Phase Boundary Propagation in Li-Alloying Battery Electrodes Revealed by Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

ACS Nano

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 5670-5678

  Leenheer, Andrew J ^a   Jungjohann, Katherine L ^a   Zavadil, Kevin R ^a   Harris, Charles T ^a  

^a SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

batteries; energy storage; in situ TEM; liquid cell electron microscopy; phase transformations

Indexed keywords

AMORPHOUS FILMS; AMORPHOUS MATERIALS; AMORPHOUS SILICON; CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTRIC DISCHARGES; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYTES; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ELECTRONS; ENERGY STORAGE; FILM GROWTH; FILMS; GOLD; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; INTERFACES (MATERIALS); INTERMETALLICS; LIQUIDS; LITHIUM; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NUCLEATION; PHASE TRANSITIONS; SECONDARY BATTERIES; SOLAR CELLS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

CHARGE DISCHARGE CURVES; IN-SITU TEM; LIQUID CELLS; MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES; NANO-STRUCTURED ELECTRODES; NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL; PHASE TRANSFORMATION BEHAVIOR; SOLID-SOLID PHASE TRANSFORMATION;

LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES;

EID: 84976550456     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02200     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Obrovac, M. N.; Chevrier, V. L. Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11444-11502 10.1021/cr500207g
2. Chen, Q.; Sieradzki, K. Spontaneous Evolution of Bicontinuous Nanostructures in Dealloyed Li-Based Systems Nat. Mater. 2013, 12, 1102-1106 10.1038/nmat3741
3. Erlebacher, J.; Aziz, M. J.; Karma, A.; Dimitrov, N.; Sieradzki, K. Evolution of Nanoporosity in Dealloying Nature 2001, 410, 450-453 10.1038/35068529
4. Huggins, R. A. Materials Science Principles Related to Alloys of Potential Use in Rechargeable Lithium Cells J. Power Sources 1989, 26, 109-120 10.1016/0378-7753(89)80020-5
5. McDowell, M. T.; Lee, S. W.; Nix, W. D.; Cui, Y. 25th Anniversary Article: Understanding the Lithiation of Silicon and Other Alloying Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4966-4985 10.1002/adma.201301795
6. Cogswell, D. A.; Bazant, M. Z. Theory of Coherent Nucleation in Phase-Separating Nanoparticles Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3036-3041 10.1021/nl400497t
7. Porter, D. A.; Easterling, K. E.; Sherif, M. Y. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 3 rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2009.
8. Dreyer, W.; Jamnik, J.; Guhlke, C.; Huth, R.; Moskon, J.; Gaberscek, M. The Thermodynamic Origin of Hysteresis in Insertion Batteries Nat. Mater. 2010, 9, 448-453 10.1038/nmat2730
9. Ferguson, T. R.; Bazant, M. Z. Phase Transformation Dynamics in Porous Battery Electrodes Electrochim. Acta 2014, 146, 89-97 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.083
10. 4 Electrode Revealed by Nanoscale State-of-Charge Mapping Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 866-872 10.1021/nl3031899
11. Leenheer, A. J.; Sullivan, J. P.; Shaw, M. J.; Harris, C. T. A Sealed Liquid Cell for in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Controlled Electrochemical Processes J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2015, 24, 1061-1068 10.1109/JMEMS.2014.2380771
12. Leenheer, A. J.; Jungjohann, K. L.; Zavadil, K. R.; Sullivan, J. P.; Harris, C. T. Lithium Electrodeposition Dynamics in Aprotic Electrolyte Observed in Situ via Transmission Electron Microscopy ACS Nano 2015, 9, 4379-4389 10.1021/acsnano.5b00876
13. Liu, X. H.; Huang, J. Y. In Situ TEM Electrochemistry of Anode Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3844-3860 10.1039/c1ee01918j
14. Gu, M.; Parent, L. R.; Mehdi, B. L.; Unocic, R. R.; McDowell, M. T.; Sacci, R. L.; Xu, W.; Connell, J. G.; Xu, P.; Abellan, P.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Perea, D. E.; Evans, J. E.; Lauhon, L. J.; Zhang, J.-G.; Liu, J.; Browning, N. D.; Cui, Y.; Arslan, I. et al. Demonstration of an Electrochemical Liquid Cell for Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Lithiation/Delithiation Behavior of Si Nanowire Battery Anodes Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 6106-6112 10.1021/nl403402q
15. Noh, K. W.; Dillon, S. J. Morphological Changes in and Around Sn Electrodes During Li Ion Cycling Characterized by in Situ Environmental TEM Scr. Mater. 2013, 69, 658-661 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.07.028
16. Zeng, Z.; Liang, W.-I.; Chu, Y.-H.; Zheng, H. In Situ TEM Study of the Li-Au Reaction in an Electrochemical Liquid Cell Faraday Discuss. 2014, 176, 95-107 10.1039/C4FD00145A
17. Oltean, G.; Tai, C.-W.; Edström, K.; Nyholm, L. On the Origin of the Capacity Fading for Aluminium Negative Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries J. Power Sources 2014, 269, 266-273 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.118
18. Frazer, E. J. Electrochemical Formation of Lithium-Aluminium Alloys in Propylene Carbonate Electrolytes J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1981, 121, 329-339 10.1016/S0022-0728(81)80588-8
19. Hudak, N. S.; Huber, D. L. Size Effects in the Electrochemical Alloying and Cycling of Electrodeposited Aluminum with Lithium J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, A688 10.1149/2.023206jes
20. Bach, P.; Stratmann, M.; Valencia-Jaime, I.; Romero, A. H.; Renner, F. U. Lithiation and Delithiation Mechanisms of Gold Thin Film Model Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries: Electrochemical Characterization Electrochim. Acta 2015, 164, 81-89 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.184
21. Yuan, L.; Liu, H. K.; Maaroof, A.; Konstantinov, K.; Liu, J.; Cortie, M. Mesoporous Gold as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Cells J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 2007, 10, 95
22. Williams, D. B.; Carter, C. B. Transmission Electron Microscopy, 2 nd ed.; Springer: New York, 2009.
23. Chevrier, V. L.; Dahn, J. R. First Principles Model of Amorphous Silicon Lithiation J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, A454 10.1149/1.3111037
24. Wang, J. W.; He, Y.; Fan, F.; Liu, X. H.; Xia, S.; Liu, Y.; Harris, C. T.; Li, H.; Huang, J. Y.; Mao, S. X.; Zhu, T. Two-Phase Electrochemical Lithiation in Amorphous Silicon Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 709-715 10.1021/nl304379k
25. McAlister, A. J. The Al-Li (Aluminum-Lithium) System Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 1982, 3, 177-183 10.1007/BF02892377
26. Liu, Y.; Hudak, N. S.; Huber, D. L.; Limmer, S. J.; Sullivan, J. P.; Huang, J. Y. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of Pulverization of Aluminum Nanowires and Evolution of the Thin Surface Al2O3 Layers During Lithiation-Delithiation Cycles Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4188-4194 10.1021/nl202088h
27. Liu, N.; Lu, Z.; Zhao, J.; McDowell, M. T.; Lee, H.-W.; Zhao, W.; Cui, Y. A Pomegranate-Inspired Nanoscale Design for Large-Volume-Change Lithium Battery Anodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2014, 9, 187-192 10.1038/nnano.2014.6
28. Li, S.; Niu, J.; Zhao, Y. C.; So, K. P.; Wang, C.; Wang, C. A.; Li, J. High-Rate Aluminium Yolk-Shell Nanoparticle Anode for Li-Ion Battery with Long Cycle Life and Ultrahigh Capacity Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7872 10.1038/ncomms8872
29. Myung, S.-T.; Hitoshi, Y.; Sun, Y.-K. Electrochemical Behavior and Passivation of Current Collectors in Lithium-Ion Batteries J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 9891-9911 10.1039/c0jm04353b
30. Bach, P. J. Lithiation and Delithiation Mechanisms of Model Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries Using the Example of Au Thin Films: Correlation of Electrochemical and In-Situ High Energy X-ray Diffraction Characterization. Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Düsseldorf/Bochum, Germany, 2014; pp 1-219.
31. Liu, X. H.; Huang, S.; Picraux, S. T.; Li, J.; Zhu, T.; Huang, J. Y. Reversible Nanopore Formation in Ge Nanowires During Lithiation-Delithiation Cyclinge: An In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3991-3997 10.1021/nl2024118
32. Pelton, A. D. The Au-Li (Gold-Lithium) System Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 1986, 7, 228-231 10.1007/BF02868994
33. Harris, S. J.; Timmons, A.; Baker, D. R.; Monroe, C. Direct in Situ Measurements of Li Transport in Li-Ion Battery Negative Electrodes Chem. Phys. Lett. 2010, 485, 265-274 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.033
34. Harris, S. J.; Rahani, E. K.; Shenoy, V. B. Direct in Situ Observation and Numerical Simulations of Non-Shrinking-Core Behavior in an MCMB Graphite Composite Electrode J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 159, A1501-A1507 10.1149/2.055209jes
35. Fischer, F. D.; Oberaigner, E. R. Deformation, Stress State, and Thermodynamic Force for a Transforming Spherical Inclusion in an Elastic-Plastic Material J. Appl. Mech. 2000, 67, 793 10.1115/1.1320453
36. Ichitsubo, T.; Yukitani, S.; Hirai, K.; Yagi, S.; Uda, T.; Matsubara, E. Mechanical-Energy Influences to Electrochemical Phenomena in Lithium-Ion Batteries J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 2701 10.1039/c0jm02893b
37. Zhao, K.; Pharr, M.; Cai, S.; Vlassak, J. J.; Suo, Z. Large Plastic Deformation in High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries Caused by Charge and Discharge J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2011, 94, s226-s235 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04432.x
38. Barai, P.; Mukherjee, P. P. Stochastic Analysis of Diffusion Induced Damage in Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, A955-A967 10.1149/2.132306jes
39. Mukhopadhyay, A.; Kali, R.; Badjate, S.; Tokranov, A.; Sheldon, B. W. Plastic Deformation Associated with Phase Transformations During Lithiation/Delithiation of Sn Scr. Mater. 2014, 92, 47-50 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.08.011
40. Holtz, M. E.; Yu, Y.; Gunceler, D.; Gao, J.; Sundararaman, R.; Schwarz, K. A.; Arias, T. A.; Abruña, H. D.; Muller, D. A. Nanoscale Imaging of Lithium Ion Distribution During in Situ Operation of Battery Electrode and Electrolyte Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1453-1459 10.1021/nl404577c
41. 2 Nanosheets Using Electrochemical Liquid Cell TEM Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 5214 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02483
42. Abellan, P.; Mehdi, B. L.; Parent, L. R.; Gu, M.; Park, C.; Xu, W.; Zhang, Y.; Arslan, I.; Zhang, J.-G.; Wang, C.-M.; Evans, J. E.; Browning, N. D. Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1293-1299 10.1021/nl404271k