The myth of ethnic division: Township conflict on the Reef

Race & Class

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 1991, Pages 1-14

  Taylor, Rupert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972599813     PISSN: 03063968     EISSN: 17413125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030639689103300201     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. The death toll for Soweto 1976, over a four-month period, has been put at 700, see John Kane-Berman, The Method in the Madness (London, 1979) pp. 26-8; that for the Reef conflict, to the end of September at 805, see ‘Reef violence: July-September 1990’ and ‘Reef violence: September-November’, SA Barometer (Vol.4, nos 18 and 23, 1990). In both cases, the true figures are higher, as these rest on reported incidents only.
2. For the period 22 July-20 September, the number of deaths, by locale, has been put at East Rand 483, Soweto 167, Vaal 63, West Rand 38 and Johannesburg 36, see SA Barometer ‘Reef violence: July-September 1990’.
3. The death toll rose from 27 in July to 512 in August, dropping to 266 in September, see ‘Reef violence: September-November 1990’.
4. Philippa Garson, ‘The killing fields’, Africa Report (Vol. 35, no. 5, 1990), p. 47.
5. Press statement of the ANC, presented by Walter Sisulu (28 June 1990).
6. Metropolitan support for Inkatha has been minimal, see Mark Orkin, ‘Politics, social change, and black attitudes to sanctions’, in Mark Orkin (ed.), Sanctions Against Apartheid (Cape Town, 1989), p. 83. 7 Independent Board of Inquiry into Informal Repression, Reports on Violence in the Reef Townships (Johannesburg. 1990).
7. Report of the National Working Committee on Violence to the ANC NEC (18 September 1990).
8. The expression ‘black-on-black’ violence was used to explain protests in black townships 1984-6, see Catholic Institute for International Relations, Now Everyone is Afraid: the changing face of policing in South Africa, (London, 1988) pp.67-82. It has also been applied to the Natal conflict, Matthew Kentridge, An Unofficial War: inside the conflict in Pietermaritzburg (Cape Town, 1990).
9. Khaba Mkhize, ‘Ways of seeing: ethnicitv and violence’, Indicator South Africa (Vol. 8, no. 1, 1990), pp. 11-13.
10. Giliomee is professor of political studies at the University of Cape Town, Johnson is a fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford, and Horowitz is professor of public policy studies and professor of political science at Duke University, North Carolina.
11. D. L. Horowitz, ‘The beginning of the end’. New Republic (26 November 1990).
12. See opinion poll evidence cited in Mzala, Gatsha Buthelezi: chief with a double agenda (London, 1988), pp. 135-6. And Orkin, p. 83.
13. Andrew Mapetho, ‘The violence: a view from the ground’, Work in Progress (Johannesburg) (No. 69, September 1990), pp. 5-8.
14. Khehla Shubane, ‘The violence in some PWV townships’ (paper. Centre for Policy Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1990), p. 13.
15. John Matisonn, ‘Of “tribalism”, Mandela and the Xhosa tradition’, Work in Progress (No. 69, September 1990), p. 14. 17 Shubane, pp. 5-6.
16. ‘Focus on PWV townships’, SA Barometer (Vol. 3, no. 4, 1990), p. 51.
17. Alister Sparks, The Mind of South Africa: the story of the rise and fall of apartheid (London, 1990), pp. 147-82.
18. John Sharp. ‘Ethnic group and nation: the apartheid vision in South Africa’, in John Sharp and Emile Boonzaier (eds). South African Keywords, Cape Town, 1950), p. 81.
19. Neville Alexander, ‘Race, ethnicity and nationalism in social science in South Africa, in Sow the Wind (Johannesburg, 1987), pp. 126-53.
20. Gerhard Maré and Georgina Hamilton, Appetite for Power: Inkatha and the politics of loyal resistance (Johannesburg, 1987); see also, Chris Lowe, ‘Buthelezi, Inkatha, and the problem of ethnic nationalism in South Africa’, Radical History Review (No. 46/7, 1990), pp. 397-406.
21. Praisley Mdluli, ‘Ubunto-Botho: Inkatha's peoples’ education’, Transformation (No. 5, 1987), pp. 60-77.
22. South African Institute of Race Relations, Race Relations Survey 1989/90 (Johannesburg, 1990), p. 450.
23. Philip Mayer, ‘Class, status and ethnicity as perceived by Johannesburg Africans’, in L. Thompson and J. Butler (eds). Change in Contemporary South Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975), pp. 138-67; Lynette Dreyer, The Modern African Elite of South Africa (London, 1989), p. 102, table 5.4.
24. William F Lye and Colin Murray, Transformations on the Highveld: the Tswana and Southern Sotho (Cape Town, 1980), pp. 98-104.
25. ‘Income distribution in South Africa’, SA Barometer, (Vol. 4, No. 4, 1990), p. 57. See also, Francis Wilson and Mamphela Ramphele, Uprooting Poverty: the South African challenge (Cape Town, 1989), pp. 83-97.
26. PLANACT Report, The Soweto Rent Boycott (Johannesburg, 1989), p. 33.
27. South African Institute of Race Relations, p. 36. See also, C. de Beer, The South African Disease: apartheid health and health services (Johannesburg, 1984).
28. Income distribution in South Africa, p. 57.
29. ‘Focus on PWV townships’, SA Barometer (Vol. 3, no. 4, 1990), p. 54.
30. Eddie Webster, Cast in a Racial Mould: labour process and trade unionism in the foundries (Johannesburg, 1985), p. 195-215; Doug Hindson and Owen Crankshaw, ‘New jobs, new skills, new divisions: the changing structure of SA's workforce’, South African Labour Bulletin (Vol. 15, no. 1, 1990), pp. 23-31.
31. A hostel-dweller quoted in Webster, p. 206.
32. Harry Mashabela, Townships of the PWV (Johannesburg, 1988).
33. Labour and Economic Research Centre, ‘Housing facts and figures’, (Johannesburg, 1989), tables 2 and 3.
34. Pauline Morris, Soweto: a review of existing conditions and some guidelines for change (Johannesburg, 1980), p. 148.
35. See photographic evidence in Peter Magubane, June 16: the fruit of fear (Johannesburg, 1986). For a detailed discussion of the Mzimhlope hostel events, see Glenn Moss, ‘Crisis and conflict: Soweto 1976-1977’ (Master's dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, 1982).
36. Josette Cole, Crossroads: the politics of reform an depression 1976-1986 (Johannesburg, 1987), p. 147.
37. On the rise of the union movement since 1970, see Steven Friedman, Building Tomorrow Today: African workers in trade unions, 1970-1984 (Johannesburg, 1987). On assertiveness of migrant workers, see Ari Sitas, ‘From grassroots control to grassroots democracy: transformations of moral formations and struggles amongst migrant workers on the East Rand’, Labour, Capital and Society (Vol. 18, no. 2, 1986), pp. 372-401; Roger Southall, ‘Migrants and trade unions in South Africa today’, Canadian Journal of African Studies (Vol. 20, no. 2, 1986), pp. 161-85.
38. David Webster and Maggie Friedman, ‘Repression and the state of emergency: June 1987-March 1988’, in G. Moss and I. Obery (eds), p. 22, table 1(b).
39. Mapetho, p. 8. In October 1990, in the PWV area, there were only 34, 760 ANC members in 54 branches, ANC Membership Statistics (16 October 1990).
40. Harry Mashabela, Fragile Figures? the 1988 PWV township elections (Johannesburg, 1989) pp. 12-13.