Factors affecting variable weld penetration

International Materials Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 185-216

  Mills, K C ^a   Keene, B J ^a  

^a NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84974977561     PISSN: 09506608     EISSN: 17432804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/095066090790323966     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. S. S. Glickstein and W. Yeniscavich: Weld. Res. Counc. Bull., May 1977, (226).
2. W. F. Savage, E. F. Nippes, and G. M. Goodwin: Weld. J., 1977 56, (4), 126s.
3. J. R. Roper and D. L. Olson: Weld. J., 1978, 57, 104s.
4. J. L. Robinson, S. De Rosa, and G. A. Hutt: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 41; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
5. C. R. HEIPLE, J. R. ROPER, R. T. STAGNER, and R. J. ADEN: Weld. J., 1983, 62, (3), 72s.
6. K. J. Rodgers: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Micro¬alloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 2; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
7. E. FRIEDMAN: Weld. J., 1978, 57, (6), 161s.
8. K. Ishizaki: J. Jpn Weld. Soc., 1965, 34, (2), 146.
9. C. R. Heiple and J. R. Roper: Weld. J., 1982, 61, (4), 97s.
10. B. J. Keene: ‘The Effect Of Thermocapillary Flow On Weld Pool Profile’, NPL Report DMA(A) 167, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Nov. 1988.
11. A. Okada and J. Nakamura: ‘Control Of Trace Elements Effect In TIG Welding Of Thin Plate’, Report, National Research Institute For Metals, Tokyo To VAMAS Meeting On Technical Working Area, ‘Weld Characteristics’, NPL, Teddington, 5 Dec. 1988.
12. K. Ishizaki, S. Yokoya, and T. Okada: ‘Mechanism Of Penetration In Arc Welding’, Report, Nippon Institute Of Technology, Saitama, Japan To VAMAS Meeting On Technical Working Area ‘Weld Characteristics’, NPL, Teddington, 5 Dec. 1988.
13. W. S. Bennett and G. S. Mills: Weld. J., 1974, 53, (12), 548s.
14. J. E. Franklin: ‘Effects Of Addition Alloys On The Weldability Of 304 Stainless Steel’, Research Report 600, INCO, June 1975.
15. C. R. Heiple, R. J. Cluey, and R. D. Dixon: In ‘Physical Metallurgy Of Metal Joining’, (Ed. R. Kossowsky and M. E. Glicksman), 160; 1980, Warrendale, PA, Metallurgical Society Of AIME.
16. B. Dyson: Trans. AIME, 1963, 227, 1098.
17. B. J. KEENE, K. C. MILLS, J. W. BRYANT, and E. D. HONDROS: Can. Metall. Q., 1982, 21, (4), 393.
18. B. J. Keene: Int. Mater. Rev., 1988, 33, (1), 1.
19. K. C. Mills, B. J. Keene, R. F. Brooks, and A. Olusanya: In Proc. Centenary Conf. Metallurgy Department, University Of Strathclyde, Glasgow, June 1984, Paper R.
20. B. J. Keene, K. C. Mills, and R. F. Brooks: Mater. Sci. Technol., 1985, 1, 568.
21. P. Sahoo, T. Debroy, and M. J. Mcnallan: Metall. Trans., 1988, 19B, 483.
22. G. A. Hutt: The Welding Institute, Abington, Personal Communication.
23. O. Cadnam: GEC Turbine Generators Ltd, Rugby, Personal Communication.
24. R. E. SUNDELL, H. D. SOLOMON, L. P. HARRIS, L. A. WOJCIK, W. F. Savage, and D. W. Walsh: ‘Minor Elements Effects On Gas- Tungsten-Arc Weld Penetration’, Interim Report, Contract No.MEA-8208950, Report No.SRD-83-066, General Elec¬tric Co. Corp., Research and Development, Schenactady. NY, Dec. 1983.
25. A. F. Rollin and M. J. Bentley: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurities and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 9; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
26. A. Okada and M. Inagaki: ‘Two Types Of Backside-Bead Formation In TIG Arc Welding With Thin Steel Plate’, WG Arc Physics In Japan, 75-259.
27. T. Okada, S. Yokoya, and K. Ishizari: ‘Effect Of Surface-Active Elements On TIG Arc Welding Phenomena’, IIW Doc. 212¬708-88, 1988.
28. K. Ishizaki, S. Yokoya, and T. Okada: ‘Weldability Of Stainless Steel’, Report, Nippon Institute Of Technology, Saitama, Japan To VAMAS Meeting On Technical Working Area, ‘Weld Characteristics’, NPL, Teddington, 5 Dec. 1988.
29. J. K. Brimacombe and F. Weinberg: Metall. Trans., 1972, 3, 2298.
30. D. W. Walsh and W. F. Savage: Weld. J., 1985, 64, (2), 59s.
31. S. M. Copley, D. G. Beck, O. Esquivel, and M. Bass: In ‘Lasers In Metallurgy’, (Ed. K. Mukerji and J. Mazumder), 11-20; 1981, Warrendale, PA, Metallurgical Society Of AIME.
32. K. Rozniakowski: J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1985, 4, 790.
33. H. Tong and W. H. Giedt: Rev. Sci. Instrum., 1969, 40, (10), 1283.
34. H. Tong and W. H. Giedt: Weld. J., 1970, 49, 259s.
35. T. R. Anthony and H. E. Cline: J. Appl. Phys., 1977, 48, (9), 3888.
36. O. O. Ajayi, C. Sozou, and W. M. Pickering: J. Fluid Mech., 1984, 148, 285.
37. A. Bojarevics and E. Y. Shcherbinia: J. Fluid Mech., 1983, 126, 413.
38. J. F. Lancaster: ‘The Stability Of Meridional Liquid Flow Induced By A Gradient Of Surface Tension Or By Electromag¬netic Forces’, IIW Doc. 212-682-87, 1987.
39. M. J. Tinkler, I. Grant, G. Mizuno, and C. Gluck: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 29; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
40. J. L. Fihey and R. Simoneau: In Int. Conf. ‘Welding Technology For Energy Applications’, Gatlinburg, TN, 1982, American Society For Metals.
41. T. Moisio and J. Leinonen: In ‘Arc Physics and Weld Pool Behaviour’, 285-287; 1980, Abington, The Welding Institute.
42. C. R. Heiple and J. R. Roper: In ‘Trends In Welding Research In The United States’, (Ed. S. A. David), 489-520; 1982, Metals Park, OH, American Society For Metals.
43. J. Binard and A. Chabenat: Soudage Tech. Connexes, 1985, 39, (1-2), 20.
44. J. C. METCALFE and M. B. C. QUIGLEY: Weld. J., 1977, 56, 133s.
45. J. A. Lambert: ‘Welding Procedure Selection To Minimise Cast-To-Cast Variability’ Report RD/M/1784/RR89, CEGB, Marchwood, Feb. 1989.
46. S. Kou and Y. H. Wang: Weld. J., 1986, 65, (3), 63s.
47. B. J. Bradstreet: Weld. J., 1968, 47, (7), 316s.
48. M. L. Lin and T. W. Eagar: In ‘Transport Phenomena In Materials Processing’, (Ed. M. M. Chen Et Al.); 1984, New York, American Society Of Mechanical Engineers.
49. R. E. SUNDELL, S. M. CORREA, L. P. HARRISS, H. D. SOLOMON, L. A. WOJCIK, W. F. SAVAGE, D. W. WALSH, and G.-D. LO:‘Minor Element Effects On Gas-Tungsten-Arc Weld Pene¬tration’, Final Report, Contract No. DMC-8208950, Report No. 86SRD013, General Electric Co. Corp., Research and Development, Schenectady; NY, Dec. 1986.
50. C. R. Heiple and P. Burgardt: Weld. J., 1985, 64, 159s.
51. B. Pollard: Weld. J., 1988, 67, 202s.
52. C. R. Heiple, P. Burgardt, J. R. Roper, and J. L. Long: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 36; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
53. N. Yamauchi: ‘Slag Formation During GTAW Of 304 Stainless Steel’, IIW Doc. 212-651-86, 1986.
54. K. Ishizaki, S. Yokoya, T. Okada, and A. Matsunawa: ‘Role Of Surface Tension and Electromagnetic Force In Arc Welding’, IIW Doc. 212-620-85, 1985.
55. A. M. Makara: Automat., Weld., 1977, 9, 1.
56. F. C. Van Bussel: Lastechniek, 1988, 54, 62.
57. V. Fusaro and A. Ongaro: ‘Factors Influencing The Penetration On TIG Welding Of Austenitic Materials; TIG Welding With He + 02 Gas Protection’. Italian Seminar, Cited By C. J. Halkes, IIW Commission IX - H Doc. IXH168-87, 1987.
58. J. Leinonen and L. P. Karjalainen: In ‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 4; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
59. J. L. Robinson and T. G. Gooch: In Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. ‘Trends In Welding Research’, Gatlinburg, TN, Apr. 1989.
60. G. W. Oyler, R. A. Matuszek, and C. R. Carr: Weld. J., 1967, 46, 1006.
61. D. H. Ferriss and A. Woolf: ‘A Simple 2-Dimensional Model For Steady Fluid Flow In A Weld Pool With Surface Skin Effect’, NPL Report DMA(A)120, National Physical Laboratory, Teddingon, Sept. 1986.
62. V. K. Semenchenko: ‘Surface Phenomena In Metals and Alloys’, 1961, Oxford, Pergamon Press.
63. H. C. Ludwig: Weld. J., 1957, 36, 335s.
64. W. F. Savage: Unpublished Work, Cited In Ref. 24, pp 1-1-1-2.
65. J. Wen and C. D. Lundin: Weld. J., 1986, 65, (5), 138s.
66. A. Shirali and K. C. Mills: Unpublished Work, Division Of Materials Applications. National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Mar. 1989.
67. S. E. Vaisburd: In ‘Surface Phenomena In Metallurgical ProCesses’, (Ed. A. I. Belyaev), 138-145; 1965, New York, Consultants Bureau Inc.
68. G. Lo: Phd Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, Aug. 1986.
69. N. Christensen, V. De L. Davies, and K. Gjermundsen: Br. Weld. J., 1965, 12, (2), 54.
70. A. J. Russo: ‘Calculated Transient Two-Dimensional Marangoni Flow In A Pulsed-Laser Weld Pool’, Report No. Sand-85-0225C SandIa National Laboratories, Albu¬querque, NM, Apr. 1985.
71. P. Burgardt and C. R. Heiple: Weld. J., 1986, 65, 150s.
72. K. Hiraoka, A. Okada, and M. Inagaki: ‘Effect Of Electrode Geometry On Maximum Arc Pressure In GTA Welding’, IIW Doc. 212-652-86, 1986.
73. N. S. Tsai: Phd Thesis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, 1983.
74. A. Matsunawa, S. Yokoya, and Y. Asako: ‘Convection In Weld Pool and Its Effect On Penetration Shape’, IIW Doc. 212-687¬87, 1987.
75. A. MATSUNAWA, S. YOKOYA, T. OKADA, and Y. ASAKO: ‘Model Experiments Of Weld Pool Convection and Penetration Shape In TIG Arc Welding’, IIW Doc. 212-707-88, 1988.
76. H. W. GHENT, D. W. ROBERTS, C. E. HERMANACE, H. W. KERR, and B. Strong: In ‘Arc Physics and Weld Pool Behaviour’, 17-23; 1980, Abington, The Welding Institute.
77. J. F. Key: Weld. J., 1980, 59, (12), 364s.
78. W. F. Savage, G. S. Struck, and Y. Ishikawa: Weld. J., 1965, 44, (11), 489s.
79. K. R. Spiller and G. J. Macgregor: In ‘Advances In Weld Processes’, 82-88; 1971, Abington, The Welding Institute.
80. S. S. Glickstein, E. Friedman, and W. Yeniscavich: Weld. J., 1975, 54, (4), 113s.
81. J. Binard: Report Of Results On 304 and 316 Steels, Presented To VAMAS Meeting On Technical Working Area, ‘Weld Characteristics’ Held NPL, Teddington, 5 Dec 1988.
82. S. S. Glickstein: In ‘Trends In Welding Research In The United States’, (Ed. S. A. David), 3; 1982, Metals Park, OH, American Society For Metals.
83. J. F. Key, J. W. Chan, and M. E. Mcilwain: Weldj., 1983, 62, 179s.
84. G. S. Mills: Weld. J., 1979, 58, (1), 21s.
85. J. AUTIO, J. MAKIO, K. MAKELA, E. MINNI and P. KETTUNEN: In‘The Effects Of Residual Impurity and Microalloying Elements On Weldability and Weld Properties’, Paper 18; 1983, Abington, The Welding Institute.
86. J. A. Lambert: ‘Assessment Of Cast-To-Cast Variations On The Quality Of Thin-Section Nickel Alloy Welded Joints’, Report RD/M/1783/RR89, CEGB, Marchwood, Feb. 1989.
87. J. C. Riviere: In ‘Solid State Surface Science’, (Ed. M. Green); 1967, New York, Marcel Dekker.
88. R. F. Brooks: Unpublished Work, Division Of Materials Appli¬cations. National Physical Laboratory, Teddington.
89. Y. Kamotani, S. Ostrach, and M. Vargas: J. Cryst. Growth, 66, 83.
90. S. Ostrach, Y. Kamotani, and C. L. Lai: PCH Physiochem. Hydrodyn., 1985, 6, (5/6), 585.
91. G. M. Oreper, T. W. Eagar, and J. Szekely: Weld. J., 1983, 62, (3), 307s.
92. G. M. Oreper and J. Szekely: J. Fluid Mech., 1984, 147, 55.
93. C. Chan, J. Mazumder, and M. M. Chen: Metall. Trans., 1984, 15A, 2175.
94. S. Kou and D. K. Sun: Metall. Trans., 1985, 16A, 203.
95. P. S. Wei and W. H. Giedt: Weld. J., 1985, 64, (9), 251s.
96. Y. Fautrelle: Soudage Tech. Connexes, Jan-Feb. 1985, 39, 12.
97. S. M. Correa and R. E. Sundell: In ‘Modelling Of Casting and Welding Processes’, 221-227; 1986, Warrendale, PA, Metallurgical Society Of AIME.
98. G. M. Oreper, J. Szekely, and T. W. Eager: Metall. Trans., 1986, 17B, 735.
99. A. Paul and T. Debroy: In ‘Trends In Welding Research - Advances In Welding Science and Technology’, Ed. S. A. David, 29-33; 1986, Metals Park, OH, American Society For Metals.
100. A. Paul and T. Debroy: Metall. Trans., 1988, 19B, 851.
101. A. Matsunawa, S. Yokoya, and Y. Asako: Trans. JWRI, 1987, 16, (2), 1.
102. R. Craine: Appl. Sci. Res., 1987, 44, 261.
103. C. L. Chan, J. Mazumder, and M. M. Chen: Mater. Sci. Technol, 1987, 3, 306.
104. T. Zacharia, A. H. Eraslan, and D. K. Aidun: Weld. J., 1988, 67, 53s.
105. K. C. Tsao and C. S. Wu: Weld. J., 1988, 67, (3), 70s.
106. G. Tsotridis, H. Rother, and E. D. Hondros: Naturwissen¬shaften, 1989, 76, 216.
107. M. E. Thompson and J. Szekely: Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 1989, 32, 1007.
108. D. Anderson: ‘Streaming Due To A Thermal Surface Tension Gradient’, IIW Docs. 212-217-71, 1971, and 212-177-73, 1973.
109. K. ISHIZAKI, S. YOKOYA, T. OKADA, and A. MATSUNAWA: ‘Experimental Studies On Various Convectional Flow In The Molten Pool’, IIW Doc. 212-656-86, 1986.
110. B. J. Keene: ‘Simulation Of Thermocapillary Flow In Weld Pools During Laser Welding’, Report National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, To VAMAS Meeting On Techni¬cal Working Group Area ‘Weld Characteristics’ NPL, Teddington, 5 Dec. 1988.
111. T. Okada, S. Yokoya, and K. Ishizaki: IIW Doc. 212-708¬88, 1988.
112. W. H. Giedt, X.-C. Wei, and S.R. Wei: Weld, J., 1984,"63, (12), 376s.
113. H. G. Kraus: Weld. J., 1987, 66, (12), 353s.