메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

Weather index insurance for managing drought risk in smallholder agriculture: lessons and policy implications for sub-Saharan Africa

Author keywords

Credit; Index based weather insurance; Inter linkage; Safety net; Sub Saharan Africa

Indexed keywords


EID: 84976549939     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21937532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40100-015-0044-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (98)

References (82)
  • 4
    • 53749105028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poverty traps and index-based risk transfer products
    • Barnett BJ, Barrett CB, Skees JR (2008) Poverty traps and index-based risk transfer products. World Dev 36(10):1766–1785
    • (2008) World Dev , vol.36 , Issue.10 , pp. 1766-1785
    • Barnett, B.J.1    Barrett, C.B.2    Skees, J.R.3
  • 5
    • 78149499718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptation investments: A resource allocation framework
    • Barr R, Fankhauser S, Hamilton K (2010) Adaptation investments: A resource allocation framework. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chan 15(8):843–858
    • (2010) Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Chan , vol.15 , Issue.8 , pp. 843-858
    • Barr, R.1    Fankhauser, S.2    Hamilton, K.3
  • 7
    • 77952547965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-based risk management arrangement: A review
    • Battamishra R, Barrett CB (2010) Community-based risk management arrangement: A review. World Dev 38(7):923–932
    • (2010) World Dev , vol.38 , Issue.7 , pp. 923-932
    • Battamishra, R.1    Barrett, C.B.2
  • 8
    • 84857942158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there too much hype about index-based agricultural insurance?
    • Binswanger-Mkhize HP (2012) Is there too much hype about index-based agricultural insurance? J Dev Stud 48(2):187–200
    • (2012) J Dev Stud , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 187-200
    • Binswanger-Mkhize, H.P.1
  • 10
    • 85019983097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Providing index based agricultural insurance to smallholders: Recent progress and future promise
    • Burke M, de Janvry A, Quintero J (2010) Providing index based agricultural insurance to smallholders: Recent progress and future promise. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABCDE/Resources/7455676-1292528456380/7626791-1303141641402/7878676-1306270833789/Parallel-Session-5-Alain_de_Janvry.pdf. Accessed 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2010) Available at:
    • Burke, M.1    de Janvry, A.2    Quintero, J.3
  • 12
    • 37149056897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using weather index insurance to improve drought response for famine prevention
    • Chantarat S, Barrett CB, Mude AG, Turvey CG (2007) Using weather index insurance to improve drought response for famine prevention. Am J Agri Econ 89(5):1262–1268
    • (2007) Am J Agri Econ , vol.89 , Issue.5 , pp. 1262-1268
    • Chantarat, S.1    Barrett, C.B.2    Mude, A.G.3    Turvey, C.G.4
  • 13
    • 84874279714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing index based livestock insurance for managing asset risk in Northern Kenya
    • Chantarat S, Mude A, Barrett CB, Carter M (2012) Designing index based livestock insurance for managing asset risk in Northern Kenya. J Risk Insurance 80(1):205–237
    • (2012) J Risk Insurance , vol.80 , Issue.1 , pp. 205-237
    • Chantarat, S.1    Mude, A.2    Barrett, C.B.3    Carter, M.4
  • 14
    • 0036102550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trying to understand the demand for micro-insurance
    • Churchill C (2002) Trying to understand the demand for micro-insurance. J Inter Dev 14(3):381–387
    • (2002) J Inter Dev , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 381-387
    • Churchill, C.1
  • 15
    • 84857982329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insurance design for developing countries: A theory of rational demand for index insurance
    • Department of Economics, University of Oxford
    • Clarke D (2011) Insurance design for developing countries: A theory of rational demand for index insurance. Discussion paper series. Department of Economics. University of Oxford. Available at: http://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6330307.pdf. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2011) Discussion paper series
    • Clarke, D.1
  • 19
    • 79961127592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumption risk, technology adoption, and poverty traps: Evidence from Ethiopia
    • Dercon S, Christiaensen L (2011) Consumption risk, technology adoption, and poverty traps: Evidence from Ethiopia. J Dev Econ 96(2):159–173
    • (2011) J Dev Econ , vol.96 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-173
    • Dercon, S.1    Christiaensen, L.2
  • 20
    • 84885232141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offering rainfall insurance to informal insurance groups: Evidence from a field experiment in Ethiopia
    • Dercon S, Hill RV, Clarke D, Outes-Leon I, Seyoum TA (2014) Offering rainfall insurance to informal insurance groups: Evidence from a field experiment in Ethiopia. J Dev Econ 106(C):132–143
    • (2014) J Dev Econ , vol.106 , Issue.C , pp. 132-143
    • Dercon, S.1    Hill, R.V.2    Clarke, D.3    Outes-Leon, I.4    Seyoum, T.A.5
  • 21
    • 84930199426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miranda MJ (2015) A heterogeneous agent model of credit-linked index insurance and farm technology adoption
    • Farrin K (2015) Miranda MJ (2015) A heterogeneous agent model of credit-linked index insurance and farm technology adoption. J Dev Econ 116:199–211
    • (2015) J Dev Econ , vol.116 , pp. 199-211
    • Farrin, K.1
  • 22
    • 85019994128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food Early Solution for Africa (FESA) FESA micro-insurance
    • January, Final report
    • FESA (2014) Food Early Solution for Africa (FESA) FESA micro-insurance. Crop insurance reaching every farmer in Africa. January 2014 Final report. Available at: http://www.ears.nl/user_files/FESA%20Micro-insurance%20-%20reaching%20every%20farmer%20in%20Africa.pdf. Accessed 15 December 2014
    • (2014) Crop insurance reaching every farmer in Africa
  • 23
    • 85020035178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of FSD’s index based weather insurance initiatives
    • FSD (2014) Review of FSD’s index based weather insurance initiatives. Financial Sector Deepening (FSD) Kenya. Available at: http://fsdkenya.org/publication/review-of-fsds-index-based-weather-insurance-initiatives-issue-03/. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2014) Financial Sector Deepening (FSD) Kenya
  • 24
    • 78649319031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concept and unintended consequences of weather index insurance: The case of Mexico
    • Fuchs A, Wolf H (2012) Concept and unintended consequences of weather index insurance: The case of Mexico. Am J Agri Econ 93(2):505–511
    • (2012) Am. J. Agri. Econ. , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 505-511
    • Fuchs, A.1    Wolf, H.2
  • 26
    • 61349119307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidence from Malawi
    • Giné X, Yang D (2009) Insurance, credit, and technology adoption: Field experimental evidence from Malawi. J Dev Econ 89(1):1–11
    • (2009) J Dev Econ , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Giné, X.1    Yang, D.2
  • 27
    • 85019982740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond simple, one station indices
    • Gommes R, Kayitakire F, (eds), Organized by the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI, Earth Institute, Columbia University), Milan: 2013
    • Gommes R, Gobel W (2013) Beyond simple, one station indices. In: Gommes R, Kayitakire F (eds) Proceedings of the challenges of weather index insurance for food security in developing countries. Organized by the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI, Earth Institute, Columbia University), Milan, 2013
    • (2013) Proceedings of the challenges of weather index insurance for food security in developing countries
    • Gommes, R.1    Gobel, W.2
  • 28
    • 84955704746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers: Recent evidence and insights
    • CCAFS, Copenhagen
    • Greatrex H, Hansen J, Garvin S, Diro R, Le Guen M, Blakeley S, (2015) Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers: Recent evidence and insights. Report No 14. CCAFS, Copenhagen. Available at: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/53101/CCAFS_Report14.pdf. Accessed 30 January 2015
    • (2015) Report No 14
    • Greatrex, H.1    Hansen, J.2    Garvin, S.3    Diro, R.4    Le Guen, M.5    Blakeley, S.6
  • 30
    • 78649321207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought insurance for agricultural development and food security in dryland areas
    • Hazell PBR, Hess U (2010) Drought insurance for agricultural development and food security in dryland areas. F Security 2(4):395–405
    • (2010) F Security , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 395-405
    • Hazell, P.B.R.1    Hess, U.2
  • 31
    • 0022849956 scopus 로고
    • A model for evaluating farmers’ demand for insurance: Applications in Mexico and Panama
    • Hazell PBR, Pomareda C, Valdés A, (eds), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
    • Hazell P, Bassoco LM, Arcia G (1986) A model for evaluating farmers’ demand for insurance: Applications in Mexico and Panama. In: Hazell PBR, Pomareda C, Valdés A (eds) Crop insurance for agricultural development: issues and experience. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
    • (1986) Crop insurance for agricultural development: issues and experience
    • Hazell, P.1    Bassoco, L.M.2    Arcia, G.3
  • 33
    • 85019976773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weather-based Insurance in Southern Africa. The Case of Malawi. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 13. The World Bank
    • Hess U, Syroka J (2005) Weather-based Insurance in Southern Africa. The Case of Malawi. Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 13. The World Bank. Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTCOMRISMAN/Resources/weathermalawi.pdf. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2005) Available at:
    • Hess, U.1    Syroka, J.2
  • 35
    • 84860172996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A field experiment on the impacts of weather shocks and insurance on risky investment
    • Hill RV, Viceisza A (2011) A field experiment on the impacts of weather shocks and insurance on risky investment. Exp Econ 15(2):341–371
    • (2011) Exp Econ , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 341-371
    • Hill, R.V.1    Viceisza, A.2
  • 36
    • 85019984209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and World Food program (WFP). Potential for scale and sustainability in weather index insurance for agriculture and rural livelihoods
    • FAD, WFP (2010) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and World Food program (WFP). Potential for scale and sustainability in weather index insurance for agriculture and rural livelihoods. Rome.
    • (2010) Rome
  • 37
    • 70049118122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working group II, Fourth Assessment report
    • IPCC (2007) Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Working group II. Fourth Assessment report. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2007) Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change
  • 38
    • 85019993462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal weather insurance design- a quantitative exploration. Paper presented at modeling and simulation society of Australia and New Zealand, MSSANZ
    • Kapphan I (2011) Optimal weather insurance design- a quantitative exploration. Paper presented at modeling and simulation society of Australia and New Zealand, MSSANZ. Perth, May 2011
    • (2011) Perth, May , pp. 2011
    • Kapphan, I.1
  • 39
    • 84899945410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints
    • Karlan D, Kutsoati E, Osei-Akoto I, Udry C (2014) Agricultural decisions after relaxing credit and risk constraints. QJEcon 129(2):597–652
    • (2014) Q.J.Econ , vol.129 , Issue.2 , pp. 597-652
    • Karlan, D.1    Kutsoati, E.2    Osei-Akoto, I.3    Udry, C.4
  • 40
    • 85020022185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using satellite imagery as the basis for index insurance contracts in West Africa. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of agricultural and applied economics
    • Laajaj R, Carter MR (2009) Using satellite imagery as the basis for index insurance contracts in West Africa. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of agricultural and applied economics. BASIS letter dated on March 7, 2009. Accessed 20 December 2012
    • (2009) BASIS letter dated on March , vol.7 , pp. 2009
    • Laajaj, R.1    Carter, M.R.2
  • 41
    • 84874675329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges
    • Leblois A, Quirion P (2011) Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges. Mete Applic. doi:10.1002/met.303
    • (2011) Mete Applic
    • Leblois, A.1    Quirion, P.2
  • 44
    • 0034829586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal insurance against climatic experience
    • Mahul O (2001) Optimal insurance against climatic experience. Am J Agri Econ 83(3):593–604
    • (2001) Am J Agri Econ , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 593-604
    • Mahul, O.1
  • 45
    • 84871883401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving farmers’ access to agricultural insurance in India
    • Mahul O, Verma N, Clarke D (2012) Improving farmers’ access to agricultural insurance in India. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5987. Available at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-5987. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2012) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper , pp. 5987
    • Mahul, O.1    Verma, N.2    Clarke, D.3
  • 47
    • 84880160715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity, credit, risk, and the demand for weather index insurance in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia
    • McIntosh C, Sarris A, Papandopoluos F (2013) Productivity, credit, risk, and the demand for weather index insurance in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia. Agri Econ 44(4-5):399–417
    • (2013) Agri Econ , vol.44 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 399-417
    • McIntosh, C.1    Sarris, A.2    Papandopoluos, F.3
  • 48
    • 60549098219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing climate risk for micro insurance providers in Africa. A case study of Ethiopia
    • Meze-Hausken E, Patt A, Fritz A (2009) Reducing climate risk for micro insurance providers in Africa. A case study of Ethiopia. Glob Envi Chan 19(1):66–73
    • (2009) Glob Envi Chan , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 66-73
    • Meze-Hausken, E.1    Patt, A.2    Fritz, A.3
  • 49
    • 34447096809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective
    • Mills E (2007) Synergisms between climate change mitigation and adaptation: an insurance perspective. Mitig and Adapt Strat Glob Chan 12(5):809–842
    • (2007) Mitig and Adapt Strat Glob Chan , vol.12 , Issue.5 , pp. 809-842
    • Mills, E.1
  • 50
    • 84866369365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Index insurance for developing countries
    • Miranda MJ, Farrin K (2012) Index insurance for developing countries. Appl Econ Presp and Policy 34(3):391–427
    • (2012) Appl Econ Presp and Policy , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 391-427
    • Miranda, M.J.1    Farrin, K.2
  • 51
    • 0001396943 scopus 로고
    • Income smoothing and consumption smoothing
    • Morduch J (1995) Income smoothing and consumption smoothing. J Econ Persp 9(3):103–114
    • (1995) J Econ Persp , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 103-114
    • Morduch, J.1
  • 52
    • 85020014774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microinsurance: the next revolution? Understanding Poverty
    • New York, NY
    • Morduch, J. (2006) Microinsurance: the next revolution? Understanding Poverty. In: A. Banerjee, R. Benabou, and D. Mookherjee (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
    • (2006) Oxford University Press
    • Morduch, J.1    Banerjee, R.B.2    Mookherjee, D.3
  • 53
    • 85020029212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (2012) Index-based livestock insurance in northern Kenya: An analysis of the patterns and determinants of purchase. Paper presented at I4 meetings, Rome, Italy. June 14, 2012
    • Mude AG, Barrett CB (2012) Index-based livestock insurance in northern Kenya: An analysis of the patterns and determinants of purchase. Paper presented at I4 meetings, Rome, Italy. June 14, 2012. Cited 10 Jan 2013.
    • (2013) Cited , pp. 10
    • Mude, A.G.1    Barrett, C.B.2
  • 54
    • 85020022284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxfam America. Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation, (HARITA)
    • OA (2010) Oxfam America. Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation, (HARITA). HARITA progress report: January-June, 2010. Available at: http://www.oxfamamerica.org/publications/harita-progress-report-jan-jun-2010. Accessed 20 October 2013
    • (2010) HARITA progress report: January-June , pp. 2010
  • 55
    • 85020055693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxfam America. R4 Rural Resilience Initiative
    • OA (2013) Oxfam America. R4 Rural Resilience Initiative. 2013 Annual report, Available at: http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/r4-quarterly-report-jan_mar2013.pdf-2.pdf. Accessed 02 December 2014
    • (2013) 2013 Annual report
  • 56
    • 0007129868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk management in agriculture, What roles for governments?
    • OECD (2011) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Risk management in agriculture. What roles for governments?, Available at: http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/agricultural-policies/49003833.pdf. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2011) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
  • 57
    • 84857714182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing weather insurance contracts for farmers in Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya
    • Columbia University Pallisades, New York., Accessed on 18 Nov 2015
    • Osgood DE, McLaurin M, Carriquiry M, Mishra A, Fiondella F, Hansen J, et al. (2007) Designing weather insurance contracts for farmers in Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya. International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute, Columbia University Pallisades, New York., Available at: http://iri.columbia.edu/~deo/IRI-CRMG-Africa-Insurance-Report-6-2007/IRI-CRMG-Kenya-Tanzania-Malawi-Insurance-Report-6-2007.pdf. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2007) International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute
    • Osgood, D.E.1    McLaurin, M.2    Carriquiry, M.3    Mishra, A.4    Fiondella, F.5    Hansen, J.6
  • 59
    • 85020015188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Index based crop insurance. International conference on agricultural risk and food security
    • Rao KN (2010) Index based crop insurance. International conference on agricultural risk and food security. Agriculture and agricultural science procedia 1(2010):1993–203
    • (2010) Agriculture and agricultural science procedia , vol.1 , Issue.2010 , pp. 1203-1993
    • Rao, K.N.1
  • 60
    • 85020015149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FESA Micro-insurance: methodology, validation, contract design. Millennium project no 38, DG International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
    • Delft, the Netherlands
    • Rosema A, DeWeirdt M, Foppes S, Wilczok C (2010) FESA Micro-insurance: methodology, validation, contract design. Millennium project no 38, DG International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands. Publication EARS Earth Environment Monitoring BV, Delft, the Netherlands
    • (2010) Publication EARS Earth Environment Monitoring BV
    • Rosema, A.1    DeWeirdt, M.2    Foppes, S.3    Wilczok, C.4
  • 61
    • 0027449494 scopus 로고
    • Wealth, weather risk and the composition and profitability of agricultural investments
    • Rosenzweig M, Binswanger HP (1993) Wealth, weather risk and the composition and profitability of agricultural investments. Econ J 103(416):56–78
    • (1993) Econ J , vol.103 , Issue.416 , pp. 56-78
    • Rosenzweig, M.1    Binswanger, H.P.2
  • 62
    • 0031412968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential demand for drought insurance in Burkina Faso and its determinants
    • Sakurai T, Reardon T (1997) Potential demand for drought insurance in Burkina Faso and its determinants. Am J Agri Econ 79(4):1193–1207
    • (1997) Am J Agri Econ , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 1193-1207
    • Sakurai, T.1    Reardon, T.2
  • 64
    • 84880152245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weather index insurance for agricultural development: Introduction and overview
    • Sarris A (2013b) Weather index insurance for agricultural development: Introduction and overview. Agri Econ 44(4-5):381–384
    • (2013) Agri Econ , vol.44 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 381-384
    • Sarris, A.1
  • 65
    • 84864848990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collateral-free lending with risk-contingent credit for agricultural development: indemnifying loans against pulse price risk in India
    • Shee A, Turvey CG (2012) Collateral-free lending with risk-contingent credit for agricultural development: indemnifying loans against pulse price risk in India. Agri Econ 43(5):561–574
    • (2012) Agri Econ , vol.43 , Issue.5 , pp. 561-574
    • Shee, A.1    Turvey, C.G.2
  • 66
    • 43049118159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approaches to crop yield insurance in developing countries. International Food Policy Research Institute, Environment and Production Technology Division
    • Washington: DC
    • Skees JR, Hazell PBR, Miranda M (1999) New approaches to crop yield insurance in developing countries. International Food Policy Research Institute, Environment and Production Technology Division. EPTD discussion paper No.55. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.worldcat.org/title/new-approaches-to-crop-yield-insurance-in-developing-countries-jerry-skees-peter-hazell-and-mario-miranda/oclc/44644350. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015
    • (1999) EPTD discussion paper No.55
    • Skees, J.R.1    Hazell, P.B.R.2    Miranda, M.3
  • 67
    • 85020005378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing Rainfall-Based Index Insurance in Morocco, Working Paper No. 2577
    • Policy Research, Washington, DC
    • Skees J, Gober S, Varangis P, Lester R, Kalavakonda V (2001) Developing Rainfall-Based Index Insurance in Morocco, Working Paper No. 2577. The World Bank, Policy Research: Washington, DC. Available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2001/04/1089479/developing-rainfall-based-index-insurance-morocco. Accessed 17 July 2015
    • (2001) The World Bank
    • Skees, J.1    Gober, S.2    Varangis, P.3    Lester, R.4    Kalavakonda, V.5
  • 69
    • 85019977815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micro insurance-risk protection for 4 billion people. Sigma. N0 6/2010
    • Swiss Re (2010) Micro insurance-risk protection for 4 billion people. Sigma. N0 6/2010. Switzerland. Available at: http://www.globalmicrocreditsummit2011.org/
    • (2010) Switzerland
    • Re, S.1
  • 70
    • 85020029156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture
    • Syngenta (2012) Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. Skeptical farmers change their views. http://www.syngentafoundation.org/index.cfm?pageID=562. Accessed 19 July 2012
    • (2012) Skeptical farmers change their views
  • 71
    • 85020001251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture
    • Syngenta (2014) Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. Kilimo Salama.Available at: http://www.syngentafoundation.org/index.cfm?pageID=758. Accessed on 18 Nov 2015.
    • (2014) Kilimo Salama
  • 72
    • 78649321642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Drought Insurance for Malawi
    • Syroka J, and Nucifora A (2010) National Drought Insurance for Malawi. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. 5169. Available at: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-5169. Accessed 8 December 2014
    • (2010) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers , pp. 5169
    • Syroka, J.1    Nucifora, A.2
  • 73
    • 85019999688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demand for innovative drought insurance schemes in Ethiopia
    • Gommes R, Kayitakire F, (eds), Organized by the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI, Earth Institute, Columbia University), Milan
    • Tadesse M, Alfnes F, Holden ST, Erenstein O (2013) Demand for innovative drought insurance schemes in Ethiopia. In: Gommes R, Kayitakire F (eds) Proceedings of the challenges of weather index insurance for food security in developing countries. Organized by the EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI, Earth Institute, Columbia University), Milan
    • (2013) Proceedings of the challenges of weather index insurance for food security in developing countries
    • Tadesse, M.1    Alfnes, F.2    Holden, S.T.3    Erenstein, O.4
  • 74
    • 84946708211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fertilizer adoption, credit access and safety nets in rural Ethiopia
    • Tadesse M (2014) Fertilizer adoption, credit access and safety nets in rural Ethiopia. Agri Finance Rev 73(3):290–310
    • (2014) Agri. Finance Rev. , vol.73 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-310
    • Tadesse, M.1
  • 75
    • 84856007887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informal networks and resilience to climate change impacts: A collective approach to index insurance
    • Trærup SLM (2012) Informal networks and resilience to climate change impacts: A collective approach to index insurance. Global Env Chan 22:255–267
    • (2012) Global Env Chan , vol.22 , pp. 255-267
    • Trærup, S.L.M.1
  • 76
    • 0005638843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weather derivatives for specific event risks in agriculture
    • Turvey CG (2001) Weather derivatives for specific event risks in agriculture. Rev Agri Econ 23(2):333–351
    • (2001) Rev Agri. Econ. , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 333-351
    • Turvey, C.G.1
  • 77
    • 78649814068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pricing, structure, and function of weather-linked bonds, mortgages, and operating credit
    • Turvey CG (2008) The pricing, structure, and function of weather-linked bonds, mortgages, and operating credit. Agri Finance Rev 68(1):135–150
    • (2008) Agri. Finance Rev. , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 135-150
    • Turvey, C.G.1
  • 78
    • 84874122488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applicability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in index- based crop insurance design
    • Turvey CG, McLaurin MK (2012) Applicability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in index- based crop insurance design. Wea Climate Soc 4(4):271–284
    • (2012) Wea Climate Soc , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 271-284
    • Turvey, C.G.1    McLaurin, M.K.2
  • 80
    • 0347300280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance
    • Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A (2003) Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta 218(1):1–14
    • (2003) Planta , vol.218 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-14
    • Wang, W.1    Vinocur, B.2    Altman, A.3
  • 81
    • 85019994287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agriculture and Rural Development Department
    • The World Bank, Washington DC Accessed 23 November 2014
    • World Bank (2005) Managing agricultural production risk: Innovations in developing countries. Agriculture and Rural Development Department, The World Bank, Washington DC, Available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resources/Managing_Ag_Risk_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 23 November 2014
    • (2005) Managing agricultural production risk: Innovations in developing countries


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.