Violations of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions as Violations of the Laws or Customs of War under Article 3 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

Netherlands International Law Review

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 375-397

  Meindersma, Christa ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

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EID: 84975997227     PISSN: 0165070X     EISSN: 17416191     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165070X00005891     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. J.J. Paust, ‘Applicability of International Criminal Laws to the Events in the former Yugoslavia’, 9 Am. Univ. JIL & Pol. (1994) no. 2, p. 511.
2. Also J.J. Paust, ‘War Crimes Jurisdiction and Due Process: the Bangladesh Experience’, 11 Vanderbilt J Trans. L (1978) no. 1, p. 28
3. A. Roberts and R. Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War (1994) pp. 1–2.
4. H. Lauterpacht, ed., L. Oppenheim's International Law, Volume 1 (1952) p. 202.
5. F. Malekian, International Criminal Law (1991)pp. 101–102.
6. L.C. Green, The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict (1993) p. 276.
7. Ch. Bassiouni, A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft Statute for an International Criminal Tribunal (1987) p. 130.
8. United Nations War Crimes Commission, History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission (1948) pp. 34–35.
9. H. Lauterpacht, ‘The Law of Nations and the Punishment of War Crimes’, 21 BYIL (1944) pp. 61–62.
10. L.C. Greenwood, The International Tribunal for former Yugoslavia, 69 Int. Affairs (1993) no. 2, at p. 645.
11. G. Schwarzenberger, International Humanitarian Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals (1968) p. 355.
12. Additional Protocol 1, Art. 85 (5).
13. H.H.G. Post, ‘Some Curiosities in the Sources of the Law of Armed Conflict Conceived in a General International Legal Perspective’, 25 NYIL (1994) pp. 92, 96.
14. W. Meng, ‘War’, in Encyclopedia of Public International Law (1982) p. 286.
15. I.P. Blischenko, ‘Responsibility in Breaches of International Humanitarian Law’, International Dimensions of Humanitarian Law (1988) p. 293.
16. Art. 125 Criminal Code, Collection of Yugoslav Laws, Vol. 11 (1964) p. 75.
17. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 77.
18. F. Kalshoven, Statement to the Conference on the International Criminal Courtfor the former Yugoslavia (16 February 1995).
19. H.P. Gasser, ‘Negotiating the 1977 Additional Protocols: Was It a Waste of Time?’, in G. Tanja and A. Delissen, eds., Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: Challenges Ahead: Essays in Honour of Frits Kalshoven (1991) p. 82.
20. B. Jakovljevic, ‘Validity of Indictments Brought under Articles 2–5 of the Statute’, Statement to the Conference on Practical Concerns Relating to the Work of the Ad Hoc Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (3–4 March 1994).
21. This was the position the Trial Chamber took in its decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 65.
22. Appeals Decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 89.;
23. also the Trial Chamber's decision, supra n. 2, para. 64.
24. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 91.
25. J. Pictet, Commentary to the IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1958) at p. 36.
26. See also C. Meindersma, ‘The Applicability of Humanitarian Law in International and Internal Armed Conflict’, Hague YIL (1995).
27. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 70.
28. R. van Elst, ‘Afscheid van Yoegoslavie: Over Oorlogsmisdrijven en Misdrijven tegen de Menselijkheid Begaan in Voormalig Joegoslavie en de Nederlandse Rechter’, 41 NJB (1994) p. 1403.
29. D. Plattner, ‘The Penal Repression of Violations of International Humanitarian Norms Applicable in Non-International Armed Conflicts’, 30 Int. Rev. Red Cross (1990) p. 409 at p. 414.
30. T. Meron, ‘International Criminilization of Internal Atrocities’, 89 AJIL (1995) p. 559.
31. Also R. Zacklin and D. Shraga, ‘The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’, 5 EJIL (1994) pp. 360–380, at p. 366.
32. T. Meron, Human Rights and Humanitarian Norms as Customary Law (1991) p. 34.
33. See also A. Cassese, The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law ’, 3 UCLA Pacific Basin LJ (1984) pp. 55, 68.
34. Nicaragua case (merits), para. 115, ICJ Rep. (1986). However, the Court failed to reason the State practice as well as opinio juris supporting the customary law status of Common Art. 3.
35. J.I. Charney, ‘Customary International Law in the Nicaragua Case Judgment on the Merits’, Hague YIL (1988) p. 21.
36. Barcelona Traction case, ICJ Rep. (1970).
37. M. Bothe, K. Partsch and W. Solf, New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (1982) p. 620.
38. Y. Sandoz, C. Swinarski and B. Zimmerman, eds., ICRC Commentary to the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (1987) p. 1340.
39. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 117.
40. See also the Trial Chamber's decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 70;.
41. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 84.
42. Also R.M. Eiting, ‘Joegoslavie en Aspecten van het Oorlogsrecht’, 86 Mil. Rechtelijk Tijdschrift (1993) p. 217.
43. USA Department of the Army Law of War Manual (1956): ‘every violation of the law of war is a war crime’ (Field Manual 27–10, para. 499).
44. British Manual of Military Law (1958): “war crimes include all violations of the law of war’ (para. 624);
45. ‘all war crimes are punishable by death’ (para. 638).
46. UNSC Res. 820, para. 6.
47. Appeals decision on jurisdiction, supra n. 2, para. 78.