Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409

Speculum

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 822-864

  Watson, Nicholas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

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EID: 84976113320     PISSN: 00387134     EISSN: 20408072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2865345     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. John Burrow, Ricardian Poetry: Chaucer, Gower, Langland and the “Gawain” Poet (New Haven, Conn., 1971).
2. A. C. Spearing, Medieval to Renaissance in English Poetry (Cambridge, Eng., 1985);
3. Seth Lerer, Chaucer and His Readers: Imagining the Author in Late-Medieval England (Princeton, N. J., 1993), esp. pp. 3–21.
4. Larry Scanlon, Narrative, Authority and Power: The Medieval Exemplum and the Chaucerian Tradition, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 20 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), pp. 1-26; and
5. Derek Pearsall, “Hoccleve's Regement of Princes: The Poetics of Self-Representation,” Speculum 69 (1994), 386–410.
6. “Lukynge in haly bokes: Lectio in Some Late Medieval Spiritual Miscellanies,” in Spdtmittelalterliche geistliche Literatur in der National-sprache, 2, ed. James Hogg, Analecta Cartusiana 106 (Salzburg, 1984), pp. 1-27
7. K. B. McFarlane, Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights (London, 1972)
8. Anne Hudson, The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History (Oxford, 1988; cited as Premature Reformation); chapter 9
9. H. L. Spencer “Old Author, New Work: The Sermons of MS Longleat 4,” Medium Ævum 53 (1984), 220–38
10. C. R. Cheney, “William Lyndwood's Provinciate” in his Medieval Texts and Studies (Oxford, 1973), p. 172, n. 7.
11. Premature Reformation, pp. 82 – 85, and
12. Anne Hudson, “Wycliffism in Oxford, 1381 - 1411,” in Wyclif in His Times, ed. A. Kenny (Oxford, 1986), pp. 67–84.
13. James Simpson, “The Constraints of Satire in Piers Plowman and Mum and the Sothsegger,” in Langland, the Mystics, and the Medieval English Religious Tradition: Essays in Honour of S. S. Hussey, ed. Helen Phillips (Cambridge, Eng., 1988), pp. 11–30.
14. J. A. F. Thomson, “Orthodox Religion and the Origins of Lollardy,” History 74 (1989), 39–55.
15. Pamela Gradon, “Langland and the Ideology of Dissent” Proceedings of the British Academy 66 (1980), 179 - 205;
16. John Foxe, Acts and Monuments, 3 vols. (New York, 1965), 3:242-49.
17. Simpson, “Constraints of Satire. ” The text of Pecham's Syllabus is in Wilkins, 2:54.
18. W. A. Pantin, The English Church in the Fourteenth Century (Cambridge, Eng., 1955), p. 193.
19. Vincent Gillespie, “Vernacular Books of Religion,” in Jeremy Griffiths and Derek Pearsall, eds., Book Production and Publishing in Britain, 1375 – 1475, Cambridge Studies in Publishing and Printing History (Cambridge, Eng., 1989), pp. 317-18.
20. A. J. Minnis and A. B. Scott with the assistance of David Wallace (Oxford, 1988), p. 374
21. R. G. Davies, “Thomas Arundel as Archbishop of Canterbury, 1396–1414” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24 (1973), 9–21.
22. Margaret Aston, “Bishops and Heresy: The Defence of the Faith,” in Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion, 1350–1600 (London, 1993), pp. 73-94;
23. C. W. Brockwell, Bishop Reginald Pecock and the Lancastrian Church (Lewiston, N. Y., 1985);
24. R. M. Haines, “Reginald Pecock: A Tolerant Man in an Age of Intolerance,” Studies in Church History 21 (1984), 125-37;
25. V. H. H. Green, Bishop Reginald Pecock (Cambridge, Eng., 1945)
26. Nicholas Love's “Mirror of the Blessed Life of fesus Christ,” ed. Michael G. Sargent, Garland Medieval Texts 18, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities1233 (New York, 1992), pp. 44—46
27. A. I. Doyle, “Reflections on Some Manuscripts of Nicholas Love's Myrrour of the Blessed Lyf of fesu Christ” Leeds Studies in English, n. s. 14 (Essays in Memory of Elizabeth Salter) (1983), 82–93.
28. Sargent, “Versions of the Life of Christ: Nicholas Love's Mirror and Related Works,” Poetica 42 (1994), 40–70
29. Denise N. Baker, Julian of Norwich's “Showings”: From Vision to Book (Princeton, NJ., 1994), esp. chaps. 3 - 4; for Langland.
30. Thomas D. Hill, “Universal Salvation and Its Literary Context in Piers Plowman B. 18,” Yearbook of Langland Studies 5 (1991), 65 – 76
31. J. P. H. Clark, “The ‘Lightsome Darkness’—Aspects of Walter Hilton's Theological Background,” Downside Review 95 (1977), 95–109
32. Gordon Whatley, “The Uses of Hagiography: The Legend of Pope Gregory and the Emperor Trajan in the Middle Ages,” Viator 15 (1984), 25-63
33. Jean Leclerq, Francois Vandenbroucke, and Louis Bouyer, The Spirituality of the Middle Ages, vol. 2 of A History of Christian Spirituality, trans. the Benedictines of Holme Abbey (Tunbridge Wells, 1968), p. 416.
34. Alastair Minnis, “The Cloud of Unknowing and The Scale of Perfection,” chap. 3 of Middle English Prose: A Critical Guide to Major Authors and Genres, ed. A. S. G. Edwards (New Brunswick, N. J., 1984)
35. Michael Sargent (to whom I owe these references) has edited one other text, in “The Self-Verification of Visionary Phenomena: Richard Methley's Experimentum vertiatis,” in Kartdusermystik und -mystiker, 2:121-37.
36. E. J. Devereux, “Elizabeth Barton and Tudor Censorship,” Bulletin of the John Hylands Library 49 (1966), 91-106;
37. Dianne Watt, “The Prophet at Home: Elizabeth Barton and the Influence of Bridget of Sweden and Catherine of Siena,” in Prophets Abroad: The Reception of Continental Holy Women in Late-Medieval England, ed. Rosalynn Voaden (Cambridge, Eng., forthcoming 1996).
38. Michael G. Sargent, James Grenehalgh as Textual Critic, 2 vols., Analecta Cartusiana 85 (Salzburg, 1984);
39. Alexandra Barratt, “Dame Elinor Hull: A Fifteenth-Century Translator,” in The Medieval Translator: The Theory and Practice of Translation in the Middle Ages, ed. Roger Ellis (Woodbridge, Eng., 1989), 87–101
40. Malcolm G. Underwood, “Politics and Piety in the Household of Lady Margaret Beaufort,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 (1987), 39–52.
41. Michael G. Sargent, “The Transmission by the English Carthusians of Some Late Medieval Spiritual Writings,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 27 (1976), 225–40.
42. Gillespie, “Vernacular Books of Religion” and two chapters of Women and Literature in Britain, 1150–1500, ed.
43. Carol M. Meale, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 17 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993) :
44. Carol M. Meale, “‘. Alle the bokes that I haue of latyn, englisch, and frensch’: Laywomen and Their Books in Late Medieval England” (pp. 128–58), and
45. Felicity Riddy, “‘Women talking about the things of God’; A Late Medieval Sub-culture” (pp. 104–27). Syon would seem to have been a major focal point of (and perhaps justification for) religious writing in English between c. 1415 and c. 1450.
46. Pearsall, “Hoccleve's Regement of Princes,” p. 408;
47. The Pilgrimage of the Soul, ed. Rosemarie Potz McGerr, vol. 1, Garland Medieval Texts 16 (New York, 1990);
48. The Pilgrimage of the Lyfe of the Manhode, ed. Avril Henry, vol. 1, EETS OS 288 (London, 1985).
49. Doyle, “Reflections,” p. 85,.
50. The Booke of Gostlye Grace of Mechtild of Hackebom, ed. Theresa A. Halligan, Studies and Texts 46 (Toronto, 1979), 47–59.
51. Roger Lovatt, “The Imitation of Christ in Late Medieval England,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 18 (1968), 97–121.
52. A. S. G. Edwards and Derek Pearsall, “The Manuscripts of the Major English Poetic Texts,” in Griffiths and Pearsall, Book Production and Publishing, pp. 270-71.
53. Robert R. Raymo, “Works of Religious and Philosophical Instruction,” in A Manual of the Writings in Middle English, 1050–1500, ed.
54. Albert E. Hartung, 7 (New Haven, Conn., 1986), pp. 2257-58 and 2373.
55. The Orcherd of Syon, ed. Phyllis Hodgson and Gabriel M. Liegey, EETS OS 258 (London, 1966), 1. 13 ff.
56. Richard Rolle and the Invention of Authority, pp. 248–55.
57. John Thompson, “The Cursor mundi, the ‘Inglis Tong/and Romance,” in Readings in Medieval English Romance, ed. Carol M. Meale (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), pp. 99-120;
58. “Orthodoxies redux: The Northern Homily Cycle in the Vernon Manuscript and Its Textual Affiliation,” in Studies in the Vernon Manuscripty ed. Derek Pearsall (Cambridge, Eng., 1990), pp. 75–87.
59. Thorlac Turville-Petre, “Politics and Poetry in the Early Fourteenth Century,” Review of English Studies, n. s. 39 (1988), 1–28.
60. and “Havelok and the History of the Nation,” in Readings in Medieval English Romance, pp. 121-34;
61. “Sin, Conquest, Servitude: English Self-Image in the Chronicles of the Early Fourteenth Century,” in The Work of Work: Servitude, Slavery, and Labor in Medieval England, ed. Allen J. Frantzen and Douglas Moffat (Glasgow, 1994), pp. 148–67.
62. The Vision of Piers Plowman: A Complete Edition of the B-Text, ed. A. V. C. Schmidt (London, 1984), 10. 104
63. Kathryn Kerby-Fulton, Reformist Apocalypticism and “Piers Plowman,” Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature 7 (Cambridge, Eng., 1990).
64. The Cloud of Unknowing and Related Treatises, ed. Phyllis Hodgson, Analecta Cartusiana 3 (Salzburg, 1982), Cloud 1. 8-31, Privy Counsel 76. 17-37.
65. Adrian James McCarthy, S. M., Salzburg Studies in English Literature, Studies in the English Mystics 1 (Salzburg, 1981), pp. 1, 18, 20.
66. The Pricke of Conscience, ed. Richard Morris (Berlin, 1863).
67. R. E. Lewis and A. McIntosh, A Descriptive Guide to the Manuscripts of the Prick of Conscience, Medium Evum Monographs, n. s. 12 (Oxford, 1982).
68. the “Sermon of Dead Men” in Lollard Sermons, ed. Gloria Cigman, EETS OS 294 (London, 1989), line 1152 (early fifteenth century); the passage is quoted in full below, p. 859.
69. Hughes, Pastors and Visionaries, pp. 183–86, etc.
70. Premature Reformation, pp. 70-72;
71. Gillespie, “Vernacular Books of Religion,” pp. 332–33.
72. John Clark, “Late Fourteenth-Century Cambridge Theology and the English Contemplative Tradition,” in The Medieval Mystical Tradition in England: Exeter Symposium V, ed. Marion Glasscoe (Cambridge, Eng., 1992), pp. 1–16.
73. Premature Reformationy pp. 238–47.
74. Hudson, “Bible Translation,” and Deanesly, pp. 289–97
75. Ralph Hanna III, “The Difficulty of Ricardian Prose Translation: The Case of the Lollards,” Modern Language Quarterly 51 (1990), 319-40;
76. Simon Hunt, “An Edition of Tracts in Favour of Scriptural Translation and of Some Texts Connected with Lollard Vernacular Biblical Scholarship” (D. Phil. diss., University of Oxford, 1994);
77. Christopher Hill, The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution (Harmondsworth, Eng., 1994).
78. “Bible Translation,” which establishes Ullerston's role in the debate; the Lollard version is edited by Deanesly, pp. 437–45.
79. Minnis and Scott, Medieval Literary Theory and Criticism (above, n. 16), p. 374.
80. “Illuminatio passiva viantium de ordine inferiori dependere debet complete a volitiva viantium in ordine superiori” (Deanesly, p. 407).
81. “Secundum Philosophum, pauci sunt vigentes acumine intellectus; et ideo ponit, tertio Rhethoricae, quod quanto maior est populus tanto minor vel remotior est intellectus” (Deanesly, p. 405).
82. Deanesly, p. 410, accepting her addition of “viventes. ”
83. “Nulla vulgo inutilia sunt in vulgari nostro habenda, quia nocerent plus quam prodessent; sed multa in scriptura sunt huiusmodi” (Deanesly, p. 421).
84. “Quia, secundum Gregorium, fides. non habet meritum cum humana ratio praebet experimentum” (Deanesly, p. 422) :
85. proverbial, but originating in Gregory's Moralta, PL 76:1398.
86. “Quae sunt fugienda, videlicet septem peccata mortalia; quae sunt timenda, videlicet, in[females poenae]; quae sunt credenda, in simbolo contenta; quae sunt facienda, decem mandata; et quae sunt speranda, praemia aeterna; omnia ista sunt necessaria ad salutem” (Deanesly, pp. 425–26).
87. Honorius of Autun, Elucidarium 2. 17-19,.
88. Vincent Gillespie, “Vernacular Books of Religion,” pp. 317–18.
89. and “Doctrina and Predicacio: The Design and Function of Some Pastoral Manuals,” Leeds Studies in English 11 (1980 for 1979), esp. 36;
90. R. N. Swanson, “The Origins of The Lay Folks’ Catechism,” Medium Ævum 60 (1991), 92 - 100;
91. and Sue Powell, “The Transmission and Circulation of The Lay Folks’ Catechism,” in Late-Medieval Religious Texts and Their Transmission, pp. 67–84.
92. “Quod si contingat ecclesiam aliter me docere. sibi obediam indilate” (fol. 197 v).
93. The two false conjectures from which his opponents reason are “Primum viz. quod populus esset minus pronus ad docendum, secundum quod esset minus intelligens in scripturis” (fol. 203 r).
94. For this theme, see my “The Composition of Julian of Norwich's Revelation of Love” Speculum 68 (1993), 637–83, section 1.
95. Hudson, “Bible Translation,” pp. 81–82.
96. The Chastising of God's Children and the Treatise of Perfection of the Sons of God, ed. Joyce Bazire and Eric Colledge (Oxford, 1957).
97. For the date, see my “Composition of Julian's Revelation,” n. 40 (p. 655),.
98. Hoccleve's Works: The Minor Poems, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall and I. Gollancz, rev. Jerome Mitchell and A. I. Doyle, EETS ES 61 and 73 (London, 1892 and 1897, rev. 1970).
99. Dives and Pauper, ed. Priscilla Heath Barnum, EETS OS 275, 280 (London, 1976, 1980);
100. H. G. Richardson, “Dives and Pauper” Notes and Queries, 11th ser., 4 (1911), 321.
101. ” Dives and Pauper” The Library 15 (1934), 31.
102. John Trevisa, Dialogus inter militem et clericum, ed. Aaron Jenkins Perry, EETS OS 167 (London, 1925 for 1924).
103. Julian of Norwich: A Revelation of Love, ed. Marion Glasscoe (Exeter, Eng., 1976), pp. 2,.
104. Pastors and Visionaries, pp. 230–31.
105. Sargent, “Versions of the Life of Christ. ” My accounts here should be read alongside Sarah Beckwith's illuminating discussion, Christ's Body: Identity, Culture and Society in Late Medieval Writing (London, 1993).
106. Sargent, Mirror, pp. 44-45;
107. see also his “The Transmission by the English Carthusians of Some Late Medieval Spiritual Writings’ Journal of Ecclesiastical History 27 (1976), 225-40.
108. Sargent, Mirror, p. 7.
109. Julian of Norwich's Revelations of Divine Love: The Shorter Version Ed. from B. L. Add. MS. 37790, ed. Frances Beer, Middle English Texts 8 (Heidelberg, 1978), chap. 1.
110. Michael Sargent, James Grenehalgh as Textual Critic, 2 vols., Analecta Cartusiana 85 (Salzburg, 1984);
111. “The Piety of Cicely, Duchess of York: A Study in Late Mediaeval Culture,” in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of His 72nd Birthday, ed. Douglas Woodruff (London, 1942),.
112. Quoted in “Longleat Sermons,” p. 228, from fol. 99r (previously fol. 100r).
113. Scanlon's account, Narrative, Authority, and Power, pp. 3–26.
114. Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, C. J400-C. 1580 (New Haven, Conn., 1992).
115. Meale, “. Alle the bokes that I haue” (above, n. 31).
116. The Southern Version of Cursor mundi, ed. Sarah M. Horrall, Roger R. Fowler, Peter H. J. Mous, and Henry J. Stauffemberg, 4 vols. (Ottawa, 1978–90).
117. Margaret Amassian, “The Rolle Material in Bradfer-Lawrence MS 10 and Its Relationships to Other Rolle Manuscripts, ’ Manuscripta 23 (1979), 67 – 78.
118. Dorothy Everett, “The Middle English Prose Psalter,” Modern Language Review 17 (1922), 217–27,.
119. Anne Middleton, “Piers Plowman, ’ chap. 18 of the Manual.
120. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript, ed. Malcolm Andrew and Ronald Waldron, York Medieval Texts (London, 1978).
121. Conrad Lindberg, “The Manuscripts and Versions of the Wycliffite Bible: A Preliminary Survey,” Studia neophilologica 42 (1970), 333-47.
122. Susan Powell, “A New Dating of John Mirk's Festial,” Notes and Queries 29 (1982), 467-69;
123. Alan J. Fletcher, “John Mirk and the Lollards,” Medium ALvum 56 (1987), 217–24 A date between 1382 and 1390 seems established.
124. Roger Ellis, “‘Flores ad Fabricandum. Coronam’: An Investigation into the Uses of St Bridget of Sweden in Fifteenth-Century England,” Medium Ævum 51 (1982), 163–86.
125. “John Lydgate,” chapter 16 of the Manual by Alain Renoir and C. David Benson, item 139.
126. Michael Sargent, “Bonaventure English: A Survey of the Middle English Prose Translations of Early Franciscan Literature,” in Spatmittelalterliche geistliche Literatur (cited above, n. 5), pp. 145–76.
127. Roger Lovatt, “The Imitation of Christ in Late Medieval England,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 18 (1968), 97–121.