Value of improved lipid control in patients at high risk for adverse cardiac events

American Journal of Managed Care

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2016, Pages e199-e207

  Jena, Anupam B ^a,b   Blumenthal, Daniel M ^a,b   Stevens, Warren ^c   Chou, Jacquelyn W ^c   Ton, Thanh G N ^c   Goldman, Dana P ^d  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c PRECISION HEALTH ECONOMICS   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; EVOLOCUMAB; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PCSK9 INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DRUG EFFICACY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; FEMALE; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SURVEY; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; META ANALYSIS; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SIMULATION; SOCIAL ASPECT; STANDARD; UNITED STATES; VITAL STATISTICS; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BLOOD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DRUG EFFECTS; INCIDENCE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCIBILITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX RATIO; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DISTRIBUTION; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84975302926     PISSN: 10880224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, et al; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee; Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(8):933-944. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820a55f5.
2. Jackson R, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Milne RJ, Rodgers A. Treatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):434-441.
3. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25, pt B):2889-2934. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002.
4. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6-e245. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad.
5. Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidelines for assessment and management of cardivascular risk. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/cardiovascular-diseases/guidelines/Full%20text. pdf. Published 2007. Accessed January 18, 2016.
6. Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, et al. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk): a pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(5):339-355. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00081-9.
7. Lipid modification: cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence website. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg67. Published May 2008. Accessed January 18, 2016.
8. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670-1681. doi: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(10)61350-5.
9. Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, et al; Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):581-590. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60367-5.
10. Rodriguez F, Olufade T, Heithoff K, Friedman HS, Navaratnam P, Foody JM. Frequency of high-risk patients not receiving highpotency statin (from a large managed care database). Am J Cardiol. 2015;115(2):190-195. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.10.021.
11. Murphy KM, Topel RH. The economic value of medical research. In: Murphy KM, Topel RH, eds. Measuring the Gains from Medical Research: An Economic Approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2003.
12. Grabowski DC, Lakdawalla DN, Goldman DP, et al. The large social value resulting from use of statins warrants steps to improve adherence and broaden treatment. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(10):2276-2285. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1120.
13. Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Schulze V, et al. Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):40-51. doi: 10.7326/M14-2957.
14. FDA approves Praluent to treat certain patients with high cholesterolcholesterol [press release]. Silver Spring, MD: FDA; July 24, 2015. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ ucm455883.htm. Accessed August 24, 2015.
15. Pollack A. New drug sharply lowers cholesterol, but it's costly. The New York Times website. Published July 24, 2015. Accessed January 18, 2016.
16. Shrank W, Lotvin A, Singh S, Brennan T. In the debate about cost and efficacy, PCSK9 inhibitors may be the biggest challenge yet. Health Affairs website. http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/02/17/in-the-debateabout-cost-and-efficacy-pcsk9-inhibitors-may-be-the-biggest-challengeyet/. Published February 17, 2015. Accessed January 18, 2016.
17. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. CDC website. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/. Accessed January 18, 2016.
18. Methodology and assumptions for the 2012 national projections. US Census Bureau website. http://www.census.gov/population/projections/ files/methodology/methodstatement12.pdf. Accessed August 4, 2014.
19. Murphy SL, Xu J, Kochanek KD. Deaths: final data for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2013;61(4):1-117.
20. Comercial claims and encounters Medicare Supplemental. Truven Health website. http://truvenhealth.com/markets/life-sciences/products/ data-tools/marketscan-databases. Accessed January 18, 2016.
21. Viscusi WK, Aldy J. The value of a statistical life: a critical review of market estimates throughout the world. J Risk Uncertain. 2003;27(1):5-76.
22. Ford I, Murray H, Packard CJ, Shepherd J, Macfarlane PW, Cobbe SM. Long-term follow-up of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(15):1477-1486.
23. Murray CJ, Atkinson C, Bhalla K, et al; US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013;310(6):591-608. doi: 10.1001/ jama.2013.13805.
24. Miller TR. Variations between countries in values of statistical life. JTEP. 2000;34(2):169-188.
25. Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Macroeconomics and health: investing in health for economic development. World Health Organization website. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/1066 5/42435/1/924154550X.pdf. Published December 20, 2001. Accessed January 18, 2016.
26. O'Sullivan AK, Rubin J, Nyambose J, Kuznik A, Cohen DJ, Thompson D. Cost estimation of cardiovascular disease events in the US. Pharmacoeconomics. 2011;29(8):693-704. doi: 10.2165/11584620-000000000-00000.
27. Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, et al; DAPT Study Investigators. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drugeluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(23):2155-2166. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1409312.
28. Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al; PRAMI Investigators. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(12):1115-1123. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1305520.
29. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al; PLATO Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045-1057. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904327.
30. Myerburg RJ. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2245-2253. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0803409.
31. Keeley EC, Hillis LD. Primary PCI for myocardial infarction with STsegment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(1):47-54.
32. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al; Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(14):1309-1321.
33. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153.
34. Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, Simoons ML, Yusuf S. Angiotensinconverting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet. 2006;368(9535):581-588.
35. Kolata G. Federal panel backs approval of new drug to fight heart attacks. The New York Times website. Published June 9, 2015. Accessed January 18, 2016.
36. Global pharma. Credit Suisse website. https://doc.research-andanalytics.csfb.com/docView?language=ENG&format=PDF&sour ce-id=csplusresearchcp&document-id=1047911451&serialid=hfXhzuK6sK6xRrBsMZzLqZ96QTl7v2YM0kkwWJRGRVU%3D. Published May 1, 2015. Accessed January 18, 2016.
37. Hirsh BJ, Smilowitz NR, Rosenson RS, Fuster V, Sperling LS. Utilization of and adherence to guideline-recommended lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndrome: opportunities for improvement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(2):184-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.030.
38. Rosenson RS, Kent ST, Brown TM, et al. Underutilization of highintensity statin therapy after hospitalization for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(3):270-277. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.088.
39. Blom DJ, Hala T, Bolognese M, et al; DESCARTES Investigators. A 52-week placebo-controlled trial of evolocumab in hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(19):1809-1819.