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1
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84909073398
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Toward the Copernican Phase of Regional Integration Theory
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(March, J. K. De Vree, Political Integration: The Formation of Theory and its Problems (The Hague: Mouton, 1972); Charles Pentland, International Theory and European Integration (New York: The Free Press, 1973). Pentland argues that the themes argued by pluralist, functionalist, neo-functionalist and federalist writers, respectively, are neither altogether wrong nor incapable of being combined. Their recombination, however, would result in a discrete theory of regional integration recognizing the indeterminate nature of institutional outcomes and a more sophisticated notion of social change, without dealing with the issue of exogenous variables and their salience in throwing doubt on whether the regional focus is worth while. The most complete treatment of measurement and the definition of variables is Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration: Theory and Research, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
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Ronn D. Kaiser,”Toward the Copernican Phase of Regional Integration Theory,” Journal of Common Market Studies (March 1972); J. K. De Vree, Political Integration: The Formation of Theory and its Problems (The Hague: Mouton, 1972); Charles Pentland, International Theory and European Integration (New York: The Free Press, 1973). Pentland argues that the themes argued by pluralist, functionalist, neo-functionalist and federalist writers, respectively, are neither altogether wrong nor incapable of being combined. Their recombination, however, would result in a discrete theory of regional integration recognizing the indeterminate nature of institutional outcomes and a more sophisticated notion of social change, without dealing with the issue of exogenous variables and their salience in throwing doubt on whether the regional focus is worth while. The most complete treatment of measurement and the definition of variables is Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration: Theory and Research, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
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(1972)
Journal of Common Market Studies
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Kaiser, R.D.1
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2
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0001319253
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Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration
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(March, Paul Taylor, “The Politics of the European Community: The Confedeial Phase,” World Politics (April 1975). Lindberg and Puchala, on slightly different grounds, opt for a view of regional integration which takes the present as given, if not final, because of the difficulties of conceptualizing change and institutional outcomes along any dimensions simple and straightforward enough to permit prognosis. Hence, they feel that the “system” (or the “concordance system”) (i.e., the neo-functional and pluralist descriptions of the processes which make up the status quo in Western Europe) is the reality on which theory and research should focus. Puchala, op. cit. and Leon Lindberg,”Political Integration as a Multidimensional Phenomenon Requiring Multivaiiate Measurement,” in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.). The question of institutional outcomes is examined in terms of constant or shifting actor objectives by Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold, Europe's Would-be Polity, (Englewood Cliffs; Prentice-Hall, 1970), especially Chapters 4 and 9. Ralf Dahrendorf questions whether the desirable expansion of scope in the activities of the European Community ought to be accompanied by the growth in centralized power demanded by the Commission. Plddoyer fur die Europdische Union (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1973
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Donald J. Puchala, “Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration,” Journal of Common Market Studies (March 1972); Paul Taylor, “The Politics of the European Community: The Confedeial Phase,” World Politics (April 1975). Lindberg and Puchala, on slightly different grounds, opt for a view of regional integration which takes the present as given, if not final, because of the difficulties of conceptualizing change and institutional outcomes along any dimensions simple and straightforward enough to permit prognosis. Hence, they feel that the “system” (or the “concordance system”) (i.e., the neo-functional and pluralist descriptions of the processes which make up the status quo in Western Europe) is the reality on which theory and research should focus. Puchala, op. cit. and Leon Lindberg,”Political Integration as a Multidimensional Phenomenon Requiring Multivaiiate Measurement,” in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.). The question of institutional outcomes is examined in terms of constant or shifting actor objectives by Leon N. Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold, Europe's Would-be Polity, (Englewood Cliffs; Prentice-Hall, 1970), especially Chapters 4 and 9. Ralf Dahrendorf questions whether the desirable expansion of scope in the activities of the European Community ought to be accompanied by the growth in centralized power demanded by the Commission. Plddoyer fur die Europdische Union (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1973.
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(1972)
Journal of Common Market Studies
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Puchala, D.J.1
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3
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84971791382
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Development Policy and the Possibility of a ‘Livable’ Future for Latin America
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The externalization phenomenon was first introduced into regional integration theories by scholars concerned with investigating how and why common markets in Latin America evolve differently from the European pattern. Hence, it is linked with the literature on distributional crises in such common markets and with dependencia arguments. The phenomenon is exhaustively analyzed by Philippe C. Schmitter in Autonomy or Dependence as Regional Integration Outcomes: Central America (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1972); On distributional crises see Stuart I. Fagan, Central American Economic Integration (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1970); Lynn K. Mytelka,”The Salience of Gains in Third- World Integrative Systems,” World Politics, 25:2 (January 1973); David Morawetz,”Harmonization of Economic Policies in Customs Unions: The Andean Group,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 11:4 (June 1973); Lynn K. Mytelka,”Foreign Aid and Regional Integration: The UDEAC Case,” ibid., 12:2 (December 1973); Yash P. Ghai,”The East African Industrial Licensing System,” ibid., 12:3 (1974). For a summary of the voluminous “dependency” literature see Robert L. Ayres,”Economic Stagnation and the Emergence of the Political Ideology of Chilean Underdevelopment,” World Politics 25:1 (October 1972) and, (June
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The externalization phenomenon was first introduced into regional integration theories by scholars concerned with investigating how and why common markets in Latin America evolve differently from the European pattern. Hence, it is linked with the literature on distributional crises in such common markets and with dependencia arguments. The phenomenon is exhaustively analyzed by Philippe C. Schmitter in Autonomy or Dependence as Regional Integration Outcomes: Central America (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1972); On distributional crises see Stuart I. Fagan, Central American Economic Integration (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1970); Lynn K. Mytelka,”The Salience of Gains in Third- World Integrative Systems,” World Politics, 25:2 (January 1973); David Morawetz,”Harmonization of Economic Policies in Customs Unions: The Andean Group,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 11:4 (June 1973); Lynn K. Mytelka,”Foreign Aid and Regional Integration: The UDEAC Case,” ibid., 12:2 (December 1973); Yash P. Ghai,”The East African Industrial Licensing System,” ibid., 12:3 (1974). For a summary of the voluminous “dependency” literature see Robert L. Ayres,”Economic Stagnation and the Emergence of the Political Ideology of Chilean Underdevelopment,” World Politics 25:1 (October 1972) and “Development Policy and the Possibility of a ‘Livable’ Future for Latin America,” American Political Science Review 69:2 (June 1975).
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(1975)
American Political Science Review
, vol.69
, Issue.2
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4
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84974076005
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I have attempted a fuller exploration of this idea in “Is There a Hole in the Whole?” in John G. Ruggie and Ernst B. Haas (eds.), International Responses to Technology, special issue of International Organization (Summer 1975), especially pp. 868-71. The term turbulence is borrowed from the literature on social planning and management. It was first used by F. E. Emery and E. L. Trist,”The Causal Texture of Organisational Environments,” Human Relations, Vol. 18 (1965): 21-32. Since my purpose here is the description of a novel situation facing decision makers and not the specification of solutions, I have avoided attempts at a formal statement of the properties of turbulence. For such an attempt see J. L. Metcalfe “Systems Models, Economic Models and the Causal Texture of Organizational Environments: An Approach to Macro-Organization Theory,” Human Relations
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I have attempted a fuller exploration of this idea in “Is There a Hole in the Whole?” in John G. Ruggie and Ernst B. Haas (eds.), International Responses to Technology, special issue of International Organization (Summer 1975), especially pp. 868-71. The term turbulence is borrowed from the literature on social planning and management. It was first used by F. E. Emery and E. L. Trist,”The Causal Texture of Organisational Environments,” Human Relations, Vol. 18 (1965): 21-32. Since my purpose here is the description of a novel situation facing decision makers and not the specification of solutions, I have avoided attempts at a formal statement of the properties of turbulence. For such an attempt see J. L. Metcalfe “Systems Models, Economic Models and the Causal Texture of Organizational Environments: An Approach to Macro-Organization Theory,” Human Relations, Vol. 27 (1974): 839-63.
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(1974)
, vol.27
, pp. 839-863
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5
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84974132980
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I hesitate to employ the over-used term “world order.” Its appearance as a title of lectures articles, speeches, and books has done much to further confuse the discussion of international politics. Usually it means no more than the author's or speaker's preferred values for the future. Sometimes it means a given institutional-legal set of rules, actual or demanded, as in a “world order for the ocean” or for outer space. Labels such as “spaceship earth,” “the global village,” and a “steady-state world” evoke another meaning still. Their authors imply that there is some condition or problem which so pervades life on this planet as to compel a cognitive reorganization which must then lead to a dramatic political reform of our ways. Only rarely does it mean a persistent pattern of behavior or belief, which can be projected and analyzed in terms of its consequences, and can therefore serve as a basis for stipulating an empirically validated desirable pattern of behavior for the future. This is the sense I have in mind here. An illustration would be a pervasive cognitive commitment to science as a source of knowledge of causal relations and a source of policies for coping with science-related problems. I have explored what a “scientific world order” might imply for international politics in “Is There an International Scientific Society?” in G. Goodwin and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Dimensions of World Politics (London: Croom Helm
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I hesitate to employ the over-used term “world order.” Its appearance as a title of lectures articles, speeches, and books has done much to further confuse the discussion of international politics. Usually it means no more than the author's or speaker's preferred values for the future. Sometimes it means a given institutional-legal set of rules, actual or demanded, as in a “world order for the ocean” or for outer space. Labels such as “spaceship earth,” “the global village,” and a “steady-state world” evoke another meaning still. Their authors imply that there is some condition or problem which so pervades life on this planet as to compel a cognitive reorganization which must then lead to a dramatic political reform of our ways. Only rarely does it mean a persistent pattern of behavior or belief, which can be projected and analyzed in terms of its consequences, and can therefore serve as a basis for stipulating an empirically validated desirable pattern of behavior for the future. This is the sense I have in mind here. An illustration would be a pervasive cognitive commitment to science as a source of knowledge of causal relations and a source of policies for coping with science-related problems. I have explored what a “scientific world order” might imply for international politics in “Is There an International Scientific Society?” in G. Goodwin and Andrew Linklater (eds.), New Dimensions of World Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1975).
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(1975)
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7
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84974045271
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Amitai Etzioni first pointed out that the more successful regional integration efforts managed to postpone redistribution issues and were launched on a set of shared objectives which excluded potentially divisive problems
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Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger
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Amitai Etzioni first pointed out that the more successful regional integration efforts managed to postpone redistribution issues and were launched on a set of shared objectives which excluded potentially divisive problems. Political Unification (Huntington, N.Y.: Krieger, 1974), pp. 324-27.
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(1974)
Political Unification
, pp. 324-327
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8
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0003958220
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For the details on these choices see, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Nau especially documents the build-up and decay of the European nuclear energy program and the progressive dismantling of Euratom and its research projects. Similar conclusions follow from an analysis of the vicissitudes of the European Space organizations and the various aircraft-construction consortia. For a comprehensive description of the pre-1968 economic program of the European Community see A. E. Walsh and John Paxton, The Structure and Development of the Common Market (London: Hutchinson, 1968); for a description of the early effort at medium-term economic planning in the Community see Geoffrey Denton, Planning in the EEC (London: Chatham House
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For the details on these choices see Henry R. Nau, National Politics and International Technology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974). Nau especially documents the build-up and decay of the European nuclear energy program and the progressive dismantling of Euratom and its research projects. Similar conclusions follow from an analysis of the vicissitudes of the European Space organizations and the various aircraft-construction consortia. For a comprehensive description of the pre-1968 economic program of the European Community see A. E. Walsh and John Paxton, The Structure and Development of the Common Market (London: Hutchinson, 1968); for a description of the early effort at medium-term economic planning in the Community see Geoffrey Denton, Planning in the EEC (London: Chatham House, 1967).
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(1967)
National Politics and International Technology
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Nau, H.R.1
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9
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84974108899
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This is clearly demonstrated in the neo-functional process models which show how integration and disintegration may occur, devised by Joseph S. Nye and Philippe C. Schmitter in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration, pp. 192-231, 232-64. 10The incremental and rational-anaytic styles are contrasted in terms of interest to us in Amitai Etzioni, The Active Society (New York: The Free Press, 1968), pp. 270-71, 282-83. I have also relied on John Steinbruner's summary of the rational-analytic style in The Cybernetic Theory of Decision, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 31 ff., Since Steinbruner's “cybernetic-cognitive” model contains elements of both incremental and “fragmented issue linkage” rationality, however, I have not used his discussion in the elaboration of my distinctions. For some sweeping critiques of the rational-analytic mode and descriptions of its use in government see F. J. Lyden and E. G. Miller (eds.), Planning Programming Budgeting: A Systems Approach to Management (Chicago: Markham
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This is clearly demonstrated in the neo-functional process models which show how integration and disintegration may occur, devised by Joseph S. Nye and Philippe C. Schmitter in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration, pp. 192-231, 232-64. 10The incremental and rational-anaytic styles are contrasted in terms of interest to us in Amitai Etzioni, The Active Society (New York: The Free Press, 1968), pp. 270-71, 282-83. I have also relied on John Steinbruner's summary of the rational-analytic style in The Cybernetic Theory of Decision, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 31 ff., 44-46. Since Steinbruner's “cybernetic-cognitive” model contains elements of both incremental and “fragmented issue linkage” rationality, however, I have not used his discussion in the elaboration of my distinctions. For some sweeping critiques of the rational-analytic mode and descriptions of its use in government see F. J. Lyden and E. G. Miller (eds.), Planning Programming Budgeting: A Systems Approach to Management (Chicago: Markham, 1967).
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(1967)
, pp. 44-46
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10
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84974066770
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This description corresponds in many respects to what Etzioni advocates as “mixed scanning,” a social action and planning strategy which seeks to take the best from both incrementalism and rational analysis. The Active Society, A word of clarification is required by the word “crisis.” As used here, a crisis is the compounding of uncertainty in the minds of actors engaged in collective decision making, uncertainty about the adequacy of cause-and-effect links carried over from past experience, about the proper ranking of values in competition, about the future toward which one should be working. Such a crisis is not a sudden event but a gradual growth of doubt. This usage contrasts sharply with the “crisis literature” in international politics, which confronts decision making under conditions of great danger and limits on time, mostly in the context of the outbreak of hostilities. Propositions on rational behavior under such conditions have very little in common with our concern here. Hence the models of rationality developed by Graham Allison in Essence of Decision (Boston: Little Brown, are not germane, even though the incremental bargaining style of bureaucratic behavior is prominent there
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This description corresponds in many respects to what Etzioni advocates as “mixed scanning,” a social action and planning strategy which seeks to take the best from both incrementalism and rational analysis. The Active Society, pp. 282-88. A word of clarification is required by the word “crisis.” As used here, a crisis is the compounding of uncertainty in the minds of actors engaged in collective decision making, uncertainty about the adequacy of cause-and-effect links carried over from past experience, about the proper ranking of values in competition, about the future toward which one should be working. Such a crisis is not a sudden event but a gradual growth of doubt. This usage contrasts sharply with the “crisis literature” in international politics, which confronts decision making under conditions of great danger and limits on time, mostly in the context of the outbreak of hostilities. Propositions on rational behavior under such conditions have very little in common with our concern here. Hence the models of rationality developed by Graham Allison in Essence of Decision (Boston: Little Brown, 1971) are not germane, even though the incremental bargaining style of bureaucratic behavior is prominent there.
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(1971)
, pp. 282-288
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11
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84974133019
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I have drawn on the evolving literature on complexity in this formulation, as well as on Herbert Simon's work on decomposability and works in the “structural” tradition. For sources used see Haas,”Is There a Hole in the Whole?”
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I have drawn on the evolving literature on complexity in this formulation, as well as on Herbert Simon's work on decomposability and works in the “structural” tradition. For sources used see Haas,”Is There a Hole in the Whole?” pp. 852-56.
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13
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84974089775
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The typology follows the analysis and the coding rules specified by Lindberg, in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.), Only the four intermediate types were found to be empirically applicable to the European Community. The least cooperative type has not been illustrated by the European experience despite the threatening behavior adopted by De Gaulle and Harold Wilson. Each threatened to veto the decisions endorsed by all the others for an indefinite period, unless some important concession were made to France and Britain, respectively. In other words, the threat was contingent, not absolute, and it was withdrawn in each case following protracted negotiations which involved side-payments to the threateners who, however, scaled down their demands in the process of negotiating the side-payments. This is best described as the “competitive zero-sum minimum winning coalition model” because the accomodation was brought about by means of a coalition of governments favorable to meeting some of the demands of the threatening actors. The substance of the accomodations I have in mind refer (1) to the solution of the dispute in 1965 over agricultural prices, admission of Britain, voting rules, and the finality of the customs union and (2) to the adjustment of financial contributions and the institution of a regional policy in 1975. The most cooperative type is described by Lindberg as “the emergence of common interests which may transcend individual actor interests,” a “progressive taxation model” in which the richer forego benefits to reward the poorer in an effort to attain some transcendent goal. This, in my judgment, has not occurred in the European Community (with the possible exception of the regional policy and the subsidization of export earnings of overseas associated states). At best, it is beginning to occur now. This type of bargaining, therefore, foregoes the quid-pro-quo rationality implicit in log rolling and package dealing, and the expectation of future “good behavior” related to offering side-payments
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The typology follows the analysis and the coding rules specified by Lindberg, in Lindberg and Scheingold (eds.), pp. 101-02. Only the four intermediate types were found to be empirically applicable to the European Community. The least cooperative type has not been illustrated by the European experience despite the threatening behavior adopted by De Gaulle and Harold Wilson. Each threatened to veto the decisions endorsed by all the others for an indefinite period, unless some important concession were made to France and Britain, respectively. In other words, the threat was contingent, not absolute, and it was withdrawn in each case following protracted negotiations which involved side-payments to the threateners who, however, scaled down their demands in the process of negotiating the side-payments. This is best described as the “competitive zero-sum minimum winning coalition model” because the accomodation was brought about by means of a coalition of governments favorable to meeting some of the demands of the threatening actors. The substance of the accomodations I have in mind refer (1) to the solution of the dispute in 1965 over agricultural prices, admission of Britain, voting rules, and the finality of the customs union and (2) to the adjustment of financial contributions and the institution of a regional policy in 1975. The most cooperative type is described by Lindberg as “the emergence of common interests which may transcend individual actor interests,” a “progressive taxation model” in which the richer forego benefits to reward the poorer in an effort to attain some transcendent goal. This, in my judgment, has not occurred in the European Community (with the possible exception of the regional policy and the subsidization of export earnings of overseas associated states). At best, it is beginning to occur now. This type of bargaining, therefore, foregoes the quid-pro-quo rationality implicit in log rolling and package dealing, and the expectation of future “good behavior” related to offering side-payments.
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14
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84974165479
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The distinction is captured in Article 189 of the Treaty of Rome which offers the definitions of “regulations,” “directives,” “decisions,” and “recommendations.” “Guidelines” issued by the Community are a type of directive, binding as to the substantive goals to be achieved but leaving the member states the freedom to choose the means and form appropriate for implementation, and compelling the national parliaments to legislate or change legislation in order to approximate the harmonized community-wide body of rules which the guideline is supposed to bring about. See Ulrich Everting,”Die Rechtsangleichung in der Europ'aischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft auf dem Gebiete des Niederlassungsrechts” in Ballerstedt and Steindorff (eds.), Abhandlungen aus dem gesamten Biigerlichen Recht, Handelsrecht und Winschaftsrecht (Heft 29) (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, There seems to be continuing controversy among lawyers as to the exact meaning and significance of this technique, mentioned in Article 57 of the Treaty as a means of legal harmonization, but not in Article 189
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The distinction is captured in Article 189 of the Treaty of Rome which offers the definitions of “regulations,” “directives,” “decisions,” and “recommendations.” “Guidelines” issued by the Community are a type of directive, binding as to the substantive goals to be achieved but leaving the member states the freedom to choose the means and form appropriate for implementation, and compelling the national parliaments to legislate or change legislation in order to approximate the harmonized community-wide body of rules which the guideline is supposed to bring about. See Ulrich Everting,”Die Rechtsangleichung in der Europ'aischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft auf dem Gebiete des Niederlassungsrechts” in Ballerstedt and Steindorff (eds.), Abhandlungen aus dem gesamten Biigerlichen Recht, Handelsrecht und Winschaftsrecht (Heft 29) (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1965), pp. 75-76. There seems to be continuing controversy among lawyers as to the exact meaning and significance of this technique, mentioned in Article 57 of the Treaty as a means of legal harmonization, but not in Article 189.
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(1965)
, pp. 75-76
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15
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84974089760
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This summary of events is based on Agence Europe, the Bulletin of the European Communities and internal documentary sources, as well as interviews. These are cited in full in the context of a comprehensive description of decision-making patterns since 1968 in Haas, The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Part III
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This summary of events is based on Agence Europe, the Bulletin of the European Communities and internal documentary sources, as well as interviews. These are cited in full in the context of a comprehensive description of decision-making patterns since 1968 in Haas, The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1975), Part III.
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(1975)
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16
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84974082153
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Following the adoption by the Council of Ministers on January 14, of the Dahrendorf Plan for the coordination of R & D, a new institution was set up which took the place of earlier coordinating bodies. This institution-Committee for European Research on Science and Technology (CREST)-is a standing committee of the Council composed of representatives of the Commission and of the national civil servants charged with making national R & D policy. It took the place of an earlier committee made up of lower-ranking civil servants who were unable to commit their governments, unlike the new committee. CREST has the mandate of deciding on the Community-financed R & D program and to coordinate this with the separate national programs, which are to be evaluated collectively and adjusted as needed. CREST has operated since the Spring of 1974
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Following the adoption by the Council of Ministers on January 14, 1974, of the Dahrendorf Plan for the coordination of R & D, a new institution was set up which took the place of earlier coordinating bodies. This institution-Committee for European Research on Science and Technology (CREST)-is a standing committee of the Council composed of representatives of the Commission and of the national civil servants charged with making national R & D policy. It took the place of an earlier committee made up of lower-ranking civil servants who were unable to commit their governments, unlike the new committee. CREST has the mandate of deciding on the Community-financed R & D program and to coordinate this with the separate national programs, which are to be evaluated collectively and adjusted as needed. CREST has operated since the Spring of 1974.
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(1974)
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17
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84980290720
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The Administrative Implications of Economic and Monetary Union Within the European Community
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William Wallace,”The Administrative Implications of Economic and Monetary Union Within the European Community,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 12:4 (1974): 410.
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(1974)
Journal of Common Market Studies
, vol.12
, Issue.4
, pp. 410
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Wallace, W.1
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18
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84974014591
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Ibid., The Economic Policy Committee was established by the Council on 18 February 1974, replacing the Short-Term and Medium-Term Economic Policy Committees, but still apparently competing with a “High Level Steering Committee on Short-Term Economic Policy.” The first of these committees is chaired by the Commission, while the second is a Council committee. The same institutional trend is also observable in the Central American Common Market. See the institutional suggestions contained in UN doc. E/CEPAL/CCE/367/Rev. 3,”Sugerencias para reactivar a corto plazo la Integraci6n Econ6mica Centroamericana,” June
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Ibid., pp. 424 ff. The Economic Policy Committee was established by the Council on 18 February 1974, replacing the Short-Term and Medium-Term Economic Policy Committees, but still apparently competing with a “High Level Steering Committee on Short-Term Economic Policy.” The first of these committees is chaired by the Commission, while the second is a Council committee. The same institutional trend is also observable in the Central American Common Market. See the institutional suggestions contained in UN doc. E/CEPAL/CCE/367/Rev. 3,”Sugerencias para reactivar a corto plazo la Integraci6n Econ6mica Centroamericana,” June 1975.
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(1975)
, pp. 424
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19
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79961162700
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Address by Francois-Xavier Ortoli to the European Parliament, 18 February 1975, (Brussels
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Address by Francois-Xavier Ortoli to the European Parliament, 18 February 1975. Eighth General Report on the Activities of the European Communities (Brussels, 1975), pp. 9-27.
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(1975)
Eighth General Report on the Activities of the European Communities
, pp. 9-27
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20
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84974040369
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Ibid.
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Ibid., p. 21.
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84974107283
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This case is made by Commissioner Ralf Dahiendorf in “External Relations of the European Community,” in Hugh Corbet and Robert Jackson (eds.), In Search of a New World Economic Order (London: Croon Helm, The breakdown of the old Article 113 negotiating process is illustrated by the complex commercial agreements concluded with East European countries, Brazil, and some Middle Eastern states. Some of these agreements are purely bilateral, but others contain a collective component with respect to” the consultative machinery created.
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This case is made by Commissioner Ralf Dahiendorf in “External Relations of the European Community,” in Hugh Corbet and Robert Jackson (eds.), In Search of a New World Economic Order (London: Croon Helm, 1974), pp. 60-69. The breakdown of the old Article 113 negotiating process is illustrated by the complex commercial agreements concluded with East European countries, Brazil, and some Middle Eastern states. Some of these agreements are purely bilateral, but others contain a collective component with respect to” the consultative machinery created.
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(1974)
, pp. 60-69
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23
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84972443021
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International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends
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These categories were devised by, (Summer They were adapted by me to the European Community setting
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These categories were devised by John G. Ruggie in “International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends,” International Organization (Summer 1975). They were adapted by me to the European Community setting.
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(1975)
International Organization
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Ruggie, J.G.1
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24
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84980299537
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The Institutional Structure of the European Communities
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For arguments that the current institutional situation cannot last and that summit conferences are harmful innovations with respect to continuing political integration see, Walter Hallstein, Europe in the Making (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), and the Commission's most recent institutional proposals, “Toward European Union,” Bulletin of the European Communities
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For arguments that the current institutional situation cannot last and that summit conferences are harmful innovations with respect to continuing political integration see Stanely Henig,”The Institutional Structure of the European Communities,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 12:4 (1974); Walter Hallstein, Europe in the Making (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), and the Commission's most recent institutional proposals, “Toward European Union,” Bulletin of the European Communities.
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(1974)
Journal of Common Market Studies
, vol.12
, Issue.4
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Henig, S.1
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25
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84974072518
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The analyses of Puchala, Taylor, Lindberg, and Scheingold and Wallace, (see footnotes 2, 18) all suggest that the current institutional situation of the European Community is appropriate to its position in the overall European political setting and likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. For an argument that summit conferences represent a functional systemic adaptation in a non-federal setting see Juliet Lodge,”The Role of EEC Summit Conferences,” Journal of Common Market Studies, No. 3 (1974). Philip Allott, ibid., (March, argues that the British political process is not fundamentally different from the regional process. See especially Donald Puchala, “Domestic Politics and Regional Harmonization in the European Communities,” World Politics, 27:4 (July
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The analyses of Puchala, Taylor, Lindberg, and Scheingold and Wallace, (see footnotes 2, 18) all suggest that the current institutional situation of the European Community is appropriate to its position in the overall European political setting and likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. For an argument that summit conferences represent a functional systemic adaptation in a non-federal setting see Juliet Lodge,”The Role of EEC Summit Conferences,” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1974). Philip Allott, ibid., Vol. 13, No. 3 (March 1975), argues that the British political process is not fundamentally different from the regional process. See especially Donald Puchala, “Domestic Politics and Regional Harmonization in the European Communities,” World Politics, 27:4 (July 1975).
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Is There a Hole in the Whole?
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This construct is called a “semi-lattice” in organization theory. For a fuller explanation of its appropriateness in terms of notions of interdependence, see my, (Summer
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This construct is called a “semi-lattice” in organization theory. For a fuller explanation of its appropriateness in terms of notions of interdependence, see my “Is There a Hole in the Whole?” International Organization (Summer 1975): 856-59.
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(1975)
International Organization
, pp. 856-859
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Interdependence and Integration
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My analysis in many ways is similar to and complements that of, in Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science, (Andover, Mass: Addison-Wesley, Keohane and Nye present a most thoughtful and rigorous synthesis of the two strands of theory subsumed under the labels “interdependence” and “integration.” Nevertheless, their purpose differs from mine. “The usefulness of integration theory,” they say,”does not arise from the spread of regional integration processes, nor from the view that there is a discernible analogous process of global political integration.” They go on to say “rather the usefulness of integration theory, shorn of its teleological and regional orientation, lies in the set of insights into the politics of complex sets of interdependent entities.” My argument is that the teleological/regional emphasis is necessary and desirable for understanding a new set of phenomena, but that this emphasis becomes obsolete when events prove the assumptions underlying integration theory to have become less relevant. Obsolescence, in turn, is caused by what we succeed in mapping when we apply the concepts associated with “interdependence.” Keohane and Nye are right in arguing that the study of integration can and should be subsumed under the study of interdependence; but the processes associated with interdependence can and do go on without necessary reference to what we look for when we study integration. For more restricted purposes, then, integration theory retains its relevance
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My analysis in many ways is similar to and complements that of Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye,”Interdependence and Integration,” in Fred Greenstein and Nelson Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science Volume 8, (Andover, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1975). Keohane and Nye present a most thoughtful and rigorous synthesis of the two strands of theory subsumed under the labels “interdependence” and “integration.” Nevertheless, their purpose differs from mine. “The usefulness of integration theory,” they say,”does not arise from the spread of regional integration processes, nor from the view that there is a discernible analogous process of global political integration.” They go on to say “rather the usefulness of integration theory, shorn of its teleological and regional orientation, lies in the set of insights into the politics of complex sets of interdependent entities.” My argument is that the teleological/regional emphasis is necessary and desirable for understanding a new set of phenomena, but that this emphasis becomes obsolete when events prove the assumptions underlying integration theory to have become less relevant. Obsolescence, in turn, is caused by what we succeed in mapping when we apply the concepts associated with “interdependence.” Keohane and Nye are right in arguing that the study of integration can and should be subsumed under the study of interdependence; but the processes associated with interdependence can and do go on without necessary reference to what we look for when we study integration. For more restricted purposes, then, integration theory retains its relevance.
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(1975)
, vol.8
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Keohane, R.O.1
Nye, J.S.2
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28
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The Emerging Social Structure of the World
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The notions of autarky, interconnectedness, dependence, interdependence, integration, and convergence are defined and analyzed as global patterns by, (July Inkeles shows that interconnectedness does not necessarily predict interdependence, that interdependence and integration need not covary, and that convergence may come about without increases in either interdependence or integration. His argument strongly suggests that there are in the contemporary world powerful trends making for the convergence of patterns and institutions of social organization-i.e., nations are becoming more alike-without necessarily implying a direct link to the emergence of new global political organizations
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The notions of autarky, interconnectedness, dependence, interdependence, integration, and convergence are defined and analyzed as global patterns by Alex Inkeles,”The Emerging Social Structure of the World,” World Politics (July 1975). Inkeles shows that interconnectedness does not necessarily predict interdependence, that interdependence and integration need not covary, and that convergence may come about without increases in either interdependence or integration. His argument strongly suggests that there are in the contemporary world powerful trends making for the convergence of patterns and institutions of social organization-i.e., nations are becoming more alike-without necessarily implying a direct link to the emergence of new global political organizations.
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World Politics
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Inkeles, A.1
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Reflections on the Economics and Politics of International Economic Organizations
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Winter
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Lawrence B. Krause and Joseph S. Nye,”Reflections on the Economics and Politics of International Economic Organizations,” International Organization, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter 1975): 331.
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(1975)
International Organization
, vol.27
, Issue.1
, pp. 331
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Krause, L.B.1
Nye, J.S.2
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