Energy drink consumption in Europe: A review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond

Frontiers in Public Health

Volumn 2, Issue OCT, 2014, Pages

  Breda, João Joaquim ^a   Whiting, Stephen Hugh ^a   Encarnação, Ricardo ^a   Norberg, Stina ^a   Jones, Rebecca ^a   Reinap, Marge ^b   Jewell, Jo ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^b WHO Regional Office for Europe   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Consumption; Energy drinks; Europe; Health effects; Policy; Review; Risks

Indexed keywords

EID: 84974531893     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22962565     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks -a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Depend (2009) 99(1-3):1-10. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008. 08.001
2. Zucconi S, Volpato C, Adinolfi F, Gandini E, Gentile E, Loi A, et al. Gather-ing Consumption Data on Specific Consumer Groups of Energy Drinks. Parma: Supporting Publications (2013).
3. O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M. Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Acad Emerg Med (2008) 15(5):453-60. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00085.x
4. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, Vincent KB, Griffiths RR, O'Grady KE. Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2011) 35(2):365-75. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x
5. Buxton C, Hagan JE. A survey of energy drinks consumption practices among student-athletes in Ghana: lessons for developing health education intervention programmes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2012) 9(1):9. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-9
6. Berger L, Fendrich M, Fuhrmann D. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: are there associated negative consequences beyond hazardous drinking in college students? Addict Behav (2013) 38:2428-32. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.04.003
7. Bulut B, Beyhun NE, Topbas M, Can G. Energy drink use in university students and associated factors. J Community Health (2014). doi:10.1007/s10900-014-9849-3
8. World Health Organization. WHO Basic Analytical Toxicology (2005). Available from: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/training_poisons/basic_ analytical_tox/en/index.html.
9. Kerrigan S, Lindsey T. Fatal caffeine overdose: two case reports. Forensic Sci Int (2005) 153(1):67-9. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.016
10. Starling S. EnergyDrinks SafetyQuestioned byGermanAgency [ElectronicArticle] (2008). Available from: beveragedailycom.
11. Brown IJ, Stamler J, Van Horn L, Robertson CE, Chan Q, Dyer AR, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage, sugar intake of individuals, and their blood pressure: international study of macro/micronutrients and blood pressure. Hypertension (2011) 57(4):695-701. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.165456
12. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE. Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics (2011) 127(3):511-28. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3592
13. Lee S, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Graham TE, Ross R. Caffeine ingestion is asso-ciated with reductions in glucose uptake independent of obesity and type 2 diabetes before and after exercise training. Diabetes Care (2005) 28(3):566-72. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.566
14. Greenwood DC, Alwan N, Boylan S, Cade JE, Charvill J, Chipps KC, et al. Caf-feine intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth. Eur J Epidemiol (2010) 25(4):275-80. doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9443-7
15. Schneider MB, Benjamin HJ. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate? Pediatrics (2011) 127(6):1182-9. doi:10.1542/ peds.2011-0965
16. Azagba S, Langille D, Asbridge M. An emerging adolescent health risk: caf-feinated energy drink consumption patterns among high school students. Prev Med (2014) 62:54-9. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.01.019
17. HamiltonHA,BoakA, IlieG,Mann RE. Energy drink consumption and associa-tions with demographic characteristics, drug use and injury among adolescents. J Public Health (2013) 104:e496-501.
18. Van Batenburg-Eddes T, Lee NC,WeedaWD, Krabbendam L, Huizinga M. The potential adverse effect of energy drinks on executive functions in early adoles-cence. Front Psychol (2014) 5:457. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00457
19. Arria AM, Caldeira KM, Kasperski SJ, O'Grady KE, Vincent KB, Griffiths RR, et al. Increased alcohol consumption, nonmedical prescription drug use, and illicit drug use are associated with energy drink consumption among college students. J Addict Med (2010) 4(2):74-80. doi:10.1097/ADM. 0b013e3181aa8dd4
20. Davis MM, Gance-Cleveland B, Hassink S, Johnson R, Paradis G, Resnicow K. Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity. Pediatrics (2007) 120(Suppl 4):S229-53. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2329E
21. Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, et al. Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children. Pediatrics (2003) 112(3 Pt 1):e184-91. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.e184
22. Pinto SC, BandecaMC, Silva CN,CavassimR, Borges AH, Sampaio JEC. Erosive potential of energy drinks on the dentine surface. BMC Res Notes (2013) 6:67. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-67
23. Higgins JP, Tuttle TD, Higgins CL. Energy beverages: content and safety. Mayo Clin Proc (2010) 85(11):1033-41. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0381
24. Zeidán-Chulia F,GelainDP,Kolling ED,Rybarczyk-Filho JL,Ambrosi P,Resende Terra S, et al. Major components of energy drinks (caffeine, taurine, and guarana) exert cytotoxic effect on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. Oxid Med Cell Longev (2013) 2013:791795. doi:10.1155/2013/791795
25. Oteri A, Salvo F, Caputi AP, Calapai G. Intake of energy drinks in associa-tion with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the school of medi-cine of the University of Messina. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2007) 31(10):1677-80. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00464.x
26. Pennay A, Lubman D,Miller P. Combining energy drinks and alcohol -a recipe for trouble? Aust Fam Physician (2011) 40(3):104-7.
27. Thombs DL, O'Mara RJ, Tsukamoto M, Rossheim ME, Weiler RM, Merves ML, et al. Event level analysis of energy drink consumption and alco-hol intoxication in bar patrons. Addict Behav (2010) 35:325-30. doi:10.1016/j. addbeh.2009.11.004
28. Miller KE.Wired: energy drinks, jock identity,masculine norms, and risk taking. J Am Coll Health (2008) 56(5):481-9. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.5.481-490
29. Mash HB, Fullerton CS, Ramsawh HJ, Ng TH, Wang L, Kessler RC, et al. Risk for suicidal behaviors associated with alcohol and energy drink use in the US Army. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol (2014) 49(9):1379-87. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0886-0
30. Weldy DL. Risks of alcoholic energy drinks for youth. J Am Board Fam Med (2010) 23(4):555-8. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2010.04.090261
31. Ferreira SE, de Mello MT, Pompéia S, de Souza-Formigoni ML. Effects of energy drink ingestion on alcohol intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2006) 30(4):598-605. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00070.x
32. Varvil-Weld L, Marzell M, Turrisi R, Mallett KA, Cleveland MJ. Examin-ing the relationship between alcohol-energy drink risk profiles and high-risk drinking behaviors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2013) 37:1410-6. doi:10.1111/acer. 12102
33. Marczinski CA, Fillmore MT, Henges AL, Ramsey MA, Young CR. Mixing an energy drink with an alcoholic beverage increases motivation for more alcohol in college students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2013) 37:276-83. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01868.x
34. Gunja N, Brown JA. Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Med J Aust (2012) 196:46-149.
35. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green JL, Rumack BH, Heard SE, et al. 2007 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Cen-ters' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) (2008) 46(10):927-1057. doi:10.1080/15563650802559632
36. BergerAJ,AlfordK.Cardiac arrest in a youngman following excess consumption of caffeinated "energy drinks". Med J Aust (2009) 190:41-3.
37. Lehtihet M, Beckman Sundh U, Andersson DH. Energidryck -farlig eller inte? Läkartidningen (2006) 103(38):2738-41.
38. Iyadurai SJ, Chung SS. New-onset seizures in adults: possible association with consumption of popular energy drinks. Epilepsy Behav (2007) 10:504-8. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.01.009
39. Avci S, Sarikaya R, Buyukcam F. Death of a young man after overuse of energy drink. Am J Emerg Med (2013) 31(1624):e3-4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.06.031
40. Seifert SM, Seifert SA, Schaechter JL, BronStein AC, Benson BE, Hershorin E, et al. An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the national poison data system. Clin Toxicol (Phila) (2013) 51:566-74. doi:10.3109/15563650.2013.820310
41. Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter-Aeby T, Barber-Heidal K. A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutr J (2007) 6:35. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-35
42. Astorino TA,Matera AJ, Basinger J, EvansM, Schurman T,Marquez R. Effects of red bull energy drink on repeated sprint performance in women athletes. Amino Acids (2012) 42(5):1803-8. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-0900-8
43. Thomson B, Schiess S. Risk Profile: Caffeine in Energy Drinks and Energy Shots. Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited (2010).Available from: http://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/elibrary/industry/Risk_ Profile_Caffeine-Science:Research.pdf
44. Oddy WH, O'Sullivan TA. Energy drinks for children and adolescents. BMJ (2009) 339:b5268. doi:10.1136/bmj.b5268
45. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. New human data on the assessment of energy drinks. In: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. (2008). Available from: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/new_human_data_on_the_assessment_ of_energy_drinks.pdf
46. Hungarian National Institute for Health Development. Impact Assessment of the Public Health Product Tax. Budapest: NIHD (2013).
47. Heckman MA, Sherry K, de Mejia EG. Energy drinks: an assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and reg-ulations in the United States. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf (2010) 9:303-17. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x
48. Babu K, Church R, LewanderW. Energy drinks: the new eye-opener for adoles-cents. Clin Ped Emerg Med (2008) 9:35-42. doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2007.12.002
49. Arria AM, O'Brien MC. The "high" risk of energy drinks. JAMA (2011) 305(6):600-1. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.109
50. Zenith International. Global Energy Drinks Report. Bath: Zenith International (2008).