메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 127, Issue , 1991, Pages 527-568

The Soldier and the State in China: The Political Work System in the People's Liberation Army*

(1)  Shambaugh, David a  

a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84974239033     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741000031052     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (91)
  • 1
    • 84974445874 scopus 로고
    • Deng Xiaoping tongzhi zai jiejian shoudu jieyan buduijun yishangganbu shide jianghua
    • in Zhong-gong zhongyang xuanchuanbu (ed.)
    • Deng Xiaoping’s speech to martial law troops on 9 June: “Deng Xiaoping tongzhi zai jiejian shoudu jieyan buduijun yishangganbu shide jianghua,” in Zhong-gong zhongyang xuanchuanbu (ed.), Xuanchuan dongtai: 1989 xuanbianben (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe, 1991), pp. 109-115.
    • (1991) Xuanchuan dongtai: 1989 xuanbianben (Beijing: Renmin ribao chubanshe , pp. 109-115
    • Xiaoping’s, D.1
  • 4
    • 84974466390 scopus 로고
    • The study of Chinese military politics: Toward a framework for analysis
    • in Catherine M. Kelleher (ed.), Beverly Hills: Sage Publications
    • Jonathan D. Pollack, “The study of Chinese military politics: Toward a framework for analysis,” in Catherine M. Kelleher (ed.), Political-Military Systems: Comparative Perspectives (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1974), pp. 239-269;.
    • (1974) Political-Military Systems: Comparative Perspectives , pp. 239-269
    • Pollack, J.D.1
  • 5
    • 84954877214 scopus 로고
    • Watching China’s military: A personal view
    • May-June
    • Harlan W. Jencks, “Watching China’s military: A personal view,” Problems of Communism (May-June 1986), pp. 71-78.
    • (1986) Problems of Communism , pp. 71-78
    • Jencks, H.W.1
  • 6
    • 85082289367 scopus 로고
    • Professionalism and politics in the Chinese armed forces
    • in Dale R. Herspring and Ivan Volgyes (eds.), Boulder: Westview Press
    • Paul H.B. Godwin’s “Professionalism and politics in the Chinese armed forces,” in Dale R. Herspring and Ivan Volgyes (eds.), Civil-Military Relations in Communist Systems (Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), pp. 219-240.
    • (1978) Civil-Military Relations in Communist Systems , pp. 219-240
    • Godwin’s, P.H.B.1
  • 8
    • 84974458582 scopus 로고
    • Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun zongzhengzhibu yan’ge
    • No. 3
    • Xu Kai, “Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun zongzhengzhibu yan’ge,” Junshi lishi, No. 3 (1990), pp. 50-52.
    • (1990) Junshi lishi , pp. 50-52
    • Kai, X.1
  • 10
    • 84974196999 scopus 로고
    • Strive to raise the leadership level of the Party committees, and ensure the Party’s absolute leadership over the army
    • No. 2 (16 January
    • Chi Haotian, “Strive to raise the leadership level of the Party committees, and ensure the Party’s absolute leadership over the army,” Qiushi, No. 2 (16 January 1990), pp. 2-10.
    • (1990) Qiushi , pp. 2-10
    • Haotian, C.1
  • 14
    • 0012788605 scopus 로고
    • The role of the military in Chinese politics
    • in Victor C. Falkenheim (ed.), Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan
    • Harry Harding, “The role of the military in Chinese politics,” in Victor C. Falkenheim (ed.), Citizens and Groups in Contemporary China (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1987), pp. 213-306.
    • (1987) Citizens and Groups in Contemporary China , pp. 213-306
    • Harding, H.1
  • 15
    • 0009916334 scopus 로고
    • London: Oxford University Press, especially
    • John Gittings, The Role of the Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), especially pp. 99-118;.
    • (1967) The Role of the Chinese Army , pp. 99-118
    • Gittings, J.1
  • 32
    • 12944267888 scopus 로고
    • The General Political Department
    • New York: Praeger
    • Glenn Dick, “The General Political Department,” in William W. Whitson (ed.), The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s (New York: Praeger, 1972), pp. 176-177;.
    • (1972) The Military and Political Power in China in the 1970s , pp. 176-177
    • Dick, G.1
  • 33
    • 84974255215 scopus 로고
    • Beijing: Kexue jixue wenzhai chubanshe
    • He Chancai and Gao Wangchun (eds.), Xin Zhongguo dashidian (Beijing: Kexue jixue wenzhai chubanshe, 1990), pp. 80-82.
    • (1990) Xin Zhongguo dashidian , pp. 80-82
    • Chancai, H.1    Wangchun, G.2
  • 40
    • 84974023496 scopus 로고
    • Party rectification in the People’s Liberation Army
    • No. 112
    • Alastair I. Johnston, “Party rectification in the People’s Liberation Army, 1983-1987,” The China Quarterly, No. 112 (1987), pp. 591-630.
    • (1987) The China Quarterly , pp. 591-630
    • Johnston, A.I.1
  • 43
    • 84974284754 scopus 로고
    • Henan renmin chubanshe and Hebei kexue jixu chubanshe
    • Fei Guang., Jundui zhengzhi gongzuo rencai (Henan renmin chubanshe and Hebei kexue jixu chubanshe, 1986);.
    • (1986) Jundui zhengzhi gongzuo rencai
    • Guang, F.1
  • 45
    • 84974463846 scopus 로고
    • Beijing renmin chubanshe
    • Yun Guang (ed.), Shehuizhuyi zhengzhixue (Beijing renmin chubanshe, 1985), pp. 315-328.
    • (1985) Shehuizhuyi zhengzhixue , pp. 315-328
    • Guang, Y.1
  • 46
    • 84974463859 scopus 로고
    • Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe
    • Xiao Jin, Zhengdang Dashiji (Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe, 1985).
    • (1985) Zhengdang Dashiji
    • Jin, X.1
  • 47
    • 33644980200 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
    • Ellis Joffee, The Chinese Army After Mao (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987);.
    • (1987) The Chinese Army After Mao
    • Joffee, E.1
  • 48
    • 84926281866 scopus 로고
    • Changing army-Party relations in China, 1979-84
    • October
    • Alastair I. Johnston, “Changing army-Party relations in China, 1979-84,” Asian Survey (October 1984), pp. 1012-1039.
    • (1984) Asian Survey , pp. 1012-1039
    • Johnston, A.I.1
  • 49
    • 84974273149 scopus 로고
    • The PLA’s political role since 1987: Continuity and change
    • in King-yuh Chang, Boulder: Westview Press
    • Yu Yulin, “The PLA’s political role since 1987: Continuity and change,” in King-yuh Chang, Mainland China after the Thirteenth Party Congress (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), pp. 114-137;.
    • (1990) Mainland China after the Thirteenth Party Congress , pp. 114-137
    • Yulin, Y.1
  • 50
    • 84928457371 scopus 로고
    • Officer education in the PLA
    • May-June
    • Lonnie Henley, “Officer education in the PLA,” Problems of Communism (May-June 1987), pp. 55-71.
    • (1987) Problems of Communism , pp. 55-71
    • Henley, L.1
  • 51
    • 84974451613 scopus 로고
    • Party authority and military power
    • July
    • Harlan Jencks, “Party authority and military power,” Issues and Studies, Vol. 26.(July 1990), p. 27.
    • (1990) Issues and Studies , vol.26 , pp. 27
    • Jencks, H.1
  • 52
    • 84887348458 scopus 로고
    • Yang Baibing reveals army defiance in crackdown
    • 28 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 28 December
    • Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Yang Baibing reveals army defiance in crackdown,” South China Morning Post, 28 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 28 December 1989, pp. 23-24.
    • (1989) South China Morning Post , pp. 23-24
    • Wo-Lap Lam, W.1
  • 53
    • 84974351807 scopus 로고
    • ‘Rebel troops’ inside the army of the CCP
    • No. 147, 1 January
    • Lo Bing, “‘Rebel troops’ inside the army of the CCP,” Zhengming, No. 147 (1 January 1990), p. 10.
    • (1990) Zhengming , pp. 10
    • Bing, L.1
  • 54
    • 84974445901 scopus 로고
    • At an all-army training class on order and regulations, Liu Huaqing, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission, delivers a speech, urging serious enforcement of orders and regulations
    • 11 July
    • Ren Yanjun, “At an all-army training class on order and regulations, Liu Huaqing, vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission, delivers a speech, urging serious enforcement of orders and regulations,” Jiefangjunbao, 11 July 1990, p. 1.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 1
    • Yanjun, R.1
  • 55
    • 84974466419 scopus 로고
    • Continue to do ideological, political work well while carrying out the task of enforcing martial law
    • 7 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 22 September
    • Zang Wenqing, “Continue to do ideological, political work well while carrying out the task of enforcing martial law,” Jiefangjunbao, 7 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 22 September 1989, p. 29.
    • (1989) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 29
    • Wenqing, Z.1
  • 56
    • 84974375339 scopus 로고
    • The martial law enforcement troops are attacked every day
    • 1 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 3 October
    • Guan Yecheng, “The martial law enforcement troops are attacked every day,” Zhengming, 1 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 3 October 1989, pp. 36-37.
    • (1989) Zhengming , pp. 36-37
    • Yecheng, G.1
  • 57
    • 84974466415 scopus 로고
    • The army investigates high-ranking and middle-ranking leadership groups
    • 16 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 21 September
    • Luo Yuwen, “The army investigates high-ranking and middle-ranking leadership groups,” Renmin ribao, 16 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 21 September 1989, p. 36.
    • (1989) Renmin ribao , pp. 36
    • Yuwen, L.1
  • 58
    • 84974375679 scopus 로고
    • The fourth and fifth plenary sessions of the 13th CCP Central Committee
    • David Shambaugh. “The fourth and fifth plenary sessions of the 13th CCP Central Committee,” The China Quarterly, No. 120 (1989), pp. 852-862.
    • (1989) The China Quarterly , pp. 852-862
    • Shambaugh, D.1
  • 59
    • 84887398518 scopus 로고
    • Refuting the advocacy of separating the army from the Party
    • 21 November 1989, in FBIS-CHI 22 December
    • Lin Jiangong, “Refuting the advocacy of separating the army from the Party,” Jiefangjuunbao, 21 November 1989, in FBIS-CHI 22 December 1989, p. 7.
    • (1989) Jiefangjuunbao , pp. 7
    • Jiangong, L.1
  • 61
    • 84987690961 scopus 로고
    • The Wolf Has Come’ and ’Where is the Wolf?’-Calling for proper alertness to the presence of the enemy
    • 8 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 31 October
    • He Yingquan, “The Wolf Has Come’ and ’Where is the Wolf?’-Calling for proper alertness to the presence of the enemy,” Jiefangjunbao, 8 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 31 October 1989, p. 28.
    • (1989) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 28
    • Yingquan, H.1
  • 62
    • 84974330513 scopus 로고
    • Military colleges and schools must become powerful positions for adherence to the four cardinal principles and opposition to bourgeois liberalization
    • 19 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 7 November
    • Yuan Jun, “Military colleges and schools must become powerful positions for adherence to the four cardinal principles and opposition to bourgeois liberalization,” Jiefangjunbao, 19 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 7 November 1989 pp. 24-25.
    • (1989) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 24-25
    • Jun, Y.1
  • 63
    • 84974255412 scopus 로고
    • Initial achievements made in cleansing the cultural environment in army barracks
    • 28 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 17 November
    • Chen Xianyi, “Initial achievements made in cleansing the cultural environment in army barracks,” Jiefangjunbao, 28 October 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 17 November 1989, pp. 31-32.
    • (1989) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 31-32
    • Xianyi, C.1
  • 64
    • 84974463811 scopus 로고
    • Basing ourselves on the grass-roots level, performing meritorious deeds, and making contributions to building a modernized, regularized, and revolutionized army
    • 30 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 25 October
    • Yang Baibing, “Basing ourselves on the grass-roots level, performing meritorious deeds, and making contributions to building a modernized, regularized, and revolutionized army,” Jiefangjunbao, 30 September 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 25 October 1989, pp. 37-40.
    • (1989) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 37-40
    • Baibing, Y.1
  • 65
    • 84974255406 scopus 로고
    • Yang Shangkun ally receives political post
    • 4 January
    • Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Yang Shangkun ally receives political post,” Hong Kong Standard, 4 January 1990, pp. 1-2.
    • (1990) Hong Kong Standard , pp. 1-2
    • Wo-Lap Lam, W.1
  • 66
    • 84974477535 scopus 로고
    • Concentrating attention - sidelights on the first) study class of the CCP Committee Secretaries of the PLA General Staff units
    • 30 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 9 January
    • He Jiangbo and Chen Daiping, “Concentrating attention - sidelights on the first) study class of the CCP Committee Secretaries of the PLA General Staff units,” Renmin ribao, 30 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 9 January 1990, pp. 19-20.
    • (1990) Renmin ribao , pp. 19-20
    • Jiangbo, H.1    Daiping, C.2
  • 67
    • 84974322155 scopus 로고
    • Make strenuous efforts to enhance political construction of the General Staff Headquarters and ensure that the army will always be up to standard politically
    • 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March
    • Xu Xin, “Make strenuous efforts to enhance political construction of the General Staff Headquarters and ensure that the army will always be up to standard politically,” Jiefangjunbao, 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March 1990, pp. 39-41.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 39-41
    • Xin, X.1
  • 68
    • 84974375396 scopus 로고
    • Seriously implement the ’summary’ of the all-army meeting on political work, strengthen and improve political work in logistics departments
    • 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 29 March
    • Liu Anyuan, “Seriously implement the ’summary’ of the all-army meeting on political work, strengthen and improve political work in logistics departments,” Jiefangjunbao, 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 29 March 1990, pp. 35-36.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 35-36
    • Anyuan, L.1
  • 69
    • 84974351748 scopus 로고
    • Implement the ’summary’ closely in light of realities, make sure that our troops manage to withstand the ’three tests’
    • 8 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March
    • Li Xuge, “Implement the ’summary’ closely in light of realities, make sure that our troops manage to withstand the ’three tests’,” Jiefangjunbao, 8 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March 1990, p. 41.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 41
    • Xuge, L.1
  • 70
    • 84974351740 scopus 로고
    • The gun should be put firmly in the hands of people loyal to the Party
    • 13 February 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 March
    • Luo Yi, “The gun should be put firmly in the hands of people loyal to the Party,” Jiefangjunbao, 13 February 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 March 1990, p. 24.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 24
    • Yi, L.1
  • 71
    • 84974337089 scopus 로고
    • Uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the army with great firmness
    • 18 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 15 February
    • Wang Chenghan, “Uphold the Party’s absolute leadership over the army with great firmness,” Jiefangjunbao, 18 December 1989, in FBIS-CHI, 15 February 1990, p. 8.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 8
    • Chenghan, W.1
  • 72
    • 84974466442 scopus 로고
    • Strive to raise the leadership level
    • 27 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 13 February
    • Chi Haotian, “Strive to raise the leadership level”; Gao Aisu, “When meeting with leadin comrades of troops in Shanxi, Jiang Zemin stresses absolute Party leadership over the army,” Jiefangjunbao, 27 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 13 February 1990, p. 14;.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 14
    • Haotian, C.1
  • 73
    • 84974322142 scopus 로고
    • Unwaveringly uphold the Party’s leadership of the army
    • 19 December 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 February
    • Bai Xuan, “Unwaveringly uphold the Party’s leadership of the army,” Jiefangjunbao, 19 December 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 February 1990, pp. 17-19;.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 17-19
    • Xuan, B.1
  • 74
    • 84974477553 scopus 로고
    • The organs which control the army of the CCP
    • No. 7 (6 January 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 9 January
    • Wan Lixing, “The organs which control the army of the CCP,” Dangdai, No. 7 (6 January 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 9 January 1990, pp. 20-22.
    • (1990) Dangdai , pp. 20-22
    • Lixing, W.1
  • 75
    • 84974445859 scopus 로고
    • Learn from and carry forward the Lei Feng spirit, strengthen the building of the people’s army
    • 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 22 March
    • Chi Haotian, “Learn from and carry forward the Lei Feng spirit, strengthen the building of the people’s army,” Renmin ribao, 2 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 22 March 1990, pp. 27-30;.
    • (1990) Renmin ribao , pp. 27-30
    • Haotian, C.1
  • 76
    • 84974457958 scopus 로고
    • Learning from Lei Feng’s spirit is the need of the times
    • 8 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 26 January
    • Li Desheng, “Learning from Lei Feng’s spirit is the need of the times,” Jiefangjunbao, 8 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 26 January 1990, pp. 33-34.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 33-34
    • Desheng, L.1
  • 77
    • 84974375014 scopus 로고
    • Qin Jiwei contributes article to first issue of Guofang, stressing need to strengthen national defence education and promote modernization of national defence
    • 30 December 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 6 February
    • Fan Hao and Qin Hua, “Qin Jiwei contributes article to first issue of Guofang, stressing need to strengthen national defence education and promote modernization of national defence,” Jiefangjunbao, 30 December 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 6 February 1990, p. 10.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 10
    • Hao, F.1    Hua, Q.2
  • 78
    • 84974445823 scopus 로고
    • Document issued a few days ago by PLA General Staff Headquarters outlines guidelines and tasks for military training in 1990
    • 9 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 January
    • Gu Boliang, “Document issued a few days ago by PLA General Staff Headquarters outlines guidelines and tasks for military training in 1990,” Jiefangjunbao, 9 January 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 January 1990, p. 18;.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 18
    • Boliang, G.1
  • 79
    • 84974336254 scopus 로고
    • Correct understanding of the professional value of servicemen
    • 8 February 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 March
    • Li Jinyou, “Correct understanding of the professional value of servicemen,” Jiefangjunbao, 8 February 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 March 1990, pp. 23-24.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 23-24
    • Jinyou, L.1
  • 80
    • 84974457952 scopus 로고
    • Earnestly strengthen and improve ideological and political work; ensure that the armed forces will always remain politically qualified
    • 3 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March
    • Ding Henggao, “Earnestly strengthen and improve ideological and political work; ensure that the armed forces will always remain politically qualified,” Jiefangjunbao, 3 March 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 30 March 1990, p. 13.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 13
    • Henggao, D.1
  • 81
    • 84974336299 scopus 로고
    • At discussion with comrades attending enlarged meeting of Beijing military regional Party committee, Yang Baibing urges leaders at all levels to work harder and do an even better job in army-building
    • 22 June 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 9 July
    • Gao Aisu, “At discussion with comrades attending enlarged meeting of Beijing military regional Party committee, Yang Baibing urges leaders at all levels to work harder and do an even better job in army-building,” Jiefangjunbao, 22 June 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 9 July 1990, pp. 36-38;.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 36-38
    • Aisu, G.1
  • 82
    • 84974255314 scopus 로고
    • The requirement of being politically qualified should be carried out to the letter
    • 20 September 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 11 October
    • Zhou Chuantong, “The requirement of being politically qualified should be carried out to the letter,” Jiefangjunbao, 20 September 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 11 October 1990, pp. 26-27.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 26-27
    • Chuantong, Z.1
  • 83
    • 84974509293 scopus 로고
    • First all-army forum on theory concerning psychological warfare against hostile forces
    • 12 July 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 August
    • Zhou Min and Ru Bo, “First all-army forum on theory concerning psychological warfare against hostile forces,” Jiefangjunbao, 12 July 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 2 August 1990, p. 23-24.
    • (1990) Jiefangjunbao , pp. 23-24
    • Min, Z.1    Bo, R.2
  • 84
    • 84968249240 scopus 로고
    • China in 1990: The year of damage control
    • January
    • David Shambaugh, ”China in 1990: The year of damage control,” Asian Survey (January 1991), pp. 101-114.
    • (1991) Asian Survey , pp. 101-114
    • Shambaugh, D.1
  • 85
    • 84974375511 scopus 로고
    • A heavy storm in the high army hierarchy
    • No. 155 (1 September 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 6 September
    • Lo Bing, “A heavy storm in the high army hierarchy,” Zhengming, No. 155 (1 September 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 6 September 1990, pp. 39-40.
    • (1990) Zhengming , pp. 39-40
    • Bing, L.1
  • 86
    • 84974336365 scopus 로고
    • Defence minister has courageously defeated generals of the Yang family
    • No. 44 (15 August 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 23 August
    • Luo Bing, “Defence minister has courageously defeated generals of the Yang family,” Kaifang, No. 44 (15 August 1990), in FBIS-CHI, 23 August 1990, pp. 35-37.
    • (1990) Kaifang , pp. 35-37
    • Bing, L.1
  • 87
    • 84974336356 scopus 로고
    • Young military officers boycott Yang Baibing
    • 20 October 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 25 October
    • Qi Da, “Young military officers boycott Yang Baibing,” Dangdai, 20 October 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 25 October 1990, pp. 30-32.
    • (1990) Dangdai , pp. 30-32
    • Da, Q.1
  • 88
    • 84974206534 scopus 로고
    • Massive military purges after 4 June incident
    • 22 October 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 22 October
    • Nan Xun, “Massive military purges after 4 June incident,” MingBao, 22 October 1990, in FBIS-CHI, 22 October 1990, p. 29.
    • (1990) MingBao , pp. 29
    • Xun, N.1
  • 89
    • 84974255337 scopus 로고
    • Xin de xingshi-xin de bufa
    • 3 October
    • Li Chenghua and Xu Rujin, “Xin de xingshi-xin de bufa,” Renmin ribao, 3 October 1990, p. 1;.
    • (1990) Renmin ribao , pp. 1
    • Chenghua, L.1    Rujin, X.2
  • 90
    • 84974196949 scopus 로고
    • Quan jun geji dangwei fahui hexin lingdao zuoyong
    • 24 June
    • Luo Wangwen, “Quan jun geji dangwei fahui hexin lingdao zuoyong,” Renmin ribao, 24 June 1991, p. 1.
    • (1991) Renmin ribao , pp. 1
    • Wangwen, L.1
  • 91
    • 84974464801 scopus 로고
    • Dang de juedui lingdao shi women de jian jun zhihunli jun zhiben
    • 24 June
    • Yang Baibing, “Dang de juedui lingdao shi women de jian jun zhihunli jun zhiben,” Renmin ribao, 24 June 1991, p. 5.
    • (1991) Renmin ribao , pp. 5
    • Baibing, Y.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.