Demilitarizing community in guatemala

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Volumn 19, Issue 37-38, 1994, Pages 35-60

  Handy, Jim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972996508     PISSN: 08263663     EISSN: 23331461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08263663.1994.10816705     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. For further discussion see Jim Handy, “Anxiety and Dread: State and Community in Modern Guatemala,” Canadian Journal of History, 26, 1 (1991): 43-65
2. various articles in Carol Smith, ed., Guatemalan Indians and the State (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990).
3. Jim Handy, Revolution in the Countryside: Rural Conflict and Agrarian Reform in Guatemala, 1944-1954 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 169-190.
4. See Jim Handy, “Reforma y contrareforma: La política agraria en Guatemala, 1952-1957,” in J. C. Cambranes, ed., 500 Años de lucha, Vol. 1 (Guatemala City: FLACSO, 1992), p. 379-399
5. Charles Brockett, “Evaluation of U.S. Policy Toward Guatemala, 1954-1960,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies, La Antigua Guatemala, 17-21 February 1993 (cited with permission).
6. See Jim Handy, Gift of the Devil: A History of Guatemala (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1984), p. 165-184.
7. The debate about why, to what extent and for how long Maya in various parts of the highlands supported the different revolutionary groups has become quite complex, with clearly opposing sides drawn partly at least by ideological considerations. For two sides of the argument see Carol Smith, “Conclusion: History and Revolution in Guatemala,” in Carol Smith, ed., Guatemalan Indians and the State (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), p. 258-286
8. Susanne Jonas, The Battle for Guatemala (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), esp. p. 131-143.
9. Capt. Juan Cifuentes, “Apreciación de Asuntos Civiles para el Area Ixil,” Revista Militar (1982)
10. cited in Beatriz Manz, Refugees of a Hidden War (Albany: SUN Y Press, 1988), p. 18-20.
11. This policy and its consequences have been widely reported. The most descriptive and evocative account is Ricardo Falla's Masacres de la Selva (Guatemala City: University of San Carlos, 1992).
12. Cited in Jonas, Battle for Guatemala, p. 167.
13. Cited in Comité Pro Justicia y Paz de Guatemala, Human Rights in Guatemala (February 1984), p. 10-11.
14. Cited in Noticias de Guatemala, 15 October 1982.
15. See Centro de Estudios Integrados de Desarrollo Comunal, Guatemala, Polos de Desarrollo: El Caso de la Desestructuración de las Comunidades Indígenas (Mexico City: CEDEC, 1990).
16. For some indication of the change, see the recent call from Christian Tomuschat, the U.N.-appointed human rights observer, that the Estado Mayor and the National Police be demilitarized, in Prensa Libre, 7 March 1993, p. 8.
17. “Entrevista en México a Gaspar Ilom,” Polémica, 2, 14: 16-20
18. H. Shetemul, J. L. Font y M. Castillo, “El diálogo de paz, táctica de la guerra?” Crónica, 29 January 1993, p. 16-20.
19. “La industria de la maguila; fuente de riqueza y explotación,” Tinamit, 15 October 1992, p. 16-19;
20. Juan Pablo Pérez Sáinz, Manuela Camus and Santiago Bastos, Todito, todito es trabajo: indígenas y empleo en Cuidad de Guatemala (Guatemala City: FLACSO, 1992);
21. Santiago Bastos y Manuela Camus, Indígenas en la Cuidad de Guatemala: Subsistencia y Cambio Etnico (Guatemala City: FLACSO, 1990).
22. The importance of the “Indian question” in Guatemala is illustrated by the inability to agree on the number of Maya. Government figures suggest the Maya are around 40% of the population. A recent working paper by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, using what they call the most conservative available estimates, puts the percentage of Mayan population at 43.8%, whereas a recent paper by George Lovell and Chris Lutz estimates that population at 60%. See Censos Nacionales de 1981, IX Censo de Población, Vol. 1, p. 37;
23. Maurizio Gnere, Indigenous Peoples of Latin America, Working Paper No. 30 (IAFD, 1990);
24. George Lovell and Chris Lutz, “Conquest and Population: Maya Demography in Historical Perspective,” paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, Los Angeles, 23-26 September 1992.
25. La Hora, 12 January 1993, p. 3.
26. La Hora, 12 February 1993, p. 2
27. Prensa Libre 20 January 1993, p. 4.
28. On Convention 169 see José Toledo Ordoñez, “Análisis del Convenio 69 [s/c] de la OIT,” 4 and 5 November 1992, p. 12
29. Julio César Godoy Anleu, “Demagogia en al izquierda, temor y vacío en la derecha (Convenio 169),” Siglo Veintiuno, 4 November 1992, p. 11.
30. On D.C. and guerrillas see H. Shetumul and C. Morales, “Los contactos entre la DC y la URNG estremecen al país,” Crónica, 19 February 1993, p. 16-20.
31. Julio Castellano Cambranes, Democratización y movimientos campesinos protierras en Guatemala (Guatemala City: CERCA, 1988)
32. cuaderno 3, and his edition of Agrarismo en Guatemala (Guatemala City, CERCA monografía 1, 1986).
33. Demetrio Cojtí Cuxul, Configuración del pensamiento político del pueblo Maya (Quezaltenango: Asociación de escritores mayances de Guatemala, 1991);
34. Luis Enrique Sam Colop, “Derechos del Hombre Bicultural en Guatemala,” in Demetrio Rodríguez Guaján, ed., Cultura Maya y políticas de desarrollo (Chmaltenango: Coordinadora Cakchiquel de Desarrollo Integral, 1989), p. 101-115;
35. Demetrio Coijtí Cuxul, “Problemas del la Identidad Nacional in Guatemala,” in Guaján, ed., Cultura Maya y políticas de Desarrollo, p. 116-133;
36. Demetrio Cojtí Cuxul, “Derechos Específicos del Pueblo Maya,” in Guaján, ed., Cultura Maya y políticas de Desarrollo, p. 223-235;
37. Foro del Pueblo Maya y Los Candidatos a la Presidencia de Guatemala (Guatemala: Seminario Permanente de Estudios Mayas, 1992).
38. “Convenio 169: Convenio Sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales en países independientes,” Documento Especial, Infopress Centroamericano, 5 November 1992.
39. See the public letter from the AGA in La Hora, 29 October 1992, p. 12.
40. Julio César Godoy Anleu, “Demagogia en la izquierda, temor y vacía en la derecha (Convenio 169),” Siglo Veintiuno, 4 November 1992, p. 11;
41. Mario Antonio Sandoval, “Colas de Convenio 169,” Prensa Libre, 2 November 1992, p. 10;
42. “Otros efectos negativos,” Prensa Libre, 4 November 1992, p. 10.
43. Cited in La Hora, 5 October 1992, p. 2.
44. La Hora, 8 October 1992, p. 4;
45. for further discussion of the Convention's voyage through Congress and its implications see Miguel Angel Albizures, “Los pueblos mayas no propician el cercenamiento territorial,” Comentario, Siglo Veintiuno, 16 November 1992, p. 20;
46. Rigoberto Quemé Chay, “El Convenio 169 y la realidad social,” Comentario, Siglo Veintiuno, 31 October 1992, p. 12-13;
47. José Toledo Ordóñez, “Análisis del Convenio 169, part 1,” Opiniones, Prensa Libre, 5 November 1992, p. 12
48. “Part II,” 4 November 1992, p. 12;
49. “Convenio 169, Puerta al desarrollo indígena,” Prensa Libre, domingo, 11 October 1992, p. 8-9;
50. Marta Altolaguirre, “Convenio No. 169 Sobre Pueblos y Tribales,” Siglo Vientiuno, Momento, 20 September 1992, p. 6-7.
51. Cited in Prensa Libre, 4 October 1992, p. 6;
52. see also Fernando Poroj, “La conquista que no terminó en Quiché,” Prensa Libre, Domingo, 11 October 1992, p. 6-7.
53. Juan Manuel Fernández Fernández, El Comité de Unidad Campesina: Origen y Desarrollo (Guatemala City: CERCA, 1988), cuaderno 2.
54. For an interesting, if certainly not impartial, history of CUC see Rigoberta Menchú and CUC, Trenzado el futuro: luchas campesinas en la historia reciente de Guatemala (Donostia: Tercera Prensa, 1992).
55. La Hora, 16 February 1993, p. 16
56. Prensa Libre, 28 February 1993, p. 3.
57. Tuyuc has mentioned two dates for the kidnapping; the most specific is 24 May 1985 (see “Hija de humilde matrimonio cristiano, hoy dirigente por convicción,” La Hora, 6 marzo 1993, p. 7). She placed the kidnapping in 1984 in an interview with Polémica, 15: 35.
58. Tuyuc, “Hija de humilde,” p. 7
59. Rosalina Tuyuc, “You Can't Trade a Husband's Love for a Few Pounds of Corn,” in Emilie Smith-Ayala, comp., The Granddaughters of lxmucané (Toronto: Women's Press Books, 1991), p. 181-184.
60. “Mi Padre fue secuestrado por los militares en 1982,” entrevista con Rosalina Tuyuc, Polémica, 15: 34-36.
61. “Hacia la disolución de las PAC,” Noticias de Guatemala (August 1992), p. 6;
62. for an interesting discussion of the way military commissioners and PACs heightened violence for personal gain in one community, see Benjamin Paul and William Demarest, “The Operation of a Death Squad in San Pedro la Laguna,” in Robert Carmack, ed., Harvest of Violence (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), p. 119-154.
63. La Hora, 6 October 1992
64. Prensa Libre, 16 March 1993, p. 3.
65. Rosalina Tuyuc, cited in “Campesinos en marcha de protesta,” La Hora, 1 February 1993, p. 7;
66. see also Siglo Veintiuno, 2 February 1993, p. 6
67. La Hora, 17 March 1993, p. 6.
68. See Prensa Libre, 9 March 1993, p. 4;
69. Siglo Veintiuno, 9 March 1993, p. 4;
70. Rosalina Tuyuc, “El reclutamiento militar forzoso y la paz,” Siglo Veintinuo, 20 February 1993, p. 12;
71. “Derecho de respuesta al campo pagado ‘El reclutamiento militar fozoso …,” Siglo Veintiuno, 1 March 1993, p. 39.
72. Cirilo Mendoza, cited in Prensa Libre, 25 February 1993, p. 24;
73. see also Siglo Veintiuno, 25 February 1993, p. 6
74. ‘ 26 February 1993, p. 8.
75. La Hora, 26 January 1993, p. 6.
76. “Cabildo en Sololá,” Noticias de Guatemala (August 1992), p. 11-13.
77. See Prensa Libre, 1 December 1992, p. 8
78. Siglo Veintiuno, 3 December 1992, p. 3.
79. Cited in Prensa Libre, 12 September 1992, p. 6.
80. La Hora, 11 March 1993, p. 3.
81. Guaján, ed., Cultura Maya y políticas de desarrollo, p. 323-333.
82. La Hora, 10 February 1993, p. 3;
83. La Hora, 9 February 1993, p. 3;
84. Siglo Veintino, 8 February 1993, p. 3.
85. La Hora, 13 March 1993, p. 3;
86. Prensa Libre, 7 March 1993, p. 8;
87. Siglo Veintiuno, 15 February 1993, p. 3.
88. Prensa Libre, 21 January 1993, p. 17.
89. On civic action see Prensa Libre, 25 January 1993, p. 36;
90. Prensa Libre, 13 March 1993, p. 14;
91. Siglo Veintiuno, 25 January 1993, p. 3.
92. See also Prensa Libre, 16 March 1993, p. 2;
93. Luis Rivera, “Hablaremos del Ejército,” Part II, Prensa Libre, 26 January 1993, p. 12;
94. Capitán Alan Roberto Castellanos Reyes, “La tristeza y la vergüenza de un pueblo,” Siglo Veintiuno, 15 February 1993, p. 18.
95. On forced recruitment see Congressman Guillermo Nicolás Accimoc, member of the Congressional defence committee, in Prensa Libre, 15 February 1993, p. 4.
96. “Pachój Lemoa, testimonio de la impunidad,” Noticias de Guatemala (August 1992), p. 2-4
97. Prensa Libre, 13 September 1992, p. 9.
98. Siglo Veintiuno, 30 January 1993, p. 6.
99. La Hora, 10 February 1993, p. 7;
100. Siglo Veintiuno, 10 February 1993, p. 6;
101. La Hora, 2 March 1993, p. 8.
102. La Hora, 11 March 1993, p. 3;
103. Prensa Libre, 17 March 1993, p. 4;
104. Prensa Libre, 21 April 1993, p. 2.
105. Cited in Prensa Libre, 15 September 1992, p. 6.