Effects of diet and physical activity on adiposity and body fat distribution: Implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease

Nutrition Research Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 137-159

  Despres, Jean Pierre ^a   Lamarche, Benoit ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972487446     PISSN: 09544224     EISSN: 14752700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/NRR19930010     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. AHA Nutrition Committee (1982). Rationale of the diet-heart statement of the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis 2, 177-191.
2. Altekruse, E. G. & Wilmore, J. H. (1973). Changes in blood chemistries following a controlled exercise program. Journal of Occupational Medicine 15, 110-113.
3. American College of Sports Medicine (1990). Position stand: The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cariorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 265-274.
4. Anderson, A. J., Sobocinski, K. A., Freedman, D. S., Barboriak, J. J., Rimm, A. A. & Gruchow, H. W. (1988). Body fat distribution, plasma lipids, and lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis 8, 88-94.
5. Austin, M. A., Breslow, J. L., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., Willett, W. C. & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Low density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association 260, 1917-1921.
6. Austin, M. A., King, M.-C., Vranizan, K. M. & Krauss, R. M. (1990). Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk. Circulation 82, 495-506.
7. Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1985). Obesity, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 1010-1019.
8. Bernstein, M. J. (1985). Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 253, 2080-2086.
9. Bjorntorp, P. (1981). Effects of exercise on plasma insulin. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2, 125-129.
10. Bjorntorp, P. (1984). Hazards in subgroups of human obesity (editorial). European Journal of Clinical Investigation 14, 239-241.
11. Bjorntorp, P. (1988). Abdominal obesity and the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 4, 615-622.
12. Bjorntorp, P. (1991a). Visceral fat accumulation: The missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease? Journal of Internal Medicine 230, 195-201.
13. Bjorntorp, P. (1991b). Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes Care 14, 1132-1143.
14. Bjorntorp, P., De Jounge, K., Sjostrom, L. & Sullivan, L. (1970). The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 19, 631-638.
15. Blackburn, G. L. & Kanders, B. S. (1987). Medical evaluation and treatment of the obese patient with cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Cardiology 60 (12), 55G-58G.
16. Blair, D., Habicht, J. P., Sims, E. A. H., Sylwester, D. & Abraham, S. (1984). Evidence for an increased risk for hypertension with centrally located body fat and the effect of race and sex on this risk. American Journal of Epidemiology 119, 526-540.
17. Bolinder, J., Kager, L., Ostman, J. & Arncr, P. (1983). Differences at the receptor and postreceptor levels between human omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the action of insulin on lipolysis. Diabetes 32, 117-123.
18. Borkan, G. A., Gerzof, S. G., Robbins, A. H., Hults, D. E., Silbert, C. K. & Silbert, J. E. (1982). Assessment of abdominal fat content by computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, 172-177.
19. Bouchard, C. & Despres, J. P. (1989). Variation in fat distribution with age and health implications. In Physical Activity and Aging, pp. 78-106 [H. M. Eckert and W. Spirduso, editors]. American Academy of Physical Education.
20. Bouchard, C., Despres, J. P. & Tremblay, A. (1993). Exercise and obesity. Obesity Research 1, 40-54.
21. Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Despres, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G., Dussault, J., Moorjani, S., Pineault, S. & Fournier, G. (1990«). The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. New England Journal of Medicine 322, 1477-1482.
22. Bouchard, C., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., Dussault, J., Despres, J.-P., Theriault, G., Lupien, P. J., Serressc, O., Boulay, M. R. & Fournier, G. (1990b). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1. Effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. International Journal of Obesity 14, 57-73.
23. Bray, G. A. (1985). Complications of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 1052-1062.
24. Bray, G. A. (1988). Exercise and obesity. In Exercise, Fitness and Health: a consensus of current knowledge, pp. 497 510 [C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. R. Sutton and B. D. McPherson, editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
25. Bray, G. A. & Gray, D. S. (1988). Treatment of obesity: An overview. Diabetes/ Metabolism Reviews 4, 653-679.
26. Brindley, D. N. & Rolland, Y. (1989). Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. Clinical Science 77, 453-461.
27. Brownell, K. D. & Kramer, F. M. (1989). Behavioural management of obesity. Medical Clinics of North America 73, 185-201.
28. Brownell, K. D. & Wadden, T. A. (1992). Etiology and treatment of obesity. Understanding a serious, prevalent and refractory disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60, 505-517.
29. Canada Fitness Survey (1982). Canada's Fitness: preliminary findings of the 1981 survey.
30. Canadian Consensus Conference on Cholesterol (1988). Final report. Canadian Medical Association Journal 139 (11, suppl.). 1-8.
31. Carpenter, M. A. & Bodansky, H. J. (1990). Drug treatment of obesity in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 7, 99-104.
32. Danforth, E. (1985). Diet and obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 1132-1145.
33. DeFronzo, R. A. & Ferrannini, E. (1991). Insulin resistance: A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM. obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14, 173-194.
34. Despres, J.-P. (1991a). Obesity and lipid metabolism: Relevance of body fat distribution. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2, 5-15.
35. Despres, J.-P. (1991b). Obesity, regional adipose tissue distribution and metabolism: Effect of exercise. In Obesity: Dietary Factors and Control, pp. 251-259 [D. R. Romsos, J. Himms-Hagen and M. Suzuki, editors]. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press.
36. Despres, J.-P. (1992). Clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in abdominal obesity. Canadian Lipidology Review 2. 15-23.
37. Despres, J.-P. (1993). Physical activity and adipose tissue. In Physical Activity, Fitness & Health [C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard and T. Stephens, editors]. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers. (In the Press).
38. Despres, J.-P., Allard, C., Tremblay, A., Talbot, J. & Bouchard, C. (1985). Evidence for a regional component of body fatness in the association with serum lipids in men and women. Metabolism 34, 967-973.
39. Despres, J.-P., Ferland, M., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989a). Role of hepatic-triglyceride lipase activity in the association between intra–abdominal fat and plasma HDL cholesterol in obese women. Arteriosclerosis 9, 485-492.
40. Despres, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Ferland, M., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Nadeau, A., Pinault, S., Theriault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989a). Adipose tissue distribution and plasma lipoprotein levels in obese women: Importance of intra–abdominal fat. Arteriosclerosis 9, 203-210.
41. Despres, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1990a). Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 10, 497-511.
42. Despres, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Ferland, M. & Lupien, P. J. (1989c). Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38, 304-309.
43. Despres, J.-P., Pouliot, M.-C., Moorjani, S., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1991a). Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. American Journal of Physiology 261, E159-E167.
44. Despres, J.-P., Pouliot, M. C., Prud'homme, D., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991 A). Abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinaemia and related hypertriglyceridaemia are important correlates of LDL composition in men. International Journal of Obesity 15 (suppl. 1), Abstract 037.
45. Despres, J.-P., Prud’homme, D., Pouliot, M.-C., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991c). Estimation of deep abdominal adipose-tissue accumulation from simple anthropometric measurements in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 471-477.
46. Despres, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1990b). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 3. Effects on plasma lipoprotein levels. International Journal of Obesity 14, 85-94.
47. Despres, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Theriault, G., Perusse, L., Leblanc, C. & Bouchard, C. (1988). Relationships between body fatness, adipose tissue distribution and blood pressure in men and women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 41, 889-897.
48. Donahue, R. P., Abbott, R. D., Bloom, E., Reed, D. M. & Yano, K. (1987). Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men. Lancet 1, 821-824.
49. Ducimetiere, P., Richard, J. & Cambien, F. (1986). The pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution in middle-aged men and the risk of coronary heart disease. The Paris prospective study. International Journal of Obesity 10. 299-240.
50. Eisenberg, S. (1983). Lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism. A dynamic evaluation of the plasma fat transport system. Klinische Wochenschrift 61, 119-132.
51. Eisenberg, S. (1984). High density lipoprotein metabolism. Journal of Lipid Research 25, 1017-1058.
52. Enzi, G., Gasparo, M., Biondetti, P. R., Fiore, D., Semisa, M. & Zurlo, F. (1986). Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 739-746.
53. Epstein, L. H. & Wing, R. R. (1980). Aerobic exercise and weight. Additive Behaviors 5, 371-388.
54. Ernsberger, P. & Askew, P. (1987). Health implications of obesity: An alternative view. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation 6, 58-137.
55. Evans, D. J., Hoffmann, R. G., Kalkhoff, R. K. & Kissebah, A. H. (1983). Relationship of androgenic activity to body fat topography, fat cell morphology, and metabolic aberrations in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 57, 304-310.
56. Evans, D. J., Hoffmann, R. G., Kalkhoff, R. K. & Kissebah, A. H. (1984). Relationship of body fat topography to insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles in premenopausal women. Metabolism 33, 68-75.
57. Farrell, P. A. & Barboriak, J. (1980). The time course of alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations during eight weeks of endurance training. Atherosclerosis 37, 231-238.
58. Felber, J. P. (1992). From obesity to diabetes. Pathophysiological considerations. International Journal of Obesity 16, 937-952.
59. Ferland, M., Despres, J.-P., Tremblay, A., Pinault, S., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1989). Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: Association with body density and anthropometric measurements. British Journal of Nutrition 61, 139-148.
60. Ferrannini, E., Buzzigoli, G., Bonadonna, R., Giorico, M. A., Oleggini, M., Graziadei, L., Pedrinelli, R., Brandi, L. & Bevilacqua, S. (1987). Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 350-357.
61. Flatt, J. P. (1987a). The difference in the storage capacities for carbohydrate and for fat, and its implications in the regulation of body weight. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 499, 104-123.
62. Flatt, J. P. (1987b). Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance, and weight maintenance: Effects of exercise. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 296-306.
63. Flatt, J. P. (1988). Importance of nutrient balance in body weight regulation. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 4, 571-581.
64. Flatt, J. P., Ravussin, E., Acheson, K. J. & Jequier, E. (1985). Effects of dietary fat on postprandial substrate oxidation and on carbohydrate and fat balances. Journal of Clinical Investigation 76, 1019-1024.
65. Foster, C. J., Weinsier, R. L., Birch, R., Norris, D. J., Bernstein, R. S., Wang, J., Pierson, R. N. & Van Itallie, T. B. (1987). Obesity and serum lipids: An evaluation of the relative contribution of body fat and fat distribution to lipid levels. International Journal of Obesity 11, 151-161.
66. Fujioka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K., Kano, Y., Kobatake, T. & Tarui, S. (1991). Treatment of visceral fat obesity. International Journal of Obesity 15 (suppl. 2), 59-65.
67. Fujioka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K. & Tarui, S. (1987). Contribution of intra–abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36, 54-59.
68. George, V., Tremblay, A., Despres, J.-P., Leblanc, C. & Bouchard, C. (1990). Effect of dietary fat content on total and regional adiposity in men and women. International Journal of Obesity 14, 1085-1094.
69. Goldstein, D. J. (1992). Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. International Journal of Obesity 16, 397-415.
70. Haffner, S. M., Stern, M. P., Hazuda, H. P., Pugh, J. & Patterson, J. K. (1987). Do upper-body and centralized adiposity measure different aspects of regional body-fat distribution? Relationship to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, lipids, and lipoproteins. Diabetes 36, 43-51.
71. Harrison, G. G. (1985). Height-weight tables. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 989 994.
72. Hartz, A. H., Rupley, D. C., Kalkhoff, R. D. & Rimm, A. A. (1983). Relationship of obesity to diabetes: Influence of obesity and body fat distribution. Preventive Medicine 12, 351-357.
73. Haskell, W. L. (1986). The influence of exercise training on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in health and disease. Acta Medica Scandinavica suppl. 71 1. 25-37.
74. Hennes, M. M. I., Shrago, E. & Kissebah, A. H. (1990). Receptor and postreceptor effects of free fatty acids (FFA) on hepatocyte insulin dynamics. International Journal of Obesity 14, 831-841.
75. Hill, J. O., Lin, D., Yakubu, F. & Peters, J. C. (1992). Development of dietary obesity in rats: Influence of amount and composition of dietary fat. International Journal of Obesity 16, 321-333.
76. Hubert, H. B., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M. & Castelli, W. P. (1983). Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease—a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 67, 968-977.
77. Jensen, M. D., Haymond, M. W., Rizza, R. A., Cryer, P. E. & Miles, J. M. (1989). Influence of body fat distribution on free fatty acid metabolism in obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation 83. 1168-1173.
78. Kalkhoff, R. K., Hartz, A. H., Rupley, D., Kissebah, A. H. & Kelber, S. (1983). Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 102, 621-627.
79. Kekki, M. (1980). Lipoprotein-lipase action determining plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in adult normolipaemics. Atherosclerosis 37, 143-150.
80. Keys, A. (1970). Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41 (suppl. 1), 1111-1211.
81. Kissebah, A. H., Evans, D. J., Peiris, A. & Wilson, C. R. (1985). Endocrine characteristics in regional obesities: Role of sex steroids. In Metabolic Complications of Human Obesities, pp. 115-130 [J. Vague, P. Bjorntorp, B. Guy-Grand, M. Rebuffe-Scrive and P. Vague, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
82. Kissebah, A. H., Freedman, D. S. & Peiris, A. N. (1989). Health risks of obesity. Medical Clinics of North America 73, 111-138.
83. Kissebah, A. H. & Peiris, A. N. (1989). Biology of regional body fat distribution: Relationship to non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 5, 83-109.
84. Kissebah, A. H., Vydelingum, N., Murray, R., Evans, D. J., Hartz, A. J., Kalkoff, R. K. & Adams, P. W. (1982). Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 54, 254-260.
85. Koivisto, V. A., Yki-Jarvinen, H. & DeFronzo, R. A. (1986). Physical training and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1, 445-481.
86. Krauss, R. M. & Burke, D. J. (1982). Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans. Journal of Lipid Research 23, 97-104.
87. Krotkiewski, M. & Bjorntorp, P. (1986). Muscle tissue in obesity with different distribution of adipose tissue: Cffects of physical training. International Journal of Obesity 10, 331-341.
88. Krotkiewski, M., Bjorntorp, P., Sjostrom, L. & Smith, U. (1983). Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. Journal of Clinical Investigation 72, 1150-1162.
89. Krotkiewski, M., Mandroukas, K., Sjostrom, L., Sullivan, L., Wetterqvist, H. & Bjorntorp, P. (1979). Effects of long-term physical training on body fat, metabolism, and blood pressure in obesity. Metabolism 28, 650-658.
90. Kuczmarski, R. J. (1992). Prevalence of overweight and weight gain in the United States. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 495S-502S.
91. Lamarche, B., Despres, J.-P., Pouliot, M.-C., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Theriault, G., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, & Bouchard, C. (1992). Is body fat loss a determinant factor in the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism following aerobic exercise training in obese women? Metabolism 41, 1249-1256.
92. Lampman, R. M., Santinga, J. T., Savage, P. J., Bassett, D. R., Hydrick, C. R., Flora, J. D. & Block, W. D. (1985). Effect of exercise training on glucose tolerance, in vivo insulin sensitivity, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in middle-aged men with mild hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 34, 205-211.
93. Lands, W. E. M., Hamazaki, T., Yamazaki, K., Okuyama, H., Sakai, K., Goto, Y. & Hubbard, V. S. (1990). Changing dietary patterns. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 991-993.
94. Lapidus, L., Bengtsson, C., Larsson, B., Pennert, K., Rybo, E. & Sjostrom, L. (1984). Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: A 12 year follow up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. British Medical Journal 289, 1257-1261.
95. Larsson, B., Bjorntorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1981). The health consequences of moderate obesity. International Journal of Obesity 5, 97-116.
96. Larsson, B., Svardsudd, K., Welin, L., Wilhemsen, L., Bjorntorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1984). Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. British Medical Journal 288, 1401-1404.
97. Leenen, R., Van Der Kooy, K., Deurenberg, P., Seidell, J. C., Weststrate, J. A., Schouten, F. J. M. & Hautvast, J. G. A. J. (1992). Visceral fat accumulation in obese subjects: relation to energy expenditure and response to weight loss. American Journal of Physiology 263, E913-E919.
98. Leon, A. S., Conrad, J., Hunninghake, D. B. & Serfass, R. (1979). Effects of a vigorous walking program on body composition, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of obese young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32, 1776-1787.
99. Lindgren, F. T., Jensen, L. C., Wills, R. D. & Freeman, N. K. (1969). Flotation rates, molecular weights and hydrated densities of the low-density lipoproteins. Lipids 4, 337-344.
100. Lopez-S., A., Vial, R., Balart, L. & Arroyave, G. (1974). Effect of exercise and physical fitness on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 20, 1 9.
101. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on the Health Implications of Obesity (1985). Health implications of obesity. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 103, 1073-1077.
102. Nikkila, E. A., Taskinen, M.-R. & Sane, T. (1987). Plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration and subfraction distribution in relation to triglyceride metabolism. American Heart Journal 113, 543-548.
103. Nye, E. R., Carlson, K., Kirstein, P. & Rossner, S. (1981). Changes in high density lipoprotein subfractions and other lipoproteins induced by exercisc. Clinica Chimica Acta 113, 51-57.
104. Ohlson, L. O., Larsson, B., Svardsudd, K., Welin, L., Eriksson, H., Wilhelmsen, L., Bjomtorp, P. & Tibblin, G. (1985). The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13-5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 34, 1055-1058.
105. Oshida, Y., Yamanouchi, K., Hayamizu, S. & Sato, Y. (1989). Long-term mild.jogging increases insulin action despite no influence on body mass index or V, Hmax. Journal of Applied Physiology 66, 2206-2210.
106. Ostman, J., Arner, P., Engfeldt, P. & Kager, L. (1979). Regional differences in the control of lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Metabolism 28, 1198-1205.
107. Peiris, A. N., Mueller, R. A., Smith, G. A., Struve, M. F. & Kissebah, A. H. (1986). Splanchnic insulin metabolism in obesity: Influence of body fat distribution. Journal of Clinical Investigation 78, 1648-1657.
108. Peiris, A. N., Mueller, R. A., Struve, M. F., Smith, G. A. & Kissebah, A. H. (1987a). Relationship of androgenic activity to splanchnic insulin metabolism and peripheral glucose utilization in premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 64, 162-169.
109. Peiris, A. N., Struve, M. F. & Kissebah, A. H. (1987b). Relationship of body fat distribution to the metabolic clearance of insulin in premenopausal women. International Journal of Obesity 11, 581-589.
110. Peltonen, P., Marniemi, J., Hietanen, E., Vuori, I. & Ehnholm, C. (1981). Changes in serum lipids, lipoproteins, and heparin releasable lipolytic enzymes during moderate physical training in man: A longitudinal study. Metabolism 30, 518-526.
111. Poehlman, E. T. & Horton, E. S. (1990). Regulation of energy expenditure in aging humans. Annual Review of Nutrition 10, 255 275.
112. Pollare, T., Lithell, H. & Berne, C. (1990). Insulin resistance is a characteristic feature of primary hypertension independent of obesity. Metabolism 39, 167-174.
113. Pouliot, M.-C., Despres, J.-P., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A. & Bouchard, C. (1991). Regional variation in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity: Association with plasma high density lipoprotein levels. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 21, 398-405.
114. Pouliot, M.-C., Despres, J.-P., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Prud’homme, D., Lupien, P. J., Tremblay, A. & Bouchard, C. (1992). Visceral obesity in men. Associations with glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and lipoprotein levels. Diabetes 41, 826-834.
115. Rabkin, S. W., Mathewson, F. A. L. & Hsu, P.-H. (1977). Relation of body weight to development of ischemic heart disease in a cohort of young North American men after a 26-year observation period: The Manitoba study. American Journal of Cardiology 39, 452-458.
116. Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N. & Newsholme, E. A. (1963). The glucose fatty acid cycle: Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1, 785 789.
117. Raz, I., Israeli, A., Rosenblit, H. & Bar–On, H. (1988a). Influence of moderate exercise on glucose homeostasis and serum testosterone in young men with low HDL-cholesterol level. Diabetes Research 9, 31-35.
118. Raz, I., Rosenblit, H. & Kark, J. P. (1988b). Effect of moderate exercise on serum lipids in young men with low high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Arteriosclerosis 8, 245-251.
119. Reaven, G. M. (1988). Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37, 1595-1607.
120. Rebuffe-Scrive, M., Andcrsson, B., Olbe, L. & Bjomtorp, P. (1989). Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots in nonobese men and women. Metabolism 38, 453-458.
121. Rebuffe-Scrive, M., Andersson, B., Olbe, L. & Bjomtorp, P. (1990). Metabolism of adipose tissue in intraabdominal depots in severely obese men and women. Metabolism 39, 1021-1025.
122. Rebuffe-Scrive, M., Lundholm, K. & Bjomtorp, P. (1985). Glucocorticoid binding to human adipose tissue. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 15, 267-271.
123. Reeder, B. A., Angel, A., Ledoux, M., Rabkin, S. W., Young, T. K. & Sweet, L. E. (1992). Obesity and its relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal Special suppl., 37-47.
124. Rogers, M. A., Yamamoto, C., Hagberg, J. M., Holloszy, J. O. & Ehsani, A. A. (1987). The effect of 7 years of intense exercise training on patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 10, 321-326.
125. Schütz, Y., Tremblay, A., Weinsier, R. L. & Nelson, K. M. (1992). Role of fat oxidation in the long-term stabilization of body weight in obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 670-674.
126. Seals, D. R. & Hagberg, J. M. (1984). The effect of exercise training on human hypertension: A review. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise 16, 207-215.
127. Seidell, J. C., Bjomtorp, P., Sjostrom, L. Kvist, H. & Sannerstedt, R. (1990). Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose, and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 39, 897-901.
128. Seidell, J. C., Oosterlee, A., Thijssen, M. A. O., Burema, J., Deurenberg, P., Hautvast, J. G. A. J. & Ruijs, J. H. J. (1987). Assessment of intra–abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal fat: Relation between anthropometry and computed tomography. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 7-13.
129. Shen, D. C., Shieh, S. M., Fuh, M. M. T., Wu, D. A., Chen, Y. D. I. & Reaven, G. M. (1988). Resistance to insulin-stimulated-glucose uptake in patients with hypertension. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 66, 580-583.
130. Sniderman, A., Shapiro, S., Marpolc, D., Skinner, B., Teng, B. & Kwiterovich. P. O. (1980). Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hypera/>obetalipoproteinemia [increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (¡¡) lipoproteins]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 77, 604-608.
131. Sparrow, D., Borkan, G. A., Gerzof, S. G., Wisniewski, C. & Silbert, C. K. (1986). Relationship of body fat distribution to glucose tolerance. Results of computed tomography in male participants of the normative aging study. Diabetes 35, 411-415.
132. Stokes, J., Garrison, R. J. & Kannel, W. B. (1985). The independent contributions of various indices of obesity to the 22-year incidence of coronary heart disease: The Framingham heart study. In Metabolic Complications of Human Obesities, pp. 49-57 [J. Vague, P. Bjorntorp, B. Guy-Grand, M. Rebuffe-Scrive and P. Vague, editors]. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
133. Storlien, L. H., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J., Pascoe, W. S., Khouri, S. & Kraegen, E. W. (1991). Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle trigylceride and w-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipids. Diabetes 40, 280-289.
134. Svedberg, J., Bjorntorp, P., Smith, U. & Lonnroth, P. (1990). Free-fatty acid inhibition of insulin binding, degradation, and action in isolated rat hepatocytes. Diabetes 39, 570-574.
135. Swislocki, A. L. M., Hoffman, B. B. & Reaven, G. M. (1989). Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia in patients with hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension 2, 419-423.
136. Terry, R. B., Page, W. F. & Haskell, W. L. (1992). Waist/hip ratio, body mass index and premature cardiovascular disease mortality in US army veterans during a twenty-three year follow-up study. International Journal of Obesity 16, 417-423.
137. Thiebaud, D., DeFronzo, R. A., Jacot, E., Golay, A., Acheson, K., Maeder, E., Jequier, E. & Felber, J.-P. (1982). Effect of long-chain triglyceride infusion on glucose metabolism in man. Metabolism 31. 1128-1136.
138. Thomas, C. D., Peters, J. C., Reed, G. W., Abumrad, N. N., Sun, M. & Hill, J. O. (1992). Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 934-942.
139. Tikkanen, M. J. & Nikkila, E. A. (1987). Regulation of hepatic lipase and serum lipoproteins by sex steroids. American Heart Journal 113, 562-567.
140. Tremblay, A. (1992). Human obesity: A defect in lipid oxidation or in thermogenesis? International Journal of Obesity 16, 953 -957.
141. Tremblay, A., Despres, J.-P., Maheux, J., Pouliot, M.-C., Nadeau, A., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J. & Bouchard, C. (1991 a). Normalization of the metabolic profile in obese women by exercise and a low fat diet. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23, 1326-1331.
142. Tremblay, A., Lavallee, N., Almeras, N., Allard, L., Despres, J.-P. & Bouchard, C. (1991b). Nutritional determinants of the increase in energy intake associated with a high-fat diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 113-1137.
143. Tremblay, A., Nadeau, A., Despres, J.-P., St-Jean, L., Theriault, G. & Bouchard, C. (1990). Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 2. Effect on glucose metabolism and resting energy expenditure. International Journal of Obesity 14, 75-84.
144. Tremblay, A., Plourde, G., Despres, J.-P. & Bouchard, C. (1989). Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 799-805.
145. Vague, J. (1947). [Sexual differentiation, a factor affecting the forms of obesity] Presse Medicale 30, 339-340.
146. Vague, J. (1956). The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: A factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4, 20-34.
147. Van Itallic, T. B. (1979). Obesity: Adverse effects on health and longevity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 (suppl. 12), 2723-2733.
148. Weinsier, R. L., Norris, D. J., Birch, R., Bernstein, R. S., Wang, J., Yang, M. U., Pierson, R. N. & Van Itallie, T. B. (1985). The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level. Hvpertension 1, 578-585.
149. Weintraub, M. S., Rosen, Y., Otto, R., Eisenberg, S. & Breslow, J. L. (1989). Physical exercise conditioning in the absence of weight loss reduces fasting and post–prandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels. Circulation 79, 1007-1014.
150. Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Vranizan, K. M. & Wood, P. D. S. (1990). Changes in lipoprotein subfractions during diet-induced and exercise-induced weight loss in moderately overweight men. Circulation 81, 1293-1304.
151. Williams, P. T., Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L. & Vranigan, K. (1982). The effect of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. Journal of the American Medical Association 247, 2674-2679.
152. Wilmore, J. H. (1983). Body composition in sport and exercise: Directions for future research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15, 21-31.
153. Wing, R. R. & Jeffrey, R. W. (1979). Outpatient treatment of obesity: A comparison of methodology and clinical results. International Journal of Obesity 3, 261.
154. Wing, R. R., Shoemaker, M., Markus, M. D., McDermott, M. & Gooding, W. (1990). Variables associated with weight loss and improvements in glycemic control in type II diabetic patients in behavioral weight control programs. International Journal of Obesity 14, 495-503.
155. Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., Blair, S. N., Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Albers, J. J., Ho, P. H.& Farquhar, J. W. (1983). Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations: A one-year.
156. randomized. controlled study in sedentary, middle-aged men. Metabolism 32. 31-39.
157. Wood, P. D., Stefanick, M. L., Dreon, D. M., Frey-Hewitt, B., Garay, S. C., Williams, P. T., Superko, R. S., Fortmann, S. P., Albers, J. J., Vranizan, K. M., Ellsworth, N. M., Terry, R. B. & Haskell, W. L. (1988). Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. New England Jourrial of Medicine 319. 1173-1179.
158. Wood, P. D. & Stefanick, M. L. (1988). Exercise, fitness and atherosclerosis. In Exercise, Fitness and Health. A Consensus of Current Knowledge, pp. 409-420 [C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. R. Sutton and D. McPherson, editors]. Champaign, 1L: Human Kinetics Publishers.
159. Zurlo, F., Lillioja, S., Esposito-Del Puente, A., Nyomba, B. L., Raz, I., Saad, M. F., Swinburn, B. A., Knowler, W. C., Bogardus, C. & Ravussin, E. (1990). Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: Study of 24-h RQ. American Journal of Physiology 259, E650-E657.