Japanese Military Policy towards French Indochina during the Second World War: The Road to the Meigo Sakusen (9 March 1945)

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1983, Pages 328-350

  Nitz, Kiyoko Kurusu ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84976113392     PISSN: 00224634     EISSN: 14740680     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022463400011000     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. F.C. Jones, Japan's New Order in East Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 391.
2. Willard H. Elsbree, Japan's Role in Southeast Asia Nationalist Movements, 1940-1945 (Boston, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 23-24.
3. Elsbree, Japan's Role, p. 43.
4. Truong Buu Lam, “Japan and the Disruption of the Vietnamese Nationalist Movement”, in Aspects of Vietnamese History, ed. Walter F. Vella (Honolulu: Asian Studies Program, Univ. of Hawaii, Paper No. 8, 1973), pp. 237-69.
5. Ellen J. Hammer, The Struggle for Indochina (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1955).
6. Joseph Silverstein, “The Importance of the Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia to the Political Scientist”, in Southeast Asia in World War II: Four Essays, ed. Joseph Silverstein (New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Monograph Series, no. 7, 1966), p. 4.
7. Ralph Smith, “The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945”, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 9, no. 2 (Sept. 1978): 268-301.
8. Takushiro Hatton, Daitoa Sensoshi (Tokyo: Masu-shobo, 1953), vol. 1, pp. 242-44.
9. Kikuo Nakamura, Showa Seiji-shi (Tokyo: Keio-Tsushin, 1958), pp. 106-7.
10. Mantetsu-Toa-Keizai-Chosa-Kyoku, ed., Nanyo Sosho, vol. II, Futsuryo-Indoshina (Tokyo: Mantetsu-Toa-Chosa-Kyoku, 1942), pp. 769-89.
11. International Military Tribunal Far East (hereafter IMTFE), Exhibit (hereafter E) 620, “Outline of Japanese Foreign Policy”, 28 Sept. 1940.
12. “Outline of Policy towards French Indochina and Thailand” (1 Feb. 1941), in Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. I, pp. 107-8.
13. “The Draft of the Imperial Headquarters Re: Promotion of Measures towards the Southern Region” (21 June 1941), in Hattori, Sensoshi, p. 135.
14. “Tairikushi” (Directive), no. 991 (6 Nov. 1941)., vol. I, p. 323.
15. “Tairikumei” (Order), no. 564 (15 Nov. 1941), “Order to Capture the Strategic Areas in the Southern Region”. Property of War History Room, Defense Agency. Also Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. I, p. 325.
16. Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. I, pp. 286-88. Also see IMTFE, E 877.
17. Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. 1, p. 305.
18. Waseda Daigaku Shakai Kagaku Kenkyujo, ed., Indoneshia no Nihon Gunsei Kenkyu (Tokyo: Kinokuniya Shoten, 1959), p. 119.
19. “Tairikushi” no. 991.
20. “Tairikumei”, no. 564.
21. Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. III, p. 370.
22. Tojo's statement, in Hattori, Sensoshi, vol. III, p. 374.
23. Testimony by Masayuki Yokoyama at the Foreign Affairs Committee, Diet, on 21 Nov. 1959, in “Foreign Affairs Committee Minutes”, no. 13, Proceedings vol. I, no. 4.
24. “Tairikumei”, no. 978.
25. Komaki Oomiya, a labor law specialist and promoter of the Peasant Literature Movement, Tanemakuhito, 1939.
26. Yoshio Himeda, “Appendix” in Asia des Moussons, Jean D’Aureles (Tokyo: Ikuei-sha, 1942), p. 268.
27. The Former Staff of the Indoshina-Chuton-gun, “Sakusen Kiroku” [Records of Operations] (A recollection of history of operations by the 38th Army and the JSFI, Tokyo, Fukuin-kyoku, 1946), property of War History Room, Defense Agency, p. 37.
28. Shizuo Maruyama, Ushinawareta Kiroku [A Lost Record] (Tokyo; Koraku-shobo, 1950), p. 276.
29. Anon., Senso Nikki, 14 Sept. 1944. “Re: the 15th Supreme War Leadership Conference”, SWLC Proceedings, vol. X, Book 20, Issue 20; “Re: the Action toward Indochina according to the Change in Situation”.
30. Anon., Senso Nikki, 2 Nov. 1944.
31. Anon., Senso Nikki, 7 Dec. 1944.
32. Anon., Senso Nikki, 23 Dec. 1944.
33. Tsukamoto's statement in “Indoshina Minzoku Dokuritsu no Hiwa”, 1955).
34. Yokoyama, interview, 11 Aug. 1962.
35. Minoda, interview, 5 Sept. 1962.
36. Yuki Tsuchihashi, “Dai Sanju Hachigun Kiroku” [Records of the 38th Army: Memoir] (A memoir-type monograph,1962), property of the War History Room, Defense Agency, pp. 21, 23-24.
37. Tsuchihashi, Memoir, pp. 16-18.
38. Tsuchihashi, Memoir, pp. 24-25; Tsukamoto, Dokuritsu no Hiwa.
39. Tsuchihashi, Memoir, pp. 29-30.
40. A report by a staff officer who was sent to Indochina to investigate the attitude of the Japanese Army. Anon., Senso Nikki, 26 Jan. 1945.
41. Anon., Senso Nikki, 26 Jan. 1945; for the disagreements seen from the diplomats’ side, see Smith, The Japanese Period, pp. 279-80, 282-83.
42. SLWC Decision, no. 16, 1 Feb. 1945; also see IMTFE, E 661.
43. SLWC Decision, no. 16, 1 Feb. 1945.
44. Concerning the discussions at the SWLC, see Anon., Senso Nikki, 1 Feb. 1945.
45. Anon., Senso Nikki, 1 Feb. 1945.
46. Maruyama, Kiroku, pp. 231-32.
47. “Re: Resorting to Military Action towards French Indochina” (26 Feb. 1945), SWLC Decision, no. 17.
48. Yuki Tsuchihashi, “Furansu-gun o Buso Kaijo Suru” [Disarming the French Troops; the Truth about the Meigo Action], Special Edition of Shukan Yomiuriy“Nihon no Himitsusen” [Secret Wars carried out by Japan] (Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun-sha, 1955), p. 126.
49. “Tsuchihashi, Buso Kaijo, p. 159.
50. Seigo Kaneko, “Annan Kimitsu-sen” [Annam Secret Unit: The Secret Maneuvers of Yasutai, Secret Agency], “Himitsu Sen’; Special Edition of Shukan Yomiuri, 8 Dec. 1955, pp. 161-62.
51. This mopping up operation is referred to by a small circle of military leaders as “I-go Sakusen” 1944, as opposed to 9 Mar. pp. 59-60.
52. “Proclamation”, no. 1, IMTFE, E 664.
53. “Proclamation”, no. 11, IMTFE, E 664.
54. Proclamation”, no. 9, IMTFE, E 664.
55. Tsuchihashi, interview, 24 July 1962.
56. “Proclamation”, no. 10, IMTFE, E 664.
57. Yokoyama, interview, 24 July 1962; Maeda, interview 18 Sept. 1962.
58. Tsuchihashi, interview, 24 July 1962.
59. Tsuchihashi, Memoirs, p. 213.
60. Tsuchihashi, interview, 24 July 1962.
61. Tsuchihashi, interview, 24 July 1962.
62. Matsushita, who owned a business concern in Vietnam, says that he recommended giving military training to the Vietnamese.