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Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1978, Pages 307-330

Another ‘yellow Peril’: Chinese Migrants in The Russian Far East And The Russian Reaction before 1917

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EID: 84974284438     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: 14698099     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X00006132     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 84974420868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Foster Fraser
    • The Real Siberia (London, 1902)
    • John Foster Fraser, The Real Siberia (London, 1902), p. 91.
  • 2
    • 84974511732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881-1904
    • (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1958), also Peter The number of books on this subject is too long to list here. See the excellent if necessarily dated bibliography in (Durham, North Carolina, 1959), 456-72;
    • The number of books on this subject is too long to list here. See the excellent if necessarily dated bibliography in A. Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881-1904 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1958), pp. 317-47; also Peter S. H. Tang, Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911-1931 (Durham, North Carolina, 1959), PP. 456-72;
    • Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia , pp. 317
    • Malozemoff, A.1    Tang, S.H.2
  • 3
    • 84974425225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastern Siberia refers to all land east of Lake Baikal
    • encompassing the Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime districts plus Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka. The Russian Far East is more restrictive, generally excluding the Transbaikal.
    • Eastern Siberia refers to all land east of Lake Baikal, encompassing the Transbaikal, Amur, and Maritime districts plus Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka. The Russian Far East is more restrictive, generally excluding the Transbaikal.
  • 4
    • 4043085998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Great Siberian Migration
    • See Donald (Princeton, 1957); Harmon Tupper, To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Boston, 1965); Akademiia nauk SSSR (ed.), htoriia Sibiri (History of Siberia), 5 vols (Leningrad, 1968), III, 22-57, 207-11, 310-27 and passim.
    • See Donald W. Treadgold, The Great Siberian Migration (Princeton, 1957); Harmon Tupper, To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway (Boston, 1965); Akademiia nauk SSSR (ed.), htoriia Sibiri (History of Siberia), 5 vols (Leningrad, 1968), III, 22-57, 207-11, 310-27 and passim.
    • Treadgold, W.1
  • 5
    • 84974361298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • All dates are given according to the Russian calendar which was twelve days behind the Gregorian Calendar in the nineteenth century and thirteen in the twentieth.
    • All dates are given according to the Russian calendar which was twelve days behind the Gregorian Calendar in the nineteenth century and thirteen in the twentieth.
  • 6
    • 84974261381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Texts of treaties appear in ‘Vladimir’ (Z. Volpicelli)
    • Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Railroad (London, 1899)
    • Texts of treaties appear in ‘Vladimir’ (Z. Volpicelli), Russia on the Pacific and the Siberian Railroad (London, 1899), pp. 346-55.
  • 7
    • 84974330149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Graf Nikolai Nikolaevich Amurskii, 2 vols
    • See Muraviev's reports in (Moscow, 1891), II, 150-1, 186-8.
    • See Muraviev's reports in I. P. Barsuvko, Graf Nikolai Nikolaevich Amurskii, 2 vols (Moscow, 1891), II, 150-1, 186-8.
    • Barsuvko, I.P.1
  • 8
    • 84974514819 scopus 로고
    • Piatidesiatiletie Amurskago Kraia, 1854-1904 gg.
    • For a description of the tribulations of the Amur Cossacks in the early years of their settlement see the account of R. K. Bogdanov translated in Russia's Eastward Expansion, ed. George A. Lensen (New york, 1964), Details of peasants’ difficulties and the flood of 1872 which inundated Cossack settlements are in P. Nadin (Fifty years of the Amur Region, 1854-1904), Vestnik Evropy, III, 179, 181-4.
    • For a description of the tribulations of the Amur Cossacks in the early years of their settlement see the account of R. K. Bogdanov translated in Russia's Eastward Expansion, ed. George A. Lensen (New york, 1964), pp. 96-103. Details of peasants’ difficulties and the flood of 1872 which inundated Cossack settlements are in P. Nadin, ‘Piatidesiatiletie Amurskago Kraia, 1854-1904 gg.’ (Fifty years of the Amur Region, 1854-1904), Vestnik Evropy, III (1905), 179, 181-4.
    • (1905) , pp. 96-103
  • 9
    • 84974514813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Chinese migration into Manchuria is discussed in Owen Lattimore
    • Inner Asian Frontiers of China (Boston, 1962), Lattimore contends that the policy of encouraging migration which dates from 1878 succeeded only as far as southern Manchuria was concerned because ‘the Chinese economy and society did not have enough inherent vigor to occupy north Manchuria in strength’. However, he fails to take into account that the population of Kirin and Heilungkiang provinces had reached 5.2 million by 1907 and that the frontier economy boomed owing to the abundance of fertile land, furs, minerals, the river traffic, and the growing Russian market. For a more recent study which analyses these factors, see (Cambridge, Mass. 1970), esp. 78-115.
    • The Chinese migration into Manchuria is discussed in Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (Boston, 1962), pp. 140-4. Lattimore contends that the policy of encouraging migration which dates from 1878 succeeded only as far as southern Manchuria was concerned because ‘the Chinese economy and society did not have enough inherent vigor to occupy north Manchuria in strength’. However, he fails to take into account that the population of Kirin and Heilungkiang provinces had reached 5.2 million by 1907 and that the frontier economy boomed owing to the abundance of fertile land, furs, minerals, the river traffic, and the growing Russian market. For a more recent study which analyses these factors, see R. H. G. Lee, The Manchurian Frontier in Ch'ing History (Cambridge, Mass. 1970), esp. pp. 78-115.
    • The Manchurian Frontier in Ch'ing History , pp. 140
    • Lee, R.H.G.1
  • 10
    • 84974263852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy
    • p. n. Ts'ao T'ing-chieh, who spent several months in the Russian territories in 1885, reported to the military governor of Kirin that there were about 20,000 Chinese living in die region between the Ussuri and the Sea of Japan. See Lee, The Manchurian Frontier, p. go.
    • Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy, p. n. Ts'ao T'ing-chieh, who spent several months in the Russian territories in 1885, reported to the military governor of Kirin that there were about 20,000 Chinese living in die region between the Ussuri and the Sea of Japan. See Lee, The Manchurian Frontier, p. go.
  • 11
    • 84974376524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lee
    • The Manchurian Frontier
    • Lee, The Manchurian Frontier, pp. 105-11.
  • 12
    • 84974330091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dersu, The Trapper, trans. Malcolm Burr
    • (New york, 1941)1.
    • V. K. Arseniev, Dersu, The Trapper, trans. Malcolm Burr (New york, 1941)1 pp. 179-80.
    • Arseniev, V.K.1
  • 13
    • 84974300245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One desiatina equals 2.7 acres.
    • One desiatina equals 2.7 acres.
  • 14
    • 84974285793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • tsifry, nabliudeniia (Priamur: Facts, Figures, Observations), ed. Tikton (Moscow, 1909)
    • Priamur'e: Fakty, tsifry, nabliudeniia (Priamur: Facts, Figures, Observations), ed. Tikton I. Polner (Moscow, 1909), pp. 116-17.
    • Polner, I.1
  • 15
    • 84974300239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One verst equals 0.66 miles (1.06 kms).
    • One verst equals 0.66 miles (1.06 kms).
  • 16
    • 84974461881 scopus 로고
    • Bor
    • ba s Khunkhuzami na Manzhurskoi granitse’ (The Struggle Against the Hunghutzes on the Manchurian Border), Istoricheskii Vestnik, XXXII, 181-3.
    • P. Iuvachev, ‘Bor'ba s Khunkhuzami na Manzhurskoi granitse’ (The Struggle Against the Hunghutzes on the Manchurian Border), Istoricheskii Vestnik, XXXII (1900), 181-3.
    • (1900)
    • Iuvachev, P.1
  • 17
    • 84974417372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Po Iuzhno-Ussuriiskomu Kraiu
    • (In the South Ussuri Region), Istoricheskii Vestnik, XLIII (1891), 449.
    • A. V. Eliseev, ‘Po Iuzhno-Ussuriiskomu Kraiu’ (In the South Ussuri Region), Istoricheskii Vestnik, XLIII (1891), 449.
    • Eliseev, A.V.1
  • 18
    • 84974330183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Malozemoff
    • Russian Far Eastern Policy
    • Malozemoff, Russian Far Eastern Policy, p. 25.
  • 19
    • 84974417413 scopus 로고
    • Rabochaia sila na stroitel
    • stve sibirskoi zheleznodorozhnoi magistrali, 1891 -1905 gg.’ (The Work Force in the Construction of the Siberian Mainline Railway, 1891-1905), Istoricheskie zapiski, LXX, 147-8.
    • V. F. Borzunov, ‘Rabochaia sila na stroitel'stve sibirskoi zheleznodorozhnoi magistrali, 1891 -1905 gg.’ (The Work Force in the Construction of the Siberian Mainline Railway, 1891-1905), Istoricheskie zapiski, LXX (1961), 147-8.
    • (1961)
    • Borzunov, V.F.1
  • 20
    • 84974361258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proletariat Sibiri i Dal'nogo Vostoka nakanune pervoi russkoi revoliutsii
    • (The Proletariat of Siberia and the Far East on the Eve of the First Russian Revolution) (Moscow, 1965)
    • V. F. Borzunov, Proletariat Sibiri i Dal'nogo Vostoka nakanune pervoi russkoi revoliutsii (The Proletariat of Siberia and the Far East on the Eve of the First Russian Revolution) (Moscow, 1965), p. 23.
    • Borzunov, V.F.1
  • 21
    • 84974218420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borzunov
    • Rabochaia sila’, 160.
    • Borzunov, ‘Rabochaia sila’, pp. 158, 160.
  • 22
    • 84974302335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four Thousand Miles Across Siberia
    • (5th edn, London, 1909), Wenyon arrived in Vladivostok from Tientsin aboard a steamer containing 1,100 coolies. According to his estimate the steamer was built to hold five hundred ‘uncomfortably crowded’.
    • Charles Wenyon, Four Thousand Miles Across Siberia (5th edn, London, 1909), pp. 11-12. Wenyon arrived in Vladivostok from Tientsin aboard a steamer containing 1,100 coolies. According to his estimate the steamer was built to hold five hundred ‘uncomfortably crowded’.
    • Wenyon, C.1
  • 23
    • 84974462454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fabrichnoe Zakonodatel'stvo i fabrichnaia inspektsiia v Rossii
    • (Factory Legislation and Factory Inspection in Russia) (St Petersburg, 1900), 120. For the texts of the laws see Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov (Complete Collection of Laws) (St Petersburg, 2nd ser. XXXVI, 1863), and P.S.Z. (St Petersburg, 3rd ser. VI, 1888).
    • V. P. Litvinov-Falinskii, Fabrichnoe Zakonodatel'stvo i fabrichnaia inspektsiia v Rossii (Factory Legislation and Factory Inspection in Russia) (St Petersburg, 1900), pp. 9, 120. For the texts of the laws see Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov (Complete Collection of Laws) (St Petersburg, 2nd ser. XXXVI, 1863), and P.S.Z. (St Petersburg, 3rd ser. VI, 1888).
    • Litvinov-Falinskii, V.P.1
  • 24
    • 84974365069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borzunov
    • Proletariat Sibiri, quoting from papers of administration for construction of Mid-Siberian Railway.
    • Borzunov, Proletariat Sibiri, p. 119 quoting from papers of administration for construction of Mid-Siberian Railway.
  • 25
    • 84974462433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid. p. 119.
  • 26
    • 84974361336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 119.
    • Ibid. pp. 104, 119.
  • 27
    • 84974361316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid. p. 85.
  • 28
    • 84974361326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tupper
    • To the Great Ocean, Tupper adds: ‘Their health suffered from temperature changes, and they refused to work during rain. At the slightest hint of a tiger in the vicinity, they stampeded in squealing hysteria and huddled in camp until driven out by the labor contractors’ musclemen. ‘ For more information on varieties of payment and work methods, see the official Otchel po postroike Severno-Ussuriiskoi zheleznoi dorogi, 1894-1897 gg. (Essay on the Building of North-Ussuri Railroad, 1894.-1897), (St Petersburg, 1900), 6-12.
    • Tupper, To the Great Ocean, p. 175. Tupper adds: ‘Their health suffered from temperature changes, and they refused to work during rain. At the slightest hint of a tiger in the vicinity, they stampeded in squealing hysteria and huddled in camp until driven out by the labor contractors’ musclemen. ‘ For more information on varieties of payment and work methods, see the official Otchel po postroike Severno-Ussuriiskoi zheleznoi dorogi, 1894-1897 gg. (Essay on the Building of North-Ussuri Railroad, 1894.-1897), (St Petersburg, 1900), pp. 6-12.
  • 29
    • 84974405698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borzunov
    • Rabochie Sibirskoi zh.d.’
    • Borzunov, ‘Rabochie Sibirskoi zh.d.’, p. 118.
  • 30
    • 84974278912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The possibility ol a self-perpetuating network ot emigrants
    • such as that described with reference to San Tin village (Hong Kong) in James L. Watson Emigration and Chinese Lineage (Berkeley, 1975), is suggested by the frequency with which the two provinces, Shantung and Shansi, are mentioned in the literature as places of origin. See, for example, B. L. Putnam Weale [B. L. Simpson] The Coming Struggle in Eastern Asia (London, 1908), Harley Farnsworth MacNair, The Chinese Abroad, their Position and Protection (Shanghai, 1933), 46; and Lee, The Manchurian Frontier, 87-8, 103-4. Simpson cites Laichoufu and Tengchoufu as the two prefectures of Shantung from which emigration to Russia was heaviest.
    • The possibility ol a self-perpetuating network ot emigrants, such as that described with reference to San Tin village (Hong Kong) in James L. Watson, Emigration and Chinese Lineage (Berkeley, 1975), is suggested by the frequency with which the two provinces, Shantung and Shansi, are mentioned in the literature as places of origin. See, for example, B. L. Putnam Weale [B. L. Simpson] The Coming Struggle in Eastern Asia (London, 1908), p. 16; Harley Farnsworth MacNair, The Chinese Abroad, their Position and Protection (Shanghai, 1933), p. 46; and Lee, The Manchurian Frontier, pp. 87-8, 103-4. Simpson cites Laichoufu and Tengchoufu as the two prefectures of Shantung from which emigration to Russia was heaviest.
  • 31
    • 85018829058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greater Russia
    • the Continental Empire of the Old World (London, 1903). P- 206.
    • Wirt Gerrare, Greater Russia, the Continental Empire of the Old World (London, 1903). P- 206.
    • Gerrare, W.1
  • 32
    • 84974462459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 206. See also Arseniev, Dersu, the Trapper, 182-3.
    • Ibid. pp. 198, 206. See also Arseniev, Dersu, the Trapper, pp. 182-3.
  • 33
    • 84974302359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Russian Army and the Japanese War, trans. Capt. A. B. Lindsay
    • (2 vols, London, 1909), I, 71.
    • A. N. Kuropatkin, The Russian Army and the Japanese War, trans. Capt. A. B. Lindsay (2 vols, London, 1909), I, 71.
    • Kuropatkin, A.N.1
  • 34
    • 84974226657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zolotopromyshlennost
    • v vostochnoi Sibiri’ (The Gold Industry in Eastern Siberia), Vestnik Evropy, VII (1898), 142-57; For the early development of the gold industry in eastern Siberia see. (On the Question of an Industrial Revolution in the Gold-mining Industry of Eastern Siberia, 1860-1900), in Ekonomicheskoe i obshchestvennopoliticheskoe razvitie Sibiri v 1861-igiy gg. (Novosibirsk, 1965)
    • For the early development of the gold industry in eastern Siberia see E. L. Baranovskii, ‘Zolotopromyshlennost’ v vostochnoi Sibiri’ (The Gold Industry in Eastern Siberia), Vestnik Evropy, VII (1898), 142-57; S. F. Khrolenok, ‘K voprosu 0 promyshlennom perevorote v zolotodobyvaiushchei promyshlennosti vostochnoi Sibiri, i860-1900 gg’. (On the Question of an Industrial Revolution in the Gold-mining Industry of Eastern Siberia, 1860-1900), in Ekonomicheskoe i obshchestvennopoliticheskoe razvitie Sibiri v 1861-igiy gg. (Novosibirsk, 1965), pp. 97-109.
    • K voprosu 0 promyshlennom perevorote v zolotodobyvaiushchei promyshlennosti vostochnoi Sibiri , pp. 97-109
    • Baranovskii, E.L.1    Khrolenok, S.F.2
  • 35
    • 84974461925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zheltuginskaia respublika v Kitae
    • See the sympathetic account of the Zheltuga Republic by (The Zheltuga Republic in China), Russkoe Bogatstvo, IX (1896)
    • See the sympathetic account of the Zheltuga Republic by A. Lebedev, ‘Zheltuginskaia respublika v Kitae’ (The Zheltuga Republic in China), Russkoe Bogatstvo, IX (1896), pp. 141-71.
    • Lebedev, A.1
  • 37
    • 84974302443 scopus 로고
    • Zoloto i Platina (Gold and Platinum)
    • XII, 239. Cf. Gerrare, Greater Russia
    • Zoloto i Platina (Gold and Platinum), XII (1906), 239. Cf. Gerrare, Greater Russia, p. 124.
    • (1906) , pp. 124
  • 38
    • 84974425273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calculated on basis of figures provided in Baranovskii
    • Zolotoprom. v vost. Sibiri’, On changes in 1902 affecting goldmining see The Russian year-Book for ign, ed. Howard (London, n.d.), 101.
    • Calculated on basis of figures provided in Baranovskii, ‘Zolotoprom. v vost. Sibiri’, pp. 145-6. On changes in 1902 affecting goldmining see The Russian year-Book for ign, ed. Howard P. Kennard (London, n.d.), p. 101.
    • Kennard, P.1
  • 39
    • 84974511792 scopus 로고
    • Zoloto Priamur'ia’ (Gold of the Priamur)
    • Zoloto i Platina, II, 37. Cf. Aziatskaia Rossiia, I, 502.
    • ‘Zoloto Priamur'ia’ (Gold of the Priamur), Zoloto i Platina, II (1914), 37. Cf. Aziatskaia Rossiia, I, 502.
    • (1914)
  • 40
    • 84974514856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocherk Amurskoi oblasti v sviazi s gruzooborotom proektiruemoi sredne-Amurskoi zh.d.
    • (An Essay on the Amur District in Connection with Freight Transport of the Projected Mid-Amur Railroad) (St Petersburg, 1909), An unsubstantiated estimate of sixty per cent is given in R. L. Wright and B. Digby (London, 1913), 81.
    • V. A. Sakhanskii, Ocherk Amurskoi oblasti v sviazi s gruzooborotom proektiruemoi sredne-Amurskoi zh.d. (An Essay on the Amur District in Connection with Freight Transport of the Projected Mid-Amur Railroad) (St Petersburg, 1909), p. 42. An unsubstantiated estimate of sixty per cent is given in R. L. Wright and B. Digby, Through Siberia, an Empire in the Making (London, 1913), p. 81.
    • Through Siberia, an Empire in the Making , pp. 42
    • Sakhanskii, V.A.1
  • 41
    • 84974440152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ‘Vladimir
    • Russia on the Pacific
    • ‘Vladimir’, Russia on the Pacific, p. 137.
  • 42
    • 84974461918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guide to the Great Siberian Railway
    • ed. A. I. Dmitriev-Mamonov and (St Petersburg, 1900), Istoriia Sibiri, III, 60.
    • Guide to the Great Siberian Railway, ed. A. I. Dmitriev-Mamonov and A. F. Zdziarski (St Petersburg, 1900), p. 468; Istoriia Sibiri, III, 60.
    • Zdziarski, A.F.1
  • 43
    • 84974421159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guide to the G.S.R.
    • Guide to the G.S.R. p. 468.
  • 44
    • 84974395928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gerrare
    • Greater Siberia, 192.
    • Gerrare, Greater Siberia, pp. 187, 192.
  • 45
    • 84974511813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • Ibid. p. 215.
  • 46
    • 84974479080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See fn. 1. Specific incidents are recounted in Fraser
    • The Real Siberia, Maurice Baring, With the Russians in Manchuria (London, iqoO,20.
    • See fn. 1. Specific incidents are recounted in Fraser, The Real Siberia, p. 198; Maurice Baring, With the Russians in Manchuria (London, iqoO, p. 20.
  • 47
    • 84974479071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See
    • for example, Henry Lansdell, Through Siberia, 3rd edn (London, 1882), James Young Simpson, Side-Lights on Siberia (London & Edinburgh, 1898), 239-40.
    • See, for example, Henry Lansdell, Through Siberia, 3rd edn (London, 1882), pp. 713-14; James Young Simpson, Side-Lights on Siberia (London & Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 239-40.
  • 48
    • 33644687182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Russo-Chinese War
    • Quoted from George (Tallahassee, Florida, 1967)
    • Quoted from George A. Lensen, The Russo-Chinese War (Tallahassee, Florida, 1967), p. 73.
    • Lensen, A.1
  • 49
    • 84974499232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As reported by Gribskii to Lev Deutsch
    • the social democrat who, while serving a term of exile, worked as a journalist. See Lev (London, 1905)
    • As reported by Gribskii to Lev Deutsch, the social democrat who, while serving a term of exile, worked as a journalist. See Lev G. Deutsch, Sixteen years in Siberia (London, 1905), p. 331.
    • Sixteen years in Siberia , pp. 331
    • Deutsch, G.1
  • 50
    • 84974302458 scopus 로고
    • For a detailed account of the Blagoveshchensk massacre based on official documents
    • see ‘V.’ ‘Blagoveshchenskaia “Utopia”’ (The Blagoveshchensk Utopia), Vestnik Evropy, VII, 231-41. See also Deutsch, Sixteen years, Lensen, Russo-Chinese War, 68-113.
    • For a detailed account of the Blagoveshchensk massacre based on official documents, see ‘V.’ ‘Blagoveshchenskaia “Utopia”’ (The Blagoveshchensk Utopia), Vestnik Evropy, VII (1910), 231-41. See also Deutsch, Sixteen years, pp. 328-48; Lensen, Russo-Chinese War, pp. 68-113.
    • (1910) , pp. 328
  • 51
    • 84974302450 scopus 로고
    • ‘Khronika’ (Chronicle)
    • Russkoe Bogatstvo, IX, 218-9, 221.
    • ‘Khronika’ (Chronicle), Russkoe Bogatstvo, IX (1900), 218-9, 221.
    • (1900)
  • 52
    • 84881622324 scopus 로고
    • Russkoe Bogatstvo
    • IX, 220, 224; Lensen, Russo-Chinese War.
    • Russkoe Bogatstvo, IX (1900), 220, 224; Lensen, Russo-Chinese War p. 278.
    • (1900) , pp. 278
  • 53
    • 84974462480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gerrare
    • Greater Russia
    • Gerrare, Greater Russia, p. 187.
  • 54
    • 84974361491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Based on Table 3 in Treadgold
    • Great Siberian Migration, Figures are rounded off to nearest thousand.
    • Based on Table 3 in Treadgold, Great Siberian Migration, p. 34. Figures are rounded off to nearest thousand.
  • 55
    • 84974499478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Istoriia Sibiri
    • II, 308. Does not include returners who actually constituted a higher percentage of migrants in the earlier period (1895-1903).
    • Istoriia Sibiri, II, 308. Does not include returners who actually constituted a higher percentage of migrants in the earlier period (1895-1903).
  • 56
    • 84974499471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fridtjof Nansen
    • Through Siberia, the Land of the Future, trans. A. G. Chater (London, 1914), 358; Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii, 1897, g.: Primorskaia oblast’ (First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire, 1897: Maritime District) (St Petersburg, 1900), 46-7; Aziatskaia Rossiia, 1,513
    • Fridtjof Nansen, Through Siberia, the Land of the Future, trans. A. G. Chater (London, 1914), pp. 333, 358; Pervaia Vseobshchaia perepis’ naseleniia Rossiiskoi Imperii, 1897, g.: Primorskaia oblast’ (First General Census of the Population of the Russian Empire, 1897: Maritime District) (St Petersburg, 1900), pp. 46-7; Aziatskaia Rossiia, 1,513
  • 57
    • 84974295116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population in 1907 in Sakhanskii
    • Ocherk Amurskoi oblasti
    • Population in 1907 in Sakhanskii, Ocherk Amurskoi oblasti, p. 17.
  • 58
    • 84974444176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putnam Weale
    • The Coming Struggle
    • Putnam Weale, The Coming Struggle, pp. 40-1.
  • 59
    • 84974462572 scopus 로고
    • Nansen
    • Through Siberia, Population figures for 1911 are as follows: Russians-632,534 (74.2%); Chinese and Koreans-156,606 (18.3%); native Siberian peoples-28,092 (3.2%); others (Uralo-Altaic peoples, Europeans, Russian Jews)-37,772 (4.3%). See nogo Vostoka’ (The Demography and Colonization of the Soviet Far East), Novyi Vostok, VII, 106. Note discrepancy with previously cited total which may be explained by inclusion of troops and exclusion of some non-naturalized Chinese and Koreans in the latter. A figure of 100,000 Chinese in the Russian Far East as of 1912 is given in Aziatskaia Rossiia,530.
    • Nansen, Through Siberia, p. 336. Population figures for 1911 are as follows: Russians-632,534 (74.2%); Chinese and Koreans-156,606 (18.3%); native Siberian peoples-28,092 (3.2%); others (Uralo-Altaic peoples, Europeans, Russian Jews)-37,772 (4.3%). See P. Derber, ‘Demografiia i kolonizatsiia Sovetskogo Dal 'nogo Vostoka’ (The Demography and Colonization of the Soviet Far East), Novyi Vostok, VII (1923), 106. Note discrepancy with previously cited total which may be explained by inclusion of troops and exclusion of some non-naturalized Chinese and Koreans in the latter. A figure of 100,000 Chinese in the Russian Far East as of 1912 is given in Aziatskaia Rossiia, p. 530.
    • (1923) Demografiia i kolonizatsiia Sovetskogo Dal , pp. 336
    • Derber, P.1
  • 60
    • 84974435682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putnam Weale The Coming Struggle
    • Putnam Weale, The Coming Struggle, p. 6.
  • 61
    • 84905208038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bor'ba v Rossii po voprosam Vneshnei politiki, 1906-1910 gg.
    • (The Struggle in Russia over Questions of Foreign Policy, 1906-1910) (Moscow, 1961), The motion was rejected because of the Bosnian crisis.
    • I. V. Bestuzhev, Bor'ba v Rossii po voprosam Vneshnei politiki, 1906-1910 gg. (The Struggle in Russia over Questions of Foreign Policy, 1906-1910) (Moscow, 1961), p. 355. The motion was rejected because of the Bosnian crisis.
    • Bestuzhev, I.V.1
  • 62
    • 84974437649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sakhanskn, Ocherk Amurskoi oblaslt, p. no. The rail line referred to by Sakhanskn was being financed by an Anglo-American consortium under J. P. Morgan and Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
    • Sakhanskn, Ocherk Amurskoi oblaslt, p. no. The rail line referred to by Sakhanskn was being financed by an Anglo-American consortium under J. P. Morgan and Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
  • 63
    • 84974362684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenogrqfichskie otchety (The State Duma: Stenographic Reports)
    • 3rd Duma, session 1, pt 2, sitting 41, 24 March 1908, cols 880-975; sitting 44, 29 March 1908, cols 1318-35; sitting 45, 31 March 1908, cols 1404-82.
    • Gosudarstvennaia Duma: Stenogrqfichskie otchety (The State Duma: Stenographic Reports), 3rd Duma, session 1, pt 2, sitting 41, 24 March 1908, cols 880-975; sitting 44, 29 March 1908, cols 1318-35; sitting 45, 31 March 1908, cols 1404-82.
  • 64
    • 84974279031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. sitting 46, 1 April 1908, cols 1580-2. The stipulation was introduced by the Octobrists and moderate right factions as an amendment. It did not exclude naturalized subjects, and, in fact, approximately two thousand Korean settlers were employed in the construction of the railroad.
    • Ibid. sitting 46, 1 April 1908, cols 1580-2. The stipulation was introduced by the Octobrists and moderate right factions as an amendment. It did not exclude naturalized subjects, and, in fact, approximately two thousand Korean settlers were employed in the construction of the railroad.
  • 65
    • 84974439011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voennaia Entsiklopediia (Military Encyclopedia)
    • 17 vols (St Petersburg, 1912), VII, 590.
    • Voennaia Entsiklopediia (Military Encyclopedia), 17 vols (St Petersburg, 1912), VII, 590.
  • 66
    • 84974219609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gos. Duma: Sten. Otchety
    • 3rd Duma, session 3, sitting 122, 28 May 1910, cols 2646-7. Another law passed in June gave the governor-general of the Priamur special powers to deal with anyone he suspected of espionage. See ibid. sitting 128, 3 June 1910, cols 2901.
    • Gos. Duma: Sten. Otchety, 3rd Duma, session 3, sitting 122, 28 May 1910, cols 2646-7. Another law passed in June gave the governor-general of the Priamur special powers to deal with anyone he suspected of espionage. See ibid. sitting 128, 3 June 1910, cols 2901.
  • 67
    • 84974431225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Japan Moves North
    • (London, 1918)
    • Frederic Coleman, Japan Moves North (London, 1918), p. 51.
    • Coleman, F.1
  • 68
    • 84974294299 scopus 로고
    • ‘O sovremennom polozhenii zolotogo promysla v Amurskoi oblasti’ (On the Current Situation of the Goldfields in the Amur District)
    • Zoloto i Platina, X, 215; Nansen, Through Siberia
    • ‘O sovremennom polozhenii zolotogo promysla v Amurskoi oblasti’ (On the Current Situation of the Goldfields in the Amur District), Zoloto i Platina, X (1914), 215; Nansen, Through Siberia, p. 339.
    • (1914) , pp. 339
  • 69
    • 84974294304 scopus 로고
    • Zoloto i Platina
    • XII, 239-42.
    • Zoloto i Platina, XII (1906), 239-42.
    • (1906)
  • 70
    • 84974364079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derber
    • Demografiia i kolonizatsiia,’ p. no.
    • Derber, ‘Demografiia i kolonizatsiia,’ p. no.
  • 71
    • 84974439500 scopus 로고
    • ‘Zolotopromyshlennost
    • i bor'ba s zheltym trudom’ (The Gold Industry and the Struggle Against yellow Labour), Zoloto i Platina, XI-XII, 253.
    • A. Rif, ‘Zolotopromyshlennost’ i bor'ba s zheltym trudom’ (The Gold Industry and the Struggle Against yellow Labour), Zoloto i Platina, XI-XII (1914), 253.
    • (1914)
    • Rif, A.1
  • 72
    • 84974333546 scopus 로고
    • Zoloto i Platina
    • V
    • Zoloto i Platina, V (1914), p. 116.
    • (1914) , pp. 116
  • 73
    • 84974362640 scopus 로고
    • Zakonoproekt ob ogranichenii naima rabochikh inostrantsev na gornye promysly’ (Legislation on Limiting the Hiring of Foreign Workers for Mining)
    • Zoloto i Platina, XI-XII, 253; Promyshelnnost’ i Torgovlia (Industry and Commerce), II (1914), 111.
    • Zakonoproekt ob ogranichenii naima rabochikh inostrantsev na gornye promysly’ (Legislation on Limiting the Hiring of Foreign Workers for Mining), Zoloto i Platina, XI-XII (1914), 253; Promyshelnnost’ i Torgovlia (Industry and Commerce), II (1914), 111.
    • (1914)
  • 74
    • 84974333546 scopus 로고
    • Zoloto i Platina
    • V, 116.
    • Zoloto i Platina, V (1914), 116.
    • (1914)
  • 75
    • 84974294360 scopus 로고
    • Nuzhdy Amurskoi zolotopromyshlennosti
    • Promyshlennost’ i Torgovlia, VII, 372-6.
    • Nuzhdy Amurskoi zolotopromyshlennosti’, Promyshlennost’ i Torgovlia, VII (1914), 372-6.
    • (1914)
  • 76
    • 84974350508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A partial transcript of the meeting appeared in Osoboe mezhduvedomstvennoe Soveshchanie obrazovannoe pri Ministerstve torgovli i promyshlennosti’ (Special Interdepartmental Meeting Organized by the Ministry of Trade and Industry)
    • Zoloto i Platina, XXIII-XXIV (1914), 424.
    • A partial transcript of the meeting appeared in Osoboe mezhduvedomstvennoe Soveshchanie obrazovannoe pri Ministerstve torgovli i promyshlennosti’ (Special Interdepartmental Meeting Organized by the Ministry of Trade and Industry), Zoloto i Platina, XXIII-XXIV (1914), 424.
  • 77
    • 84974441062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See report of I. Kh. Ozerov on his discussions with the Ministers of Finance and Trade and Industry in Lenskie priiski: Sbomik Dokumentov (The Lena Mines: A Collection of Documents) ed. P. Pospelov (Moscow
    • 1937)
    • See report of I. Kh. Ozerov on his discussions with the Ministers of Finance and Trade and Industry in Lenskie priiski: Sbomik Dokumentov (The Lena Mines: A Collection of Documents) ed. P. Pospelov (Moscow, 1937), p. 365.
  • 78
    • 84974441034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid. 382
    • Ibid. p. 366, 369, 382.
    • , vol.369 , pp. 366
  • 79
    • 84974441036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the protocol of the board meeting of the Lena Goldfields Co. on 1 November 1915 and the telegram of V. N. Zhurin to the board dated 16 December 1915 in ibid. Zhurin, the field manager, felt that the administration's decision to pay the Chinese 20 per cent less than Russian workers because of their lower productivity was unjustified.
    • See the protocol of the board meeting of the Lena Goldfields Co. on 1 November 1915 and the telegram of V. N. Zhurin to the board dated 16 December 1915 in ibid. pp. 376-9. Zhurin, the field manager, felt that the administration's decision to pay the Chinese 20 per cent less than Russian workers because of their lower productivity was unjustified.
  • 80
    • 84974437553 scopus 로고
    • For a general discussion of the Chinese in Russia during the war
    • see ‘Vopros 0 zheltom trude’ (The Question of yellow Labour), Izvestiia glavnogo komiteta po snabzheniiu armii (News of the Central Committee on Army Supply), XXV (1916), 26-34. See also on Chinese in the Urals Izvestiia Osobogo Soveshchaniia po toplivu (News of the Special Council on Fuel), III, 2; in the Donets Basin ‘Doklad 0 nedostatke rabochikh’ (Report on the Shortage of Workers), XLI S'ezd Gornopromyshlennikov Iuga Rossii, noiabr'-dekabr’ 1916g. (Kharkov, 1916), Gornopromyshlennoe Delo (The Mining Business), XXXII (1916), 14218; Iu. I. Kir'ianov, Rabochie Iuga Rossii, igi4-fevraV 1917 g. (The Workers of South Russia, 1914-February 1917) (Moscow, 1971), 42.
    • For a general discussion of the Chinese in Russia during the war, see ‘Vopros 0 zheltom trude’ (The Question of yellow Labour), Izvestiia glavnogo komiteta po snabzheniiu armii (News of the Central Committee on Army Supply), XXV (1916), 26-34. See also on Chinese in the Urals Izvestiia Osobogo Soveshchaniia po toplivu (News of the Special Council on Fuel), III (1917), 2; in the Donets Basin ‘Doklad 0 nedostatke rabochikh’ (Report on the Shortage of Workers), XLI S'ezd Gornopromyshlennikov Iuga Rossii, noiabr'-dekabr’ 1916g. (Kharkov, 1916), pp. 9-12; Gornopromyshlennoe Delo (The Mining Business), XXXII (1916), 14218; Iu. I. Kir'ianov, Rabochie Iuga Rossii, igi4-fevraV 1917 g. (The Workers of South Russia, 1914-February 1917) (Moscow, 1971), p. 42.
    • (1917) , pp. 9
  • 81
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    • Coleman
    • Japan Moves North
    • Coleman, Japan Moves North, p. 134.
  • 82
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    • Den (The Day)
    • No. 283, 14 October
    • Den (The Day), No. 283, 14 October 1916, p. 3.
    • (1916) , pp. 3
  • 83
    • 84974330823 scopus 로고
    • ‘Uchastie Kitaiskikh internatsionarnykh chastei v zashchite sovetskoi respubliki v period grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-20 gody
    • (The Participation of the Chinese Internationalist Units in the Defence of the Soviet Republic in the Period of the Civil War, 1918-20), Voprosy Istorii, X, 109-10.
    • N. A. Popov, ‘Uchastie Kitaiskikh internatsionarnykh chastei v zashchite sovetskoi respubliki v period grazhdanskoi voiny, 1918-20 gody’ (The Participation of the Chinese Internationalist Units in the Defence of the Soviet Republic in the Period of the Civil War, 1918-20), Voprosy Istorii, X (1957), 109-10.
    • (1957)
    • Popov, N.A.1
  • 84
    • 84974361437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dal'nevostochnaia Respublika i Kilai
    • For information on the Chinese in the Far Eastern Republic including the issue of repatriation see (The Far Eastern Republic and China) (Moscow, 1962), and passim. According to the Soviet census of 1926, there were 80,986 Chinese subjects living in the R.S.F.S.R.
    • For information on the Chinese in the Far Eastern Republic including the issue of repatriation see M. A. Persits, Dal'nevostochnaia Respublika i Kilai (The Far Eastern Republic and China) (Moscow, 1962), p. 66 and passim. According to the Soviet census of 1926, there were 80,986 Chinese subjects living in the R.S.F.S.R.
    • Persits, M.A.1


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