schroder, K. E. (2002). Development and psychometric evaluation of the brief HIV Knowledge Questionnaire. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14, 172-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.14.2.172.23902
19. Catalano, R. F., Fagan, A. A., Gavin, L. E., Greenberg, M. T., Irwin, C. E., Jr., Ross, D. A., & Shek, D. T. (2012, April). Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. The Lancet, 379, 1653-1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60238-4
20. Cavaleri, M. A., Olin, S. S., Kim, A., Hoagwood, K. E., & Burns, B. J. (2011, December). Family support in prevention programs for children at risk for emotional/behavioral problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 399-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0100-9
21. Cecil, H., & Pinkerton, S. D. (1998). Reliability and validity of a selfefficacy instrument for protective sexual behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 47, 113-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448 489809595631
22. CIA. (n.d.). The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/
23. Collins, P. Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S. S., March, D., Insel, T. R., Daar, A. S., ⋯ the Scientific Advisory Board and the Executive Committee of the Grand Challenges on Global Mental Health. (2011). Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature, 475, 27-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ 475027a
24. Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C., Pruett, M., Pruett, K., & Wong, J. (2009). Promoting fathers' engagement with children: Preventive interventions for low-income families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 3, 663-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00625.x
25. Dimbuene, Z. T., & Defo, B. K. (2011). Risky sexual behaviour among unmarried young people in Cameroon: Another look at family environment. Journal of Biosocial Science, 43, 129-153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932010000635
26. Dretzke, J., Davenport, C., Frew, E., Barlow, J., Stewart-Brown, S., Bayliss, S., ⋯ Hyde, C. (2009). The clinical effectiveness of different parenting programmes for children with conduct problems: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-3-7
27. Eaton, J., McCay, L., Semrau, M., Chatterjee, S., Baingana, F., Araya, R., ⋯ Saxena, S. (2011, October). Scale up of services for mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378, 1592-1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60891-X
28. Engle, P. L., Black, M. M., Behrman, J. R., Cabral de Mello, M., Gertler, P. J., Kapiriri, L., ⋯ the International Child Development Steering Group. (2007, January). Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world. Lancet, 369, 229-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07) 60112-3
29. Eriksson, E., Lindmark, G., Axemo, P., Haddad, B., & Ahlberg, B. M. (2010). Ambivalence, silence and gender differences in church leaders' HIV-prevention messages to young people in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12, 103-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691050903141192
30. Fernando, G. A. (2012, July). The roads less traveled: Mapping some pathways on the global mental health research roadmap. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49(3-4), 396-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13634 61512447137
31. Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1016-1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.1016
32. Garner, R. C. (2000). Safe sects? Dynamic religion and AIDS in South Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 38, 41-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X99003249
33. Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1337-1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ 00004583-200111000-00015
34. Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2001). The prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the field. Prevention & Treatment, 4(1). Advance online publication. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/1522-3736.4.1.41a
35. Guilamo-Ramos, V., Bouris, A., Jaccard, J., Gonzalez, B., McCoy, W., & Aranda, D. (2011, February). A parent-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior in early adolescence: Building alliances between physicians, social workers, and parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 159-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.007
36. Haglund, K. A., & Fehring, R. J. (2010). The association of religiosity, sexual education, and parental factors with risky sexual behaviors among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 49, 460-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9267-5
37. Hecht, R., Stover, J., Bollinger, L., Muhib, F., Case, K., & de Ferranti, D. (2010). Financing of HIV/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009-31. Lancet, 376, 1254-1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61255-X
38. Hemming, K., Lilford, R., & Girling, A. J. (2015, January). Stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trials: A generic framework including parallel and multiple-level designs. Statistics in Medicine, 34, 181-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.6325
39. Henrich, C. C., Brookmeyer, K. A., Shrier, L. A., & Shahar, G. (2005). Supportive relationships and sexual risk behavior in adolescence: An ecological-transactional approach. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31, 286-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsj024
40. Hussey, M. A., & Hughes, J. P. (2007). Design and analysis of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 28, 182-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2006.05.007
41. Hutchinson, M. K., Jemmott, J. B., III, Jemmott, L. S., Braverman, P., & Fong, G. T. (2003). The role of mother-daughter sexual risk communication in reducing sexual risk behaviors among urban adolescent females: A prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 98-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00183-6
42. Isreal, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., Becker, A. B., Allen, A. J., & Guzman, J. R. (2008). Critical issues in developing and following CBPR principles. Community-based participatory research for health: From process to outcomes (pp. 47-66). San Francisco. CA: Jossey-Bass.
43. Jenkins, R., Njenga, F., Okonji, M., Kigamwa, P., Baraza, M., Ayuyo, J., ⋯ Kiima, D. (2012). Prevalence of common mental disorders in a rural district of kenya, and socio-demographic risk factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 1810-1819.
44. Jordans, M. J., Tol, W. A., Ndayisaba, A., & Komproe, I. H. (2013). A controlled evaluation of a brief parenting psychoeducation intervention in Burundi. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48, 1851-1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0630-6
45. Kabiru, C. W., Beguy, D., Undie, C.-C., Zulu, E. M., & Ezeh, A. C. (2010). Transition into first sex among adolescents in slum and non-slum communities in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Youth Studies, 13, 453-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676261003801754
46. Kabiru, C. W., & Orpinas, P. (2009). Factors associated with sexual activity among high-school students in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Adolescence, 3, 1023-1039.
47. Kakuma, R., Minas, H., van Ginneken, N., Dal Poz, M. R., Desiraju, K., Morris, J. E., ⋯ Scheffler, R. M. (2011, November). Human resources for mental health care: Current situation and strategies for action. The Lancet, 378, 1654-1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11) 61093-3
48. Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. C. (2003). HIV testing attitudes, AIDS stigma, and voluntary HIV counselling and testing in a black township in Cape Town, South Africa. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 79, 442-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.79.6.442
49. Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008, May). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9
50. Kieling, C., Baker-Henningham, H., Belfer, M., Conti, G., Ertem, I., Omigbodun, O., ⋯ Rahman, A. (2011, October). Child and adolescent mental health worldwide: Evidence for action. The Lancet, 378, 1515-1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60827-1
51. Kincaid, C., Jones, D. J., Sterrett, E., & McKee, L. (2012). A review of parenting and adolescent sexual behavior: The moderating role of gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 3, 177-188.
52. Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's depression inventory: Manual [Computer software manual]. Multi-Health Systems.
53. Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 457-465.
54. LaTeX3 Project. (2013). Latex: A document preparation system.
55. Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 235-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S095457949800159X
56. March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (masc): factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554-565.
57. Marshall, M., & Taylor, N. (2006). Tackling HIV and AIDS with faithbased communities: Learning from attitudes on gender relations and sexual rights within local evangelical churches in burkina faso, zimbabwe, and south africa. Gender and Development, 14, 363-374.
58. Mash, R., & Mash, R. J. (2012). A quasi-experimental evaluation of an HIV prevention programme by peer education in the Anglican Church of the Western Cape, South Africa. British Medical Journal Open, 2(2), e000638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000638
59. McKay, M. M., Alicea, S., Elwyn, L., McClain, Z. R. B., Parker, G., Small, L. A., & Mellins, C. A. (2014). The development and implementation of theory-driven programs capable of addressing poverty-impacted children's health, mental health, and prevention needs: CHAMP and CHAMP, evidence-informed, family-based interventions to address HIV risk and care. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43, 428-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.893519
60. Mejia, A., Calam, R., & Sanders, M. R. (2012, June). A review of parenting programs in developing countries: Opportunities and challenges for preventing emotional and behavioral difficulties in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 15, 163-175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10567-012-0116-9
61. Miller, K. S., Kotchick, B. A., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R., & Ham, A. Y. (1998). Family communication about sex: What are parents saying and are their adolescents listening? Family Planning Perspectives, 30, 218-222, 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2991607
62. Miller, K. S., Lin, C. Y., Poulsen, M. N., Fasula, A., Wyckoff, S. C., Forehand, R., ⋯ Armistead, L. (2011). Enhancing HIV communication between parents and children: Efficacy of the Parents Matter! Program. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23, 550-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.6.550
63. National AIDS Control Council. (2009). Kenya aids indicator survey 2007. Nairobi, Kenya: Author.
64. Panter-Brick, C., Burgess, A., Eggerman, M., McAllister, F., Pruett, K., & Leckman, J. F. (2014, November). Practitioner review: Engaging fathers - Recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1187-1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ jcpp.12280
65. Pequegnat, W., & Bell, C. C. (2012). Future directions for family-based prevention and treatment research: Challenges and emerging issues. In W. Pequegnat and C. C. Bell, Family and HIV/AIDS (pp. 331-339). New York, New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0439-2-16
66. Poulsen, M. N., Vandenhoudt, H., Wyckoff, S. C., Obong'o, C. O., Ochura, J., Njika, G., ⋯ Miller, K. S. (2010). Cultural adaptation of a U.S. evidence-based parenting intervention for rural Western Kenya: From parents matter! To families matter! AIDS Education and Prevention, 22, 273-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.4.273
67. Puffer, E. S., Drabkin, A. S., Stashko, A. L., Broverman, S. A., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2012). Orphan status, HIV risk behavior, and mental health among adolescents in rural Kenya. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, 868-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/ jss077
68. Puffer, E. S., Meade, C. S., Drabkin, A. S., Broverman, S. A., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2011). Individual-and family-level psychosocial correlates of HIV risk behavior among youth in rural Kenya. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1264-1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10461-010-9823-8
69. Puffer, E. S., Pian, J., Sikkema, K. J., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Broverman, S. A. (2013). Developing a family-based HIV prevention intervention in rural Kenya: Challenges in conducting community-based participatory research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 8, 119-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jer.2013.8.2.119
70. Puffer, E. S., Watt, M. H., Sikkema, K. J., Ogwang-Odhiambo, R. A., & Broverman, S. A. (2012). The protective role of religious coping in adolescents' responses to poverty and sexual decision-making in rural Kenya. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2011.00760.x
71. R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/
72. Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002). Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 330-366.
73. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
74. RStudio. (2015). Rstudio: Integrated development environment for r. Boston, MA: RStudio.
75. Sandler, I. N., Schoenfelder, E. N., Wolchik, S. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). Long-term impact of prevention programs to promote effective parenting: Lasting effects but uncertain processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 299-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131619
76. Scott-Sheldon, L. A. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Warren, M. R., Johnson, B. T., & Carey, M. P. (2011, December). Efficacy of behavioral interventions to increase condom use and reduce sexually transmitted infections: A meta-analysis, 1991 to 2010. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58, 489-498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ QAI.0b013e31823554d7
77. Sheeran, P., Abraham, C., & Orbell, S. (1999). Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 90-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.90
78. Shelton, K. K., Frick, P. J., & Wootton, J. (1996). Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 317-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15374424jccp2503-8
79. Smith, D. J. (2004). Youth, sin and sex in Nigeria: Christianity and HIV/AIDS-related beliefs and behaviour among rural-urban migrants. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 6, 425-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13691050410001680528
80. Taylor, N. (2006). Working together?: Challenges and opportunities for international development agencies and the church in the response to AIDS in Africa (Tech. Rep.). Middlesex, UK: Tearfund.
81. Thurman, T. R., Kidman, R., Nice, J., & Ikamari, L. (2015). Family functioning and child behavioral problems in households affected by HIV and AIDS in Kenya. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1408-1414.
82. Van Campen, K. S., & Romero, A. J. (2012, October). How are selfefficacy and family involvement associated with less sexual risk taking among ethnic minority adolescents? Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 61, 548-558. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00721.x
83. Vandenhoudt, H., Miller, K. S., Ochura, J., Wyckoff, S. C., Obong'o, C. O., Otwoma, N. J., ⋯ Buvé, A. (2010). Evaluation of a U.S. evidence-based parenting intervention in rural Western Kenya: From parents matter! To families matter! AIDS Education and Prevention, 22, 328-343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.4.328
84. Wang, R.-H., Hsu, H.-Y., Lin, S.-Y., Cheng, C.-P., & Lee, S.-L. (2010). Risk behaviours among early adolescents: Risk and protective factors. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, 313-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05159.x
85. Weisz, J. R., Sandler, I. N., Durlak, J. A., & Anton, B. S. (2005). Promoting and protecting youth mental health through evidence-based prevention and treatment. American Psychologist, 60, 628-648. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.628
86. Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., ⋯ Burstein, R. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet, 382, 1575-1586.
87. World Health Organization. (n.d.). Global health observatory (GHO) data: HIV/AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en/
88. Wingood, G. M., Simpson-Robinson, L., Braxton, N. D., & Raiford, J. L. (2011). Design of a faith-based HIV intervention: Successful collaboration between a university and a church. Health Promotion Practice, 12, 823-831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839910372039
89. World Health Organization. (2010). Towards universal access: Scaling up priority hiv/aids interventions in the health section: Progress report 2010. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.