Connecting memory, self, and the power of place in African American Urban history

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 347-371

  Lewis, Earl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84976984195     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: 15526771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009614429502100303     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. As quoted in Earl Lewis, In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, and Power in Twentieth Century Norfolk, Virginia (Berkeley, 1991), 120. Interview, 2 January 1981.
2. David Thelen, “Memory and American History,” Journal of American History 75 (March 1989), 1127.
3. For an effective review of this literature and the particulars see Kenneth L. Kusmer, “The Black Urban Experience” in The State ofAfro-American History, Darlene Clark Hine, ed., (Baton Rouge, 1986), 91-122, and Joe W. Trotter, Jr., ed., The Great Migration in Historical Perspective (Bloomington, 1991), 1-21.
4. Theodore Hershberg, ed., Philadelphia (New York, 1981), 4-7.
5. Representative works include Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making ofa Ghetto (New York, 1963); Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1880-1920 (Chicago, 1967); and Kenneth L. Kusmer, A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1870-1930 (Urbana, 1976).
6. Joe William Trotter, Jr., Black Milwaukee: The Making of an Industrial Proletariat (Urbana, 1985), especially appendix 7.
7. Trotter, ed., The Great Migration in Historical Perspective provides a nice overview of the motivations and variations in experience and expectation.
8. Richard Wright, Black Boy (New York, 1966), 284.
9. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 102-109; Grossman, Land ofHope, 156; and Shirley Ann Moore, “Blacks In Richmond, California, 1930-1945,” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1989).
10. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 104.
11. Bruce M. Ross, Remembering the Personal Past (New York, 1991), 151.
12. See, for example, William L. Andrews, To Teil A Free Story: the First Century of Afro-AmericanAutobiography, 1760-1865 (Urbana, 1988); and William L. Andrews and Nellie McKay, Guest Editors, Black American Literature Forum 24 (Summer 1990).
13. Andrews, To Teil A Free Story, 1-31.
14. James Fentress and Chris Wickham elaboraie on the general themes in Social Memory (Cambridge, 1992), especially 20-23. Thelen offers a nice description of the physiology of memory processing in “Memory and American History,” 1120-21.
15. Fentress and Wickham, Social Memory, x.
16. Bodnar, Remaking America, chapters 1-5 and conclusion.
17. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 9-10 and 196.
18. Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long (New York, 1979), chapter 1.
19. A fviller discussion of the implications and mechanics of this approach are outlined in Earl Lewis, “Invoking Concepts, Problematizing Identities: The Life of Charles N. Hunter and the Implications for the Study of Gender and Labor,” Labor History 34 (Spring-Summer 1993), 292-308.
20. Interview, 2 January 1981.
21. Joanne Meyerowitz, Women Adrift: Independent wage Earners in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Chicago, 1988); interview, 2 January 1981.
22. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 80.
23. Michael Katz, ed., The Underclass Debate: Views From History (Princeton, 1993), 446. Katz may have simply meant physical distancing, but a degree of social distancing is an assumed result of physical Separation.
24. James Scott, Domination and theArts cf Resistance (New Haven, 1991), 1-27.
25. Lawrence Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness (New York, 1977), 370-440. Daryl Cumber Dance, Shuckin'and Jivin’ (Bloomington, 1978), chapters 10 and 12.
26. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 47,48, and 76.
27. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness, 427-429.
28. Early Simple tales appeared in the Chicago Defender. They were subsequently collected into five books of verse: Simple Speaks His Mind, Simple Takes a Wife, Simple Stakes a Claim, The Best of Simple, and Simple's Uncle Sam. Arnold Rampersad, The Ufe of Längsten Hughes: I Dream A World, vol. II, 1941-1967 (New York, 1988), 62-67. Charles Scmggs, Sweet Home: Invisible Cities in the Afro-AmericanNovel (Baltimore, 1993), 1-12.
29. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness, 427-429.
30. Robin D. G. Kelley, “‘We Are Not What We Seem': Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South,” Journal of American History 80 (June 1993), 84.
31. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness.
32. Lewis, In Their Own Interests, 167.
33. Elsa Barkley Brown, “Constructing a Life and a Community: A Story of the Life of Maggie Lena Walker,” OAH Magazine of History 1 (Summer 1993), 28-29. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (Cambridge, 1993).
34. Kelley, “‘We Are Not What We Seem,’” 75-112.
35. The politics of memory is discussed in Scott A. Sandage, “AMarble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939-1963,” Journal of American History 80 (June 1993), 135-167.
36. Ledger Star 8 November 1974; The Virginian-Pilot 9 November 1974.
37. The Virginian-Pilot 19 June 1967, 9 November 1974; Norfolk Journal and Guide 25 April 1959. 16 November 1974. Norfolk Labor Journal 6 September 1945.
38. The Virginian-Pilot 19 June 1967, 9 November 1974; Norfolk Journal and Guide 25 April 1959. 16 November 1974. Norfolk Labor Journal 6 September 1945.
39. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, 1989), chapters 15 and 16.
40. Vincent Harding, “Responsibilities of the Black Scholar to the Community,” in The State ofAfro-American History, 280.
41. This point was reiterated on March 5,1993, when I delivered a public lecture in Norfolk on black life during World War II. Several area residents reclaimed me as one of them and applauded my decision to write the book.