The magnitude of and health system responses to the mental health treatment gap in adults in India and China

The Lancet

Volumn 388, Issue 10063, 2016, Pages 3074-3084

  Patel, Vikram ^a,b,c   Xiao, Shuiyuan ^d   Chen, Hanhui ^e   Hanna, Fahmy ^f   Jotheeswaran, A T ^f   Luo, Dan ^d   Parikh, Rachana ^c   Sharma, Eesha ^g   Usmani, Shamaila ^a   Yu, Yu ^d   Druss, Benjamin G ^h   Saxena, Shekhar ^f  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions   (India)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH FOUNDATION OF INDIA   (India)

^d CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

^e SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

^f WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^g KING GEORGE'S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^h EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ADULT DISEASE; CHINA; COMMUNITY CARE; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE AVAILABILITY; HEALTH CARE DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; INDIA; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ECONOMICS; HEALTH AUXILIARY; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; HEALTH SERVICE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

CHINA; COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; INDIA; MENTAL DISORDERS; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84975486750     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00160-4     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. 1 WHO. Mental health action plan 2013–2020, 2013, World Health Organization, Geneva.
2. 2 WHO. mhGAP Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings, 2010, World Health Organization, Geneva.
3. 3 Thirthalli JZ, Zhou L, Kumar L, et al. Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine approaches to mental healthcare and psychological well-being in India and China. Lancet Psychiatry (in press).
4. 4 Tanahashi, T, Health service coverage and its evaluation. Bull World Health Organ 56 (1978), 295–303.
5. 5 Phillips, MR, Zhang, J, Shi, Q, et al. Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001–05: an epidemiological survey. Lancet 373 (2009), 2041–2053.
6. 6 Lee, S, Fung, SC, Tsang, A, et al. Delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Acta Psychiatr Scand 116 (2007), 10–16.
7. 7 Wei, Z, Liu, T, Hu, C, et al. The mental health service utilization in Shenzhen City. Chin Ment Health J 24 (2010), 597–603.
8. 8 Demyttenaere, K, Bruffaerts, R, Posada-Villa, J, et al. Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. JAMA 291 (2004), 2581–2590.
9. 9 Shen, YC, Zhang, MY, Huang, YQ, et al. Twelve-month prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in metropolitan China. Psychol Med 36 (2006), 257–267.
10. 10 Thirthalli, J, Venkatesh, BK, Kishorekumar, KV, et al. Prospective comparison of course of disability in antipsychotic-treated and untreated schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119 (2009), 209–217.
11. 11 Raban, MZ, Dandona, R, Kumar, GA, Dandona, L, Inequitable coverage of non-communicable diseases and injury interventions in India. Natl Med J India 23 (2010), 267–273.
12. 12 Yang, LH, Phillips, MR, Li, X, et al. Employment outcome for people with schizophrenia in rural v. urban China: population-based study. Br J Psychiatry 203 (2013), 272–279.
13. 13 Gong, WJ, Xiao, S, Evaluation of the free medication program for people with schizophrenia in Liuyang communities. Doctoral Dissertation, 2015, Central South University, Changsha.
14. 14 Ma, X, Xiang, Y-T, Cai, Z-J, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in China: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, comorbidity, and suicide attempts. Perspect Psychiatr Care 45 (2009), 119–127.
15. 15 Ma, X, Xiang, YT, Li, SR, et al. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of depression in an early population living with family members in Beijing, China. Psychol Med 38 (2008), 1723–1730.
16. 16 Chen, S, Conwell, Y, Vanorden, K, et al. Prevalence and natural course of late-life depression in China primary care: a population based study from an urban community. J Affect Disord 141 (2012), 86–93.
17. 17 Nizamie, SH, Akthar, S, Banerjee, I, Goyal, N, Health care delivery model in epilepsy to reduce treatment gap: World Health Organization study from a rural tribal population of India. Epilepsy Res 84 (2009), 146–152.
18. 18 Pandey, S, Singhi, P, Bharti, B, Prevalence and treatment gap in childhood epilepsy in a north Indian city: a community-based study. J Trop Pediatr 60 (2014), 118–123.
19. 19 Pi, X, Cui, L, Liu, A, et al. Investigation of prevalence, clinical characteristics and management of epilepsy in Yueyang city of China by a door-to-door survey. Epilepsy Res 101 (2012), 129–134.
20. 20 Li, M, Zhang, Z, Zhang, Y, Zhou, L, Chen, K, Rural-urban differences in the long-term care of the disabled elderly in China. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e79955.
21. 21 Albanese, E, Liu, Z, Acosta, D, et al. Equity in the delivery of community healthcare to older people: findings from 10/66 Dementia Research Group cross-sectional surveys in Latin America, China, India and Nigeria. BMC Health Serv Res, 11, 2011, 153.
22. 22 Wang, PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, et al. Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet 370 (2007), 841–850.
23. 23 Liu, JM, Liu, ZL, Chen, T, Xu, RX, Treatment of epilepsy in China: Formal or informal?. Neural Regen Res 8 (2013), 3316–3324.
24. 24 Wen, H, Huang, Y, XQ, L, et al. An analysis of psychotic disorders in the 2011 database of Sichuan. Sichuan Mental Health 25:4 (2012), 200–203.
25. 25 Olivares, JM, Thirunavukarasu, M, Kulkarni, J, Zhang, HY, Zhang, MY, Zhang, F, Psychiatrists' awareness of partial and nonadherence to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: results from an Asia-Pacific survey. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9 (2013), 1163–1170.
26. 26 Chatterjee, S, Pillai, A, Jain, S, Cohen, A, Patel, V, Outcomes of people with psychotic disorders in a community-based rehabilitation programme in rural India. Br J Psychiatry 195 (2009), 433–439.
27. 27 Suresh, KK, Kumar, CN, Thirthalli, J, et al. Work functioning of schizophrenia patients in a rural south Indian community: status at 4-year follow-up. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47 (2012), 1865–1871.
28. 28 Ma, H, Liu, J, He, Y, et al. An important pathway of mental health service reform in China: introduction of 686 program. Chin Ment Health J 25 (2011), 725–728.
29. 29 Ma, N, Liu, J, Wang, X, et al. Treatment dropout of patients in National Continuing Management and Intervention Program for Psychoses in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2009: implication for mental health service reform in China. Asia Pac Psychiatry 4 (2012), 181–188.
30. 30 Li, Q, Huang, X, Wen, H, Liang, X, Lei, L, Wu, J, Retrospective analysis of treatment effectiveness among patients in Mianyang Municipality enrolled in the national community management program for schizophrenia. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 24 (2012), 131–139.
31. 31 Cherian, AV, Math, SB, Kandavel, T, Reddy, YCJ, A 5-year prospective follow-up study of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Affect Disord 152–154 (2014), 387–394.
32. 32 Grover, S, Irpati, AS, Saluja, BS, Basu, D, Mattoo, SK, Drug dependence in the geriatric age group: a clinic-based study. German J Psychiatry 11 (2008), 10–15.
33. 33 Liu, E, Liang, T, Shen, L, et al. Correlates of methadone client retention: a prospective cohort study in Guizhou province, China. Int J Drug Policy 20 (2009), 304–308.
34. 34 Zhang, L, Chow, EP, Zhuang, X, et al. Methadone maintenance treatment participant retention and behavioural effectiveness in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e68906.
35. 35 Che, Y, Assanangkornchai, S, McNeil, E, et al. Predictors of early dropout in methadone maintenance treatment program in Yunnan province, China. Drug Alcohol Rev 29 (2010), 263–270.
36. 36 Cao, X, Wu, Z, Rou, K, Pang, L, Predictors of dropping out of methadone maintenance treatment in China: a six-year cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc, 15, 2012, 90.
37. 37 Gu, J, Xu, H, Lau, JTF, et al. Misconceptions predict dropout and poor adherence prospectively among newly admitted first-time methadone maintenance treatment clients in Guangzhou, China. Addiction 107 (2012), 1641–1649.
38. 38 Sinha, A, Sanyal, D, Mallik, S, Sengupta, P, Dasgupta, S, Factors associated with quality of life of patients with epilepsy attending a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India. Neurology Asia 16 (2011), 33–37.
39. 39 Varma, NP, Sylaja, PN, George, L, Sankara Sarma, P, Radhakrishnan, K, Employment concerns of people with epilepsy in Kerala, south India. Epilepsy Behav 10 (2007), 250–254.
40. 40 Wang, WZ, Wu, JZ, Dai, XY, et al. Global campaign against epilepsy: assessment of a demonstration project in rural China. Bull World Health Organ 86 (2008), 964–969.
41. 41 WHO. Mental Health Atlas 2014, 2015, World Health Organization http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/mental_health_atlas_2014/en/ (accessed Dec 4, 2015).
42. 42 Ning, M, Jun, Y, Hong, M, Xin, Y, Yan, G, Allocation of mental health facilities and psychiatric beds in China in 2010. Chin Ment Health J 26 (2012), 885–889.
43. 43 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Several opinions on promoting the development of private investment in the medical sector. National Health and Family Planning Commission 2013 9 January. http://nrhm.gov.in/images/pdf/media/publication/Annual_Report-Mohfw.pdf (accessed March 1, 2016).
44. 44 Qian, J, Mental health care in China: providing services for under-treated patients. J Ment Health Policy Econ 15 (2012), 179–186.
45. 45 National Health and Family Planning Commission. National Plans for Mental Health Work (2015–2020). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-06/18/content_9860.htm, 2015 (accessed March 1, 2016).
46. 46 Liu, Y, Research on The protection of the rights of the patients of mental disease. Dissertation, 2012, Southwest University of Political Science and Law.
47. 47 Chen, H, Phillips, M, Cheng, H, et al. Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China (English translation with annotations): Translated and annotated version of China's new Mental Health Law. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 24 (2012), 305–321.
48. 48 Liu, C, Chen, L, Xie, B, Yan, J, Jin, T, Wu, Z, Number and characteristics of medical professionals working in Chinese mental health facilities. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 25 (2013), 277–286.
49. 49 Thara, R, Patel, V, Role of non-governmental organizations in mental health in India. Indian J Psychiatry 52:suppl 1 (2010), S389–S395.
50. 50 Nortje, G, Seedat, S, Recruiting medical students into psychiatry in lower income countries. Int Rev Psychiatry 25 (2013), 385–398.
51. 51 Thara, R, Padmavati, R, Aynkran, JR, John, S, Community mental health in India: a rethink. Int J Ment Health Syst, 2, 2008, 11.
52. 52 Wasan, AD, Neufeld, K, Jayaram, G, Practice patterns and treatment choices among psychiatrists in New Delhi, India: a qualitative and quantitative study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44 (2009), 109–119.
53. 53 Kato, TA, Balhara, YPS, Chawla, JM, Tateno, M, Kanba, S, Undergraduate medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry: an international cross-sectional survey between India and Japan. Int Rev Psychiatry 25 (2013), 378–384.
54. 54 Jenkins, R, Kydd, R, Mullen, P, et al. International migration of doctors, and its impact on availability of psychiatrists in low and middle income countries. PLoS One, 5, 2010, e9049.
55. 55 Goel, DS, Why mental health services in low- and middle-income countries are under-resourced, underperforming: an indian perspective. Natl Med J India 24 (2011), 94–97.
56. 56 Raja, S, Wood, SK, de Menil, V, Mannarath, SC, Mapping mental health finances in Ghana, Uganda, Sri Lanka, India and Lao PDR. Int J Ment Health Sys, 4, 2010, 11.
57. 57 WHO. Mental Health Atlas 2011, 2011, World Health Organization.
58. 58 Patel, V, Parikh, R, Nandraj, S, et al. Assuring health coverage for all in India. Lancet 386 (2015), 2422–2435.
59. 59 Isaac, M, National Mental Health Programme: time for a re-appraisal. Kulhara, P, Avasthi, A, Thirunavukarasu, M, (eds.) Themes and Issues in Contemporary Indian Psychiatry, 2011, Indian Psychiatric Society, New Delhi, 2–26.
60. 60 CAG. Audit Report (Civil), Kerala For the Year 2009–2010: Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Kerala_Civil_2010.pdf, 2010 (accessed March 3, 2016).
61. 61 ICMR. Evaluation of District Mental Health Programme Final report submitted to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2009, Indian Council for Market Research, New Delhi https://mhpolicy.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/evaluation-of-dmhp-icmr-report-for-the-ministry-of-hfw.pdf (accessed Jan 3, 2015).
62. 62 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Regional Workshops on National Mental Health Programme—A Report, 2012, Government of India, New Delhi http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/ComprehensiveReport%20Part%201-78786581.pdf (accessed March 1, 2016).
63. 63 NHRC. Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions—Some Glimpses in the Recent Period, 2012, National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi nhrc.nic.in/Documents/Publications/Care_and_Mental_Health_2012.pdf (accessed Jan 4, 2016).
64. 64 Dhanasekaran, S, Kar, SK, Tripathi, A, The mental health care bill: changes and appraisal. Delhi Psychiatry J 17 (2014), 160–166.
65. 65 Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs. PWD Act, 1995 The Persons with Disabilities. Part II, Section 1 of the Extraordinary Gazette of India. disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/PWD_Act.pdf, 1996 (accessed Feb 29, 2016).
66. 66 Yao, F, Yang, B, Li, J, Li, W, Hao, X, An, J, The development of mental health service since 2004 in China. Chin Ment Health J 29 (2015), 331–335.
67. 67 Lok Sabha Secreatriat. Reference Note No. 33/RN/Ref./December/2013 Mental Health Care, 2013, Parliament Library and Reference, Research, Documentation and Information Service (LARRDIS), Government of India, New Delhi.
68. 68 WHO. WHO-AIMS Report on Mental Health System in Gujarat, 2006, WHO and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gujarat, India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
69. 69 WHO. WHO-AIMS Report on Mental Health System in Uttarakhand, India, 2006, World Health Organisation, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
70. 70 Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. National Health Profile—2013, 2013, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi http://cbhidghs.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=1284&sublinkid=1166 (accessed Oct 8, 2015).
71. 71 Shetty, C, Mental Health NGOs in India, 2011, Action for Mental Illness, Bengaluru.
72. 72 Ministry of Health. China Health Statistical Yearbook Beijing. Beijing: Peking Union Medical College Press; various years.
73. 73 Central Bureau of Health Intelligence. National Health Profile 2015, 2015, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/NHP-2015.pdf (accessed Oct 8, 2015).
74. 74 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Annual Report of MoHFW, 2013–14, 2014, Government of India, New Delhi http://nrhm.gov.in/images/pdf/media/publication/Annual_Report-Mohfw.pdf (accessed March 1, 2016).
75. 75 Wang, K, Economic Operation of Special Mental Health Institutions in China, 2012, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
76. 76 WHO. Global Health Expenditure Database, NHA Indicators. http://apps.who.int/nha/database/ViewData/Indicators/en, 2013 (accessed Nov 30, 2015).
77. 77 Gwalani, P, Commonest mental illnesses outside insurance cover in India. ETHealthworldcom. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Commonest-mental-illnesses-outside-insurance-cover-in-India/articleshow/48351907.cms, Aug 5, 2015 (accessed Oct 8, 2015).
78. 78 Zhou, Y, Rosenheck, R, He, H, Health insurance in China: variation in co-payments and psychiatric hospital utilization. J Ment Health Policy Econ 17 (2014), 25–32.
79. 79 Nadkarni, J, Jain, A, Dwivedi, R, Quality of life in children with epilepsy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 14 (2011), 279–282.
80. 80 Andrade, LH, Alonso, J, Mneimneh, Z, et al. Barriers to mental health treatment: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys. Psychol Med 44 (2014), 1303–1317.
81. 81 Lee, S, Guo, W, Tsang, A, et al. Perceived barriers to mental health treatment in metropolitan China. Psychiatr Serv 61 (2010), 1260–1262.
82. 82 Pereira, B, Andrew, G, Pednekar, S, Pai, R, Pelto, P, Patel, V, The explanatory models of depression in low income countries: listening to women in India. J Affect Disord 102 (2007), 209–218.
83. 83 Pattanayak, RD, Sagar, R, A qualitative study of perceptions related to family risk of bipolar disorder among patients and family members from India. Int J Soc Psychiatry 58 (2012), 463–469.
84. 84 Kishore, J, Gupta, A, Jiloha, RC, Bantman, P, Myths, beliefs and perceptions about mental disorders and health-seeking behavior in Delhi, India. Indian J Psychiatry 53 (2011), 324–329.
85. 85 Aggarwal, NK, Balaji, M, Kumar, S, et al. Using consumer perspectives to inform the cultural adaptation of psychological treatments for depression: a mixed methods study from South Asia. J Affect Disord 163 (2014), 88–101.
86. 86 Grover, S, Kumar, V, Chakrabarti, S, et al. Explanatory models in patients with first episode depression: a study from North India. Asian J Psychiatry 5 (2012), 251–257.
87. 87 Saravanan, B, Jacob, KS, Deepak, MG, Prince, M, David, AS, Bhugra, D, Perceptions about psychosis and psychiatric services: a qualitative study from Vellore, India. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43 (2008), 231–238.
88. 88 Patel, V, Prince, M, Ageing and mental health in a developing country: who cares? Qualitative studies from Goa, India. Psychol Med 31 (2001), 29–38.
89. 89 Li, X, Survey in Shanghai communities: the public awareness of and attitude towards dementia. Psychogeriatrics 11 (2011), 83–89.
90. 90 Li, X, Zhang, W, Lin, Y, et al. Pathways to psychiatric care of patients from rural regions: a general-hospital-based study. Int J Soc Psychiatry 60 (2014), 280–289.
91. 91 Zhang, W, Li, X, Lin, Y, et al. Pathways to psychiatric care in urban north China: a general hospital based study. Int J Ment Health Syst, 7, 2013, 22.
92. 92 Mohamed, S, Rosenheck, R, He, H, Yuping, N, Insight and attitudes towards medication among inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in the US and China. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 49 (2014), 1063–1070.
93. 93 Jain, N, Gautam, S, Jain, S, et al. Pathway to psychiatric care in a tertiary mental health facility in Jaipur, India. Asian J Psychiatry 5 (2012), 303–308.
94. 94 Kermode, M, Bowen, K, Arole, S, Joag, K, Jorm, AF, Community beliefs about causes and risks for mental disorders: a mental health literacy survey in a rural area of Maharashtra, India. Int J Soc Psychiatry 56 (2010), 606–622.
95. 95 Luo, T, Wang, J, Li, Y, Stigmatization of people with drug dependence in China: a community-based study in Hunan province. Drug Alcohol Depend 134 (2014), 285–289.
96. 96 Thornicroft, G, Brohan, E, Rose, D, Sartorius, N, Leese, M, INDIGO study group. Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 373 (2009), 408–415.
97. 97 Chen, H, Correlations between compulsory drug abstinence treatments and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users in a border city of South China. AIDS Educ Prev 25 (2013), 336–348.
98. 98 Lasalvia, A, Zoppei, S, Van Bortel, T, et al. Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 381 (2013), 55–62.
99. 99 Li, S, Stigma and epilepsy: the Chinese perspective. Epilepsy Behav 17 (2010), 242–245.
100. 100 Cowan, J, Raja, S, Naik, A, Armstrong, G, Knowledge and attitudes of doctors regarding the provision of mental health care in Doddaballapur Taluk, Bangalore Rural district, Karnataka. Int J Ment Health Syst, 6, 2012, 21.
101. 101 Li, J, Li, J, Huang, Y, Thornicroft, G, Mental health training program for community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China: effects on knowledge of mental illness and stigma. Int J Ment Health Syst, 8, 2014, 49.
102. 102 D'Costa, G, Nazareth, I, Naik, D, et al. Harmful alcohol use in Goa, India, and its associations with violence: a study in primary care. Alcohol Alcohol 42 (2007), 131–137.
103. 103 Hu, M, Xiao, S, Evaluation of the capacity of basic mental health services of primary health care providers in the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake disaster areas. Chin Ment Health J 26 (2012), 98–103.
104. 104 Iyer, RS, Rekha, M, Kumar, TS, Sarma, PS, Radhakrishnan, K, Primary care doctors' management behavior with respect to epilepsy in Kerala, southern India. Epilepsy Behav 21 (2011), 137–142.
105. 105 Wu, S, Yu, D, Wu, P, Li, C, The investigation of non-psychiatric doctors in the management of mental disorders. J Clin Psychol Med 17 (2007), 6–7.
106. 106 Sarin, E, Samson, L, Sweat, M, Beyrer, C, Human rights abuses and suicidal ideation among male injecting drug users in Delhi, India. Int J Drug Policy 22 (2011), 161–166.
107. 107 Sreevani, R, Revathi, S, Assessment of the attitude of staff nurses towards hospitalised psychiatric patients in Kolar (Karnataka). Nurs J India 103 (2012), 44–46.
108. 108 Aaltonen, SE, Laine, NP, Volmer, D, et al. Barriers to medication counselling for people with mental health disorders: a six country study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 8 (2010), 122–131.
109. 109 Patel, V, Chisholm, D, Kirkwood, BR, Mabey, D, Prioritizing health problems in women in developing countries: comparing the financial burden of reproductive tract infections, anaemia and depressive disorders in a community survey in India. Trop Med Int Health 12 (2007), 130–139.
110. 110 Hong, Z, Qu, B, WU, X, Yang, T, Zhang, Q, Zhou, D, Economic burden of epilepsy in a developing country: a retrospective cost analysis in China. Epilepsia 50 (2009), 2192–2198.
111. 111 Shaji, K, Jotheeswaran, A, Girish, N, et al. Dementia India Report 2010. Prevalence, impact, costs and services for dementia, 2010, Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Society of India, New Delhi.
112. 112 The World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.ADJ.NNTY.PC.CD, 2010 (accessed July 13, 2015).
113. 113 Liao, CC, Shen, WW, Chang, CC, Chang, H, Chen, TL, Surgical adverse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based study. Ann Surg 257 (2013), 433–438.
114. 114 Chatterjee, S, Naik, S, John, S, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based intervention for people with schizophrenia and their caregivers in India (COPSI): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 383 (2014), 1385–1394.
115. 115 Jain, B, Krishnan, S, Ramesh, S, Sabarwal, S, Garg, V, Dhingra, N, Effect of peer-led outreach activities on injecting risk behavior among male drug users in Haryana, India. Harm Reduct J, 11, 2014, 3.
116. 116 Thara, R, Rao, K, John, S, An assessment of post-tsunami psychosocial training programmes in Tamilnadu, India. Int J Soc Psychiatry 54 (2008), 197–205.
117. 117 Patel, V, Weiss, HA, Chowdhary, N, et al. Lay health worker led intervention for depressive and anxiety disorders in India: impact on clinical and disability outcomes over 12 months. Br J Psychiatry 199 (2011), 459–466.
118. 118 Xiang, YT, Wang, CY, Weng, YZ, et al. Predictors of relapse in Chinese schizophrenia patients: a prospective, multi-center study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46 (2011), 1325–1330.
119. 119 Zhang de, X, Lewis, G, Araya, R, et al. Prevention of anxiety and depression in Chinese: a randomized clinical trial testing the effectiveness of a stepped care program in primary care. J Affect Disord 169 (2014), 212–220.
120. 120 BasicNeeds. Basic Needs Basic Rights. http://www.basicneeds.org/where-we-work/india/ (accessed June 9, 2015).
121. 121 Kleinman, A, Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 6 (1982), 117–190.
122. 122 Thara, R, John, S, Rao, K, Telepsychiatry in Chennai, India: the SCARF experience. Behav Sci Law 26 (2008), 315–322.
123. 123 Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013). Incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability 1990–2013. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-burden-disease-study-2013-gbd-2013-incidence-prevalence-and-years-lived-disability, 2015 (accessed Oct 14, 2015).
124. 124 Ran, MS, Weng, X, Chan, CL, et al. Different outcomes of never-treated and treated patients with schizophrenia: 14-year follow-up study in rural China. Br J Psychiatry 207 (2015), 495–500.
125. 125 WHO. Immunization coverage. http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/routine/coverage/en/index4.htm, 2014 (accessed Dec 4, 2015).
126. 126 Qingyue, M, Shenglan, T, Universal Coverage of Health Care in China: challenges and Opportunities—World Health Report (2010) Background Paper, 7, 2010, World Health Organization.
127. 127 Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division World population prospects: the 2015 revision. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf, 2015 (accessed Nov 9, 2015).
128. 128 Sen, A, Why India trails China. The New York Times, June 19, 2013.
129. 129 Patel, V, Chatterji, S, Chisholm, D, et al. Chronic diseases and injuries in India. Lancet 377 (2011), 413–428.