Fraternal Orders and Class Formation in the Nineteenth-Century United States

Comparative Studies in Society and History

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1985, Pages 672-695

  Clawson, Mary Ann ^a  

^a WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84976179171     PISSN: 00104175     EISSN: 14752999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0010417500011713     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. See Roy Rosenzweig, “Boston Masons, 1900-1935: The Lower Middle Class in a Divided Society, ” Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 6: 3–4 (July-October 1977), 123–24, for the declaration of egalitarian sentiment wihin Freemasonry.
2. Rosenzweig, “Boston Masons”; Lynn Dumenil, “Brotherhood and Respectability: Freemasonry and American Culture, 1880-1930” (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1981).
3. Cumbler, Working-Class Community, 44-45; David Montgomery, “Labor in the Industrial Era, ” in The United States Department of Labor History of the American Worker, Richard B. Morris, ed. (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1976), 121.
4. Stark, “Class Struggle, ” 97.
5. Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, 62–63.
6. Ronald Aminzade, “Breaking the Chains of Dependency: From Patronage to Class Politics, Toulouse, France, 1830-1872, ” Journal of Urban History, 3:4 (August 1977), 485-505; idem, “The Transformation of Social Solidarities in Nineteenth-Century Toulouse, ” in Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe, John Merriam, ed. (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979).
7. See Foster, Class Struggle, and Frank Beckhoffer and Brian Elliott, “An Approach to the Study of Small Shopkeepers and the Class Structure, ” European Journal of Sociology, 9 (1968), 180–202, for accounts of working-class withdrawal from cross-class institutions in England, and Donald H. Bell, “Worker Culture and Worker Politics: The Experience of an Italian Town, 1880-1915, ” Social History, 3:1 (January 1978), 1-21, for an Italian case.
8. Aminzade, “Breaking ` the Chains, ” 502.
9. Edward A. Wieck, The American Miners' Association (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1940), 9; Andrew A. Roy, A History of the Coal Miners of the United States (1903; rpt. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970), 62–67.
10. David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872 (New York: Vintage, 1967), 218; Belleville Daily Advocate, 2 February, 30 July 1877; 15 January 1878.
11. Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution, 62, 61.
12. Georg Simmel “The Sociology of Secrecy and Secret Societies, ” American Journal of Sociology, 11:4 (1906), 441-95; Noel P. Gist, “Secret Societies: A Cultural Study of Fraternalism in the United States, ” The University of Missouri Studies, 20:4 (October 1940), 15–176.
13. James Dewar, The Unlocked Secret: Freemasonry Examined (London: William Kimber and Company, Limited, 1966), 93; James Anderson, “Constitution of the Free Masons, ” in The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans, Margaret Jacob, ed. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 279–87.
14. Jno. Van Valkenberg, The Knights of Pythias Complete Manual and Textbook (Canton, Ohio: Memento Publishing Company, 1887); Theodore A. Ross, Odd Fellowship: Its History and Manual (New York: The M. W. Hazen Co., 1888).
15. Dewar, Unlocked Secret, 98–100.
16. Stevens, Cyclopedia of Fraternities, 254–55, 40–45
17. Gist, “Secret Societies, ” 67.
18. Simmel, “Sociology of Secret Societies, ” 447–48, 485–88.
19. William A. Muraskin, Middle-Class Blacks in a White Society; Prince Hall Freemasonry in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); for racial exclusion in other orders, see Clawson, “Class, Brotherhood, and Patriarchy, ” 342–46.
20. Melville Dalton, Men Who Manage (New York: John Wiley, 1959), 150–55, 178-181; Peter Friedlander, The Emergence of a UAW Local, 1936-1939: A Study in Class and Culture (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979), 47, 60, 129–30.
21. Steven Lukes, “Political Ritual and Social Integration, ” Sociology, 9:2 (May 1975), 301.
22. Sydel Silverman sees very similar processes at work in neighborhood-and gender-based organizations of central Italian cities; see “Rituals of Inequality: Stratification and Symbol in Central Italy, ” in Social Inequality: Comparative and Developmental Approaches, Gerald D. Berreman, ed. (New York: Academic Press, 1981).
23. Craig Calhoun, The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 16.
24. Katznelson, City Trenches, 19.