Are freedom and liberty twins?

Political Theory

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1988, Pages 523-552

  Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84973186115     PISSN: 00905917     EISSN: 15527476     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0090591788016004001     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Charles A. Beard, “Freedom in Political Thought,” in Freedom: Its Meaning, ed. by Ruth Nanda Anshen (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1942), 7.
2. Maurice Cranston, Freedom (New York: Basic Books, 1967), 32.
3. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking Press, 1965), 22.
4. Arendt, On Revolution, 25, 22.
5. Arendt, On Revolution, 25.
6. Arendt, On Revolution, 141.
7. James Fenimore Cooper, The American Democrat (1838).
8. Arendt, On Revolution, 25, 33.
9. Arendt, On Revolution, 25.
10. Arendt, On Revolution, 110, 221.
11. Hannah Arendt, “What Is Authority?” Between Past and Future (Cleveland/New York: World, 1961), 91–141, at 95.
12. Hannah Arendt, “On Violence,” Crises of the Republic (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 103-98, at 142.
13. Hannah Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” Between Past and Future, 143-71, at 145, 155.
14. Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” 150.
15. Arendt, On Revolution, 22.
16. Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” 149.
17. Hannah Arendt, Willing, vol. 2 of The Life of the Mind (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), 5.
18. Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” 155.
19. Arendt, On Revolution 24, 26.
20. Arendt, On Revolution, 121.
21. Arendt, Willing, 203.
22. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 245.
23. Arendt, Willing, 25, 279.
24. Arendt, Willing, 121, 221, 236, 279.
25. Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” 148.
26. Arendt, Willing, 5.
27. Arendt, “What Is Freedom?” 146, 145, 157.
28. Arendt, Willing, 19.
29. Arendt, Willing, 220 n. 27.
30. Arendt, Willing, 200.
31. Arendt, Human Condition, 32.
32. Arendt, Human Condition, 26.
33. Emile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society, trans. by Elizabeth Palmer (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1973), 266.
34. Benveniste, Indo-European, 266–267.
35. Sigmund Feist, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1939).
36. Pier Giuseppe Scardigli, Die Goten, Sprache und Kultur (Munich: C. Beck, 1964), 54.
37. Wolfgang Krause, Handbuch des Gotischen (Munich: C. Beck, 1953), 55.
38. Benveniste, Indo-European, 263–264.
39. C. S. Lewis, Studies in Words (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 111–117, 124–125.
40. Otto Schrader, “Anzeiger,” Indogermanische Forschung IX (1898), 172–173.
41. Benveniste, Indo-European, 264.
42. Emile Benveniste, Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes, I. économie, parenté, société (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1969), 325.
43. Indo-European, 267.
44. Indo-European, 299, 301.
45. Eleutheria, I. Teil: die Griechen (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1967), 7.
46. Slavery and Social Death (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), 98, 340, 342.
47. Lewis, Studies, 114.
48. Kurt Raaflaub, “Zum Freiheitsberiff der Griechen,” Soziale Typenbegriffe im alten Griechenland und ihr Fortleben in den Sprachen der Welt (vol. 4), ed. by Elisabeth Charlotte Welskopf, (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1981), 108-405, at 186-188, 191-92.
49. Kurt Raaflaub, “Democracy, Oligarchy, and the Concept of the ‘Free Citizen’ in Late Fifth-Century, Athens” Political Theory 11 (November 1983), 517-544, at 521.
50. Nestle, Eleutheria, 7-14, 20, 24-27, 29-30.
51. Christian Meier, “Die griechische Polis” in Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, vol. 2 of Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, ed. by Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, and Reinhart Koselleck (Stuttgart: Ernst Klett Verlag, 1975), 426-429.
52. Arendt, Willing, 220 n. 27.
53. Georg Curtius, Grundzüge der Griechischen Etymologie (Leipzig: B. G. Tuebner, 1879), 496–497.
54. Max Pohlenz, Freedom in Greek Life and Thought (New York: Humanities Press, 1966), 181 n.
55. T. G. Tucker, Etymological Dictionary of Latin (Chicago: Ares, 1976), 139.
56. Pohlenz, Freedom, 181n.
57. Tucker, Etymological Dictionary, 139.
58. Richard Broxton Onians, The Origins of European Thought About the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time, and Fate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951), 472-480.
59. Theodore Thass-Thienemann, The Subconscious Language (New York: Washington Square Press, 1967), 207-216.
60. Thass-Thienemann, Subconscious Language, 216.
61. Nestle, Eleutheria, 11, 14.
62. Benveniste, Indo-European, 264.
63. Lewis, Studies, 21, 111, 113, 115.
64. Lewis, Studies, 113, 115–16.
65. Lewis, Studies, 116.
66. Sheridan, St. Patrick's Day, II, ii.
67. Raymond Williams, Keywords, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 180.
68. Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, IV, i.
69. Benveniste, Indo-European, 264.
70. Nestle, Eleutheria, 14, 19–30.
71. Raaflaub, “Zum Freiheitsbegriff,” 189, 192–193.
72. Meier, “Griechische Polis,” 426.
73. Kurt Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen und Rom: ein Beispiel divergierender politischer Begriffsentwicklung in der Antike,” Historische Zeitschrift 238 (1984), 529–67, at 563.
74. Raaflaub, “Zum Freiheitsbegriff,” 195.
75. Nestle, Eleutheria, 31, 34.
76. Meier, “Griechische Polis,” 426.
77. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 543, 563.
78. Raaflaub, “Democracy,” 527–536.
79. Nestle, Eleutheria, 16–18.
80. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 544–546, 563.
81. Raaflaub, “Democracy,” 529.
82. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (New York: Random House, 1951), 104.
83. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 546, 564, my translation.
84. Meier, “Griechische Polis,” 427.
85. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 545–546.
86. Raaflaub, “Democracy,” 521.
87. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 563–564.
88. Raaflaub, “Democracy,” 521.
89. Meier, “Griechische Polis,” 428.
90. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 546.
91. Kurt Raaflaub, “Athen's ‘Ideologie der Macht’ und die Freiheit des Tyrannen,” Xenia 8 (1984), 45-86.
92. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 532.
93. Jochen Bleicken, “Römische libertas,” Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, vol. 2, 430.
94. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 553–556.
95. Bleicken, “Römische libertas,” 431.
96. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 541–543.
97. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 547–549.
98. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 542, 546–550, 560, 562.
99. Chaim Wirszubski, Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 11–15.
100. Raaflaub, “Freiheit in Athen,” 550.
101. Bleicken, “Römische libertas,” 432–435.
102. Lewis, Studies, 124–125.
103. Lewis, Studies, 125.
104. Hans Kurath, ed., Middle English Dictionary (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1953).
105. Christopher Dipper, “Ständische Freiheit: Jura et libertates,” Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, vol. 2, 448.
106. Herbert Grundmann, “Freiheit als religiöses, politisches und persönliches Postulat im Mittelalter,” Historische Zeitschrift 183 (February-June 1957), 23-54, at 50.
107. Paul Ziff, Semantic Analysis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960), 190.
108. J. Bonnard and A. Salmon, eds., Lexique de l'ancien Français (New York: G. E. Stechert, 1928).
109. Albert Dauzat, Jean Dubois, and Henri Mitterand, eds., Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique et historique (Paris: Larousse, 1964).
110. A. J. Greimas, ed., Dictionnaire de l'ancien Français (Paris: Larousse, 1969).
111. Robert Kelham, ed., Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language (East Ardslay, UK: Tabard, 1978).
112. Louise W. Stone, William Rothwell, T. B. W. Reid, eds., Anglo-Norman Dictionary (London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 1983).
113. Lewis, Studies, 117.
114. R. Bordeu, Jr., ed., Old English Dictionary (University Press of America, 1982).
115. T. Northcote Toller, ed., An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1954/1898).
116. Lewis, Studies, 113.
117. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1, 41.
118. Ziff, Semantic Analysis, 2, 15–38.
119. Wittgenstein and Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), esp. 7–21.
120. Alan Ryan's “Freedom,” Philosophy XL (April 1965), 93-112.
121. Berlin, “Two Concepts,” 121.
122. Berlin, “Two Concepts,” 136, 151–154, 163–164.
123. Berlin, “Two Concepts,” 141–146; the exceptions occur at 142, 144.
124. Berlin, “Two Concepts,” 134, 146, 136, 145.
125. Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford university Press, 1979), 121.
126. Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford university Press, 1979), 121.
127. Benjamin Gibbs, Freedom and Liberation (London: Sussex University Press, 1976), 10.