Sky‐wave backscatter: A means for observing our environment at great distances

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1972, Pages 73-155

  Croft, Thomas A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975716386     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/RG010i001p00073     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Doppler shifts on high‐frequency ground backscatter
2. The refraction and Doppler shift of radio waves emanating from an artificial earth satellite in a three‐dimensiona lnonhomogeneous ionosphere
3. Ionospheric raytracing for simulation of high‐frequency over‐the‐horizon earth backscatter
4. HF backscatter observations of sporadic E during the IQSY
5. The effect of a solar flare on the frequency of high‐frequency ground backscatter
6. A review of scattering from surfaces with different roughness scales
7. Characteristic of ground backscatter observed with HF backscatter sounders possessing increased resolution
8. Some effects of dense Es clouds on high‐latitude HF backscatter observations
9. HF propagation through the auroral curtain
10. Aspect sensitivity of F‐layer HF backscatter echoes
11. HF ionospheric radar ground‐scatter map showing land‐sea boundaries by a spectral‐separation technique
12. Ionospheric probing using pulsed radio waves at oblique incidence
13. Motion of sporadic‐E patches determined from high‐frequency backscatter records
14. A review of oblique ray tracing and its application to the calculation of signal strength
15. Computation of HF ground backscatter amplitude
16. HF radio focusing caused by the electron distribution between ionospheric layers
17. The influence of ionospheric irregularities on sweep‐frequency backscatter
18. Discussion of paper by V. Agy, Doppler shifts on high‐frequency ground backscatter
19. Comparison of simultaneous forward and backscatter soundings to verify a proposed focusing mechanism of HF sky waves
20. Doppler spectrum of sea echo at 13–56 mc/s
21. Doppler shift in high‐frequency ground backscatter compared with Doppler shift in a retransmitted signal
22. The scattering of radio waves
23. Faraday rotation near the transverse region of the ionosphere
24. Sudden frequency shift observed at high frequency during ionospheric disturbances
25. HF radar signatures of traveling ionospheric irregularities, 3D ray‐tracing simulation
26. Über einige Beobachtungen bei Feldstarkerregistrierungen im Kurzwellenbereich (reprint)
27. An experimental study of a sea clutter model
28. Some observations of the occurrence and movement of sporadic‐E ionization
29. Characteristic signatures of the midlatitude ionosphere observed with a narrow‐beam HF backscatter sounder
30. Analysis of a backscatter signature obtained with a high‐resolution HF radar system
31. Long‐distance shortwave scattered ground reflection
32. Conditions for orthogonality between the geomagnetic field and a sky wave, HF ray
33. Determination of the distance of the hop of a radio wave propagating in a horizontally inhomogeneous ionosphere
34. Computation of MUF in the presence of a horizontal ionospheric inhomogeneity
35. Experimental study of scattered echoes, 1
36. A first‐principle derivation of the differenced range versus integrated Doppler (DRVID) charged‐particle calibration method
37. high‐frequency back‐scatter observations at Salisbury, South Australia
38. The mechanism of F‐layer propagated backscatter echoes
39. Backscatter observations of sporadic E
40. The IGY three‐frequency backscatter sounder
41. Calculation of skywave field strength
42. Sporadic E as observed by backscatter techniques in the United Kingdom
43. Backscatter ionospheric sounder
44. Beobachtung der magnetischen Aufspaltung bei Ruckstreuversuchen mit variabler Frequenz
45. An approximate synthesis of HF backscatter considering ionospheric motions
46. Ionospherically propagated sea scatter
47. Remote sensing of the terrestrial environment with an HF radio high‐resolution azimuth and elevation scan systems
48. Scatter sounding: A new technique in ionospheric research
49. A method for studying sporadic‐E clouds at a distance
50. Discrete echoes in ionospherically propagated ground backscatter
51. Back‐scatter sounding: An aid to radio propagation studies
52. A new model for sea clutter
53. Computer simulation of structural détails of high‐frequency over‐the‐horizon earth backscatter
54. Doppler return from a random rough surface
55. Contribution à l'étude de l'influence des inhomogeneites ionospheriques sur la propagation à longue distance
56. phénomènes de propagation hors du grand cercle observes sur des liaisons à grande distance en ondes decametriques
57. Contribution à l'étude des perturbations ionospheriques itinérantes au moyen d'un radar par retrodiffusion au sol
58. Sur le rôle du sol et de la mer en retrodiffusion ionospherique
59. Remote sensing of the midlatitude ionosphere with a narrow‐beam high‐frequency radar
60. Large traveling ionospheric disturbances at midlatitudes utilizing the high‐resolution HF backscatter technique
61. A definition of average time delay for a linear system
62. Power spectra from ocean movements measured remotely by ionospheric radio backscatter