Deforestation, the Decline of the Horse, and the Spread of the Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis (Nagana) in Nineteenth Century Sierra Leone

The Journal of African History

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 1975, Pages 239-256

  Dorward, D C ^a   Payne, A I ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84975992393     PISSN: 00218537     EISSN: 14695138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700001146     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Christopher Fyfe, A History of Sierra Leone (Oxford, 1962), 294.
2. Public Record Office, London: CO 267/447. Gov. Nathan to C.O. 20 Aug. 1899.
3. Fyfe, History, 294, 603.
4. Paul W. Richards, ‘The Tropical Rain Forest’ Scientific American vol. 229, No. 6 (December 1973), 58-67.
5. John Peterson, Province of Freedom (London, 1969), 88. The first Freetown Fair was held during the week of 30 Mar. 1818 and was somewhat marred by the absence of the Governor. Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiser, 4 Apr. 1818.
6. Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiser, 25 October 1823.
7. Fyfe, History, 145.
8. E. H. Melville, A Residence in Sierra Leone (London, 1849), 9-10.
9. Thomas Eyre Poole, Life Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia (London, 1850), I, 304-5.
10. Systematic evidence relating to the origins of horses imported into the colony is not available before 1853, when a duty of 1 per horse was introduced and the Customs Department began recording entries. Local horses were imported from the Gambia and Gore, though most were simply listed under the vague designation ‘Windward Coast’. Order of the Governor and Council, 12 Jul. 1853. Sierra Leone Blue Books, 1853-1864.
11. Sierra Leone Blue Book, 1811; Sierra Leone Blue Book, 1828.
12. In 1851, for example, the total revenue from the Horse and Carriage Tax was a relatively high 174, out of a total local revenue exclusive of customs of 4,640 18s. 4d. and a total local revenue of 19,842 13s. iod. Annual Report for Sierra Leone for the Year 1851, Command Paper 1539 (1852).
13. List of Persons who have paid Horse and Carriage Tax for the year 1853; List of Persons who have paid Horse and Carriage Tax for the year 1854, Gazettes and Public Notices, 1851-1861, Sierra Leone Archives, Freetown.
14. Sierra Leone Blue Book, 1858. The revenue from Horse and Carriage Tax fluctuated radically before 1856 but the fall in revenue for individual years was never so dramatic and was generally attributed by the authorities to tax default or arrears, an unusually candid admission for a colonial administration. Sierra Leone Blue Books, 1830-1856.
15. Dr Bradshaw, Petition for financial compensation, n.d. Minutes of the Governor's Council, 29 Dec. 1860, Sierra Leone Archives.
16. Governor Blackall to C.O. 19 Jan. 1864, Sierra Leone Archives.
17. Governor Hill to C.O. 2 Aug. 1858, Sierra Leone Archives.
18. Governor Blackall to C.O. 28 Oct. 1863, Sierra Leone Archives.
19. CO 267/32. Covering note with the Colonial Surgeon's memorandum, Governor Kennedy to Crown Agents, 7 Mar. 1871.
20. This hearsay evidence is slightly inaccurate as ‘loin disease’ was first commented upon in 1856.
21. CO 267/32. Reply by Deputy Professor William Pritchard of the Royal Veterinary College to Mr W. C. Sargeaunt, 22 Jun. 1871.
22. R. N. T. Fiennes, ‘Pathogenesis and pathology of animal trypanosomes’, in The African Trypanosomiases, H. W. Mulligan (ed.), (London, 1970), 729-50.
23. M. W. Henning, Animal diseases in South Africa (South Africa, 1949), 522-61.
24. L. E. Stephen, ‘Clinical manifestations of the trypanosomiases in livestock and other domestic animals’, in The African Trypanosomiases, 774-95.
25. F. L. Lambrecht, ‘Aspects of evolution and ecology of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis in prehistoric African environment’, J. Afr. Hist. v (1964), 1-24.
26. T. A. M. Nash, Tsetse flies in British West Africa-part III, Sierra Leone (London, 1948). 47-60.
27. J. Ford, ‘The geographical distribution of Glossina,’ in The African Trypanosomiases, 274-297.
28. R. M. Gordon and T. H. Davey, ‘An account of trypanosomiasis at the Cape Lighthouse Peninsula, Sierra Leone,’ Arm. Trop. Med. Parasit. xxiv (1930), 289-312.
29. Stephen, ‘Clinical Manifestations of the Trypanosomiases in Livestock. ‘
30. Fyfe, History, 325.
31. K. J. R. MacLennan, ‘The epizootiology of trypanosomiasis in livestock in West Africa’, in The African Trypanosomiases, 757-65.
32. PRO: CO 267/443. Lt Wilfred Russel Howell to Capt. Smith, 3 Sept. 1898. Enclosed in covering note from Director of Military Intelligence to Under S. Of S. for Colonies, 7 Sept. 1898.
33. Stephens ‘Clinical Manifestations of The Trypanosomiases in livestock. ‘.
34. Personal communications.
35. P. A. Buxton, The natural history of tsetse flies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Memoir No. 10 (London, 1955), 261-314.
36. Nash, Tsetse flies in British West Africa-part III, Sierra Leone, 47-60.
37. Adam Afzelius Journal, 28/5/95, Peter Kup ed. (Uppsala, 1967), 17.
38. PRO: WO 1/352 Quiries proposed by Commodore Hollowell; with the Governor of Councils answers, 12 Jan. 1803, 8th Quiry.
39. PRO: CO 267/92, App C-22. Evidence of John McCormack to Commission of Inquiry into the state of the Colony of Sierra Leone, 1 May 1826.
40. PRO: CO 267/92, App C-21. Evidence of Mr Henry Williams to Commission of Inquiry into the state of the Colony of Sierra Leone, 8 May 1826.
41. PRO: CO 267/91. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the State of the Colony of Sierra Leone, House of Commons Paper, 7 May 1827.
42. PRO: CO 267/92, App. C-22.
43. PRO: CO 267/92, App. C-21.
44. T. J. Alldridge, The Sherbro Island and its Hinterland, (London, 1901).
45. PRO: CO 267/91, Report of the Commission of Inquiry. ‘ 1827.
46. Fyfe, History, 125
47. N. H. A. Cole, The vegetation of Sierra Leone, (Njala University College Press, Sierra Leone, 1968).
48. PRO: CO 267/101. Ward and James to Mr R. W. Hay, Jan. 1829.
49. Fyfe, History, 186.
50. PRO: CO 267/159. Gov. Doherty to His Lordship John Russell, 22 Apr. 1850.
51. Fyfe, History, 248.
52. Alldridge, The Sherbro Island and Its Hinterland.
53. PRO: CO 267/159, Gov. Doherty to His Lordship John Russell, 22 Apr. 1840.
54. Nash, Tsetse Flies in British West Africa-part III, Sierra Leone, 51.
55. Cole, The Vegetation of Sierra Leone, 12.
56. 183-4. T. S. Bakshi Vegetation’, in A. R. Stobbs (ed.), The Soils and Geography of the Boliland Region of Sierra Leone (1963), 30-4.
57. A. W. J. Pomeroy, Report of the Medical Entomologist: Appendix G, Gold Coast Medical and Sanitary Reports, 1929-1930, 121-9.
58. Buxton, The Natural history of Tsetse flies, 351.
59. W. Yorke and B. Black lock, ‘Notes on the bionomics of Glossina palpalis in Sierra Leone, with special reference to its pupal habits’, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. ix (1915) 349-62.
60. Buxton, The Natural History of Tsetse Flies, 291-2.
61. Nash, Tsetse Flies in British West Africa-part 111, The Gold Coast, 32.
62. F. K. Kleine, ‘Positive infectionversuche mit Trypanosoma brucei durch Glossina palpalis’, Deutsch med. Wschr. xxxv (1909), 469-70.
63. Stephens, ‘Clinical Manifestations of the Trypanosomiases in Livestock. 592653. Buxton, The Natural History of Tsetse flies, 592-653.
64. MacLennan, ‘The epizootiology of Trypanosomiasis. ‘.
65. Buxton, The Natural History of Tsetse Flies, 291-2.
66. Personal communication, Dr J. Ford, 14 Nov. 1974.
67. C. A. Hoare, ‘Systematic description of the mammalian trypanosomes of Africa’, The African Trypanosomiases, 24-59.
68. J. Ford, The Role of Trypanosomiasis in African Ecology, (Oxford, 1971), 421-2.
69. Stephen, ‘Clinical Manifestations of the Trypanosomiases in livestock. ‘, 621-3.
70. E. E. Austen, A Monograph of the Tsetse Fly (1903), 92.
71. Nash, Tsetse Flies in British West Africa-part III, Sierra Leone, 47-60.
72. PRO: CO 267/32, ‘Notes on The peculiar disease of the Horse in Sierra Leone known as “Loin Disease” ‘: A memorandum drawn up by the Colonial Surgeon, Dr R. W. McCoy, 7 Mar. 1871.
73. The authors wish to express their gratitude to Professor Christopher Fyfe, Dr John Ford, and Dr Peter Mitchell for their assistance, encouragement, and criticism during the preparation of this paper.