Private Entrepreneurs as Citizens: From Leninism to Corporatism

China Information

Volumn 10, Issue 3-4, 1995, Pages 1-28

  Parris, Kristen ^a  

^a WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972653554     PISSN: 0920203X     EISSN: 1741590X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0920203X9501000301     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Judith Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. Cambridge, ma: Harvard University Press 1991.
2. Among recent theorists, Barrington Moore sees an inherent affinity between democracy and me bourgeoisie in Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press 1966), while Jürgen Habermas traces the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the emergence and evolution of civil society in Europe in The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, T. Burger and F. Lawrence (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1989.
3. Wang Shaoguang, “Guanyu ’shiminshehui’ de jidian sudang” (Some Reflections on Civil Society), Ershiyi shiji, Vol. 8 (December 1991), pp. 102-114;
4. Deng Zhenglai and Jing Yuejin, “Jiangou Zhongguo de shimin shehui” (Constructing China’s Civil Society), Zhongguo shehui kexue jikan, No. 1 (1992), pp. 58-68;
5. Ma Changshan, “Gongmiw wenhua: Jingsheng wenhua jianshe de zhongyao neirong” (Civic Culture: The Important Content in the Construction of a Spiritual Civilization), Shehui kexue (Shanghii), No. 8 (1993), pp. 48-57;
6. Shu-Yun Ma, “The Chinese Discourse on Civil Society”, The China Quarterly, No. 137 (March 1994), pp. 181-193.
7. Robert Bates and Da Hsiang Donald Lien, “A Note on Taxation, Development and Representative Government”, Politics and Society, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 53-70.
8. Lieorge Kolankiewicz, “The Reconstruction of Citizenship: Reverse Incorporation in Eastern Europe”, in K. Pozanski (Ed.), Constructing Capitalism. Boulder Westview 1992.
9. Michael Walzer, “Citizensnip”, in Terrence Ball, James Farr and Russel Hanson (Eds.), Political Innovation and Conceptual Change. Camrridge: Cambridge University Press 1989, p. 211.
10. Peter Riesenberg, Citizenship in the Western Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1992, pp. xvii-xxii.
11. Derek Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and coucatton. Essex, England: Longman 1991; Peter Riesenberg.
12. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. CamDnage, MA: Harvard University Press 1992, p. x.
13. T.H. Marshall, “Citizenship and Social class”, in Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Camrridge: Cambridge University Press 1950, p. 29.
14. Michael Mann, “Ruling Class strategies ana citizenship”, Sociology, vol. 21 (1987), pp. 339-354.
15. Bryan Turner, “Outline of a Theory of Citizenship”, in Chantal Mouffe (Ed.), Dimensions of Radical Democracy. London: Verso 1992, pp. 44-45.
16. Guillermo O’Donnell, Phillippe C. Scnmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Transinons from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press 1986, p. 48.
17. This view is associated with Edmund Burke who saw local groups, regional associations as crucial intermediaries between the state and the individual. See Robert Nisbet, “Citizenship: Two Traditions”, Social Research, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter 1974), pp. 623-625 and Turner, op. at, p. 54. More recently, it is a view common among scholars of East-Central Europe, see Kolankiewicz, see also Heath B. Chamberlain, “Coming to Terms with Civil Society”, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 31 (January 1994), p. 115.
18. Jean Jacques Rousseau, The social contract & Discourses, G.D.H. Cole (trans.). New York: E.P. Dutton 1913, p. 48, quoted in Nisbet, pp. 619-620.
19. Tang Tsou, “Reflections on the Formation and Foundations of the Communist Party-State”, in Tang Tsou (Ed.), The Cultural Revolution and Post-Mao Reforms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1986, p. 272. Lianjiang Li and Kevin O’Brien make the same point in a recent paper “Chinese Villagers and Popular Resistance”, presented at the Twenty-Fourth Sino-Amrican Conference on Contemporary China, 15-17 June 1995, Washington D.C., p. 23.
20. Mira Marody, “From Social ideal to Real world: Clash Between New Possibilities and Old Habits”, in K. Pozanski (Ed.) Constructing Capitalism. Boulder: Westview 1992.
21. Shou Jixiang, He Yongxiang and Xu Huiliang, “Duili geti shuishou znengguan xintizni de tantao”, Shuiwu yanjiu, Vol. 12 (1993).
22. According one report there were estimated to be as many private enterprises wearing red hats as there are legally registered as siying in 1993. Wu Shuzhi and Chen Yuansheng, “Dangqian siying jingji fazhanzhongde wenti ji duice” (The Current Development of the Private Economy: Problems and Countermeasures), Lilun dongtai, Vol. 4 (1994), p. 4.
23. Phillippe Schmitter, “Still a Century of Corporatism.’ in Frederick B. Pike and Thomas Stntch (Eds.), The New Corporatism. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame 1974, p. 93.
24. Anita Chan and Jonathan Unger, China, Corporatism, and ine East Asian Moaei, me Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 33 (January 1995), p. 38.
25. Andrew walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Indusity. Berkeley: University of California Press 1986, pp. 86-87.
26. Interviews, 1989 and 1993; He Bosheng, zhongguo baiwan fuweng. Shanxi: Shanxi renmin chubanshe 1993. Because the Party constitution excludes exploiters, the question of membership for siying entrepreneurs has been debated within the Party. Just after the 4 June 1989 massacre, Party policy was to exclude all siying entrepreneurs, but since Deng’s trip to the south in 1992, the policy again come under debate and entrepreneurs were once again admitted in 1993 (information based on the aforementioned sources).
27. Guo Zonghe, “Woguo geti siying qiye jianxi” (A Preliminary Anllysis of our country’s Individual and Private Enterprises), Jingji yanjiu cankao, Vol. 24 (1993), pp. 25-32.
28. Interviews, 1989 and 1993; shi Xianmin, Tishi tupo = beijingshi xicnengqu gcunu yanjiu. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe 1993, pp. 202-203, 210.
29. Interviews, 1989 and 1993.
30. Yuan Enznen, Zhongguo siying jingji: xianziwang, taznanyu pinggu. snangnai: anangnai renmin chubanshe 1993, p. 220.
31. Interviews 1993.
32. Chen Detan and Zheng Qi, “Shuizni gaige ae smjian yu rensni”, practice and unaerstanaing of the Tax System Reform) Jmgji yanjiu cankao ziliao, No. 7 (1988), p. 13.
33. David Bachman, “Implementing Chinese lax Policy”, in David Lampton (Ed.), Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China. Berkeley: University of California Press 1987, p. 130.
34. Kristen Parris, “Axing the Private Sector in the People’s Republic ot China”. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, 18-20 March 1993.
35. Lu Zuomin, “Kangsnui xianxiang da toushi” (A Careful look at the tax Resistance Phenomenon), Zhongguo qingnianbao, 5 September 1989, p. 4.
36. Lin Xuanqing, Zhou Xingcha and Ni Jiannang, “Dui geti gongsnang nu suaangjiaoyu gongzuo bixu qieshi jiaqiang” (We Must Appropriately Strengthen Ideological Educational Work Towards Individual Industrial and Commercial Househllds), Wenzhou Luntan, No. 6 (1987), pp. 21-22.
37. Interviews 1989.
38. “Dui Beijingshi zongwenqu gen gongshanghu siying qiyezhujingji zhuangqingji shehui zhengzhi taidu de diaocha baogao” (A Research Report on the Economic Situation and the Social and Political Attitudes of the Individual and Private Owners in Zongwen District, Beijing”, Jingji gongzuozhe xuexi ziliao, Vol. 58 (1989).
39. Interviews 1989.
40. Wang Hong, “Xiangdai fuweng” (Contemporary Men or Weaitn), Jmgji shengtwoOao, a Maren 1993, p. 1.
41. Wenzhou ribao, 2 February 1993.
42. Hu Hongwei, “Wenznou xingqi minjianoan xuesnuchao” (Wenznou’s New Upsurge of people-Run Schools), Liaowang zhoukan haiwaiban, Vol. 45 (1992), pp. 9-10.
43. Mary Rankin, Elite Activism and Political Transformation in cnina: Zhejiang Province 1865– 1911. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1986, pp. 204-242.
44. Kristin Renwick Monroe, “John Donne’s People: explaining Differences between Rational Actors and Altruists through Cognitive Framewrrks”, Journal of Poiitics, Vol. 53 (May 1991), pp. 394-433.
45. Joseph Fewsmith, Party, state, and Local Elites in Republican China. Honolulu: University of Hawiii Press 1985, p. 18.
46. Andrew Walder, “Popular Protest in the 1989 Democracy Movement: The Pattern of Grass-Roots Organization”, University Service Center Seminar Series, No. 8. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong 1992.
47. Kristen Parris, “Local Initiative and National Reform. The Wenzhou model of Development”, The China Quarterly, Vol. 134 (June 1993), p. 261.
48. Interviews 1993. On the weakness of similar entrepreneurial associations in Fujian, see David Wank, “Private Business, Bureaucracy, and Political Alliance in a Chinese City”, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 33 (January 1995), pp. 55-70.
49. Bryna Goodman, “New Culture, Old Habits: Native Place Organization and the May Fourth Movement”, in Frederic Wakeman, Jr. and Wen-hsin Yeh (Eds.), Shanghai Sojourners. Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, p. 101.
50. Interviews 1989.
51. Interviews, 1989 and 1993.
52. Bruun,1993, p. 139.
53. This announcement was made at a conference I attended on the private economy sponsored by the Bureau in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, in January 1989.
54. Jonathan Unger, “‘Bridges’: Private Business, the chinese government, and the Rise of New Associations” (manuscript), p. 19. Forthcoming in The China Quarterly, September 1996.