The Accommodationists Speak: Goals and Strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt

International Journal of Middle East Studies

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 321-339

  Abed Kotob, Sana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972416702     PISSN: 00207438     EISSN: 14716380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020743800062115     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. James Walsh, “The Sword of Islam,” Time International, 15 June 1992, 18–22.
2. 2Bradford R. McGuinn, “The Islamic Challenge in Egypt: Has It Reached the Point of No Return?” Middle East Insight 9, 1 (1992): 68.
3. Amos Perlmutter, “Wishful Thinking about Islamic Fundamentalism,” Washington Post, 19 January 1992.
4. Graham E. Fuller, “Islamic Fundamentalism: No Long-Term Threat,” Washington Post, 3 January 1992.
5. Ilan Pappé, “Moderation in Islam: Religion in the Test of Reality” Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 2 (Spring 1994): 11–25.
6. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 212.
7. John L. Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 218.
8. David Sagiv, “Judge Ashmawi and Militant Islam in Egypt,” Middle Eastern Studies 28, 3 (July 1992): 531.
9. Umar al-Tilmisani, “Do the Missionaries for God Have a Program?” Liwā al-Isldm, June 1987, 7.
10. Hasan al-Banna, The Reform of Self and Society, quoted in Sami Zubaida, Islam, the People and the State (London: Routledge, 1989), 48.
11. Ahmad S. Moussalli, Sayyid Qutb: The Ideologist of Islamic Fundamentalism (abstract), al-Abhath 38 (1990): 60.
12. Charles E. Butterworth, “Prudence versus Legitimacy: The Persistent Theme in Islamic Political Thought,” in Islamic Resurgence in the Arab World, ed. Ali E. Hillal Dessouki (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1982), 95.
13. Umar al-Tilmisani, “Do the Missionaries for God Have a Program?” 8.
14. Muhammad Abdallah al-Khatib, “Al-Iftā[Legal Opinion],” Liwā al-Isldm, January 1990, 60.
15. Zainab al-Ghazali al-Jubayll, “Complete Joy at the Return of al-Dacwaf al-Dacwa, 6 May 1993,38.
16. John O. Voll, “Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World,” in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 366.
17. Jihad al-Kurdi, “The Muslim Brotherhood and Democracy: Conference Transformed to Confrontation,” Liwd? al-Isldm, October 1990, 15. This article was an analysis of a conference held in Cairo from 29 September to 1 October 1990 on “The Development of Democracy in the Arab World.”
18. “Representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood Respond to the Government's Report,” Liwā al-Isldm, February 1989, 28.
19. A1-Sādiq Abduh, “President Mubarak and the Islamic Movement after Six Years,” Liwā al-Isldm, September 1987, 27.
20. “Representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood” 28.
21. Abduh, “President Mubarak,” 27.
22. Muhammad Hāmid Abu al-Nasr, “Editorial: Liberties, between Application and Slogans,” LiwaDal-Islam, August 1988, 5.
23. Muhammad Hāmid Abu al-Nasr, “Editorial: Valuable Freedom,” LiwdDal-Islam, July 1990, 4–5.
24. Al-Sadiq Abduh, “What Has the Muslim Brotherhood Offered?” Liwā al-Islam, September 1987,14.
25. Ann M. Lesch, “The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: Reform or Revolution?” in The Religious Challenge to the State, ed. Matthew C. Moen and Lowell S. Gustafson (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 201.
26. John L. Esposito and James P. Piscatori, “Democratization and Islam,” Middle East Journal 45, 3 (Summer 1991): 429.
27. A1-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, “Parties and Political Power,” in Arab Strategic Report: 7992 (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1993), 320.
28. Al-Safir Newspaper (Lebanon), 7 September 1993, quoted in Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, “Parties and Political Power,” Arab Strategic Report: 1993 (Cairo: Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 1994), 334.
29. Mustafa Mashhur, “Islam Calls Us to Unite the Egyptian Nation,” al-ShaFb, 1 October 1991, 5.
30. Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Arab Strategic Report: 7993, 334–35.
31. Another major Brotherhood strategy is the group's provision of social services, such as the opening of a charitable school-supply market in al-Minya in 1992, to gain legitimacy among the population. Such efforts are discussed fully and very objectively in Denis J. Sullivan, Private Voluntary Organizations in Egypt: Islamic Development, Private Initiative, and State Control (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994), and thus do not need repeating here.
32. Abdel Azim Ramadan, “Fundamentalist Influence in Egypt: The Strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Takfir Groups,” in Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 177.
33. Salah Abd al-Maqsud, “Ten Charges against the Society [Muslim Brotherhood].” LiwaD al-Isldm, February 1989, 14.
34. Fauzi M. Najjar, “The Application of Sharica Laws in Egypt,” Middle East Policy 1,3 (1992): 72–73.
35. Mustafa Mashhur, “Elections: On the Road to the Call,” Liwā al-Islam, June 1987, 10.
36. Majdī Mustafa, “The Muslim Brotherhood in the People's Assembly: Trial and Results; Dialogue with Ma3mun al-Hudaybf,” LiwdDal-Islam, June 1990, 24–25.
37. Abd al-Maqsud, “Ten Charges,” 13.
38. Al-Tilmisani, “Do the Missionaries for God Have a Program?” 8.
39. Abd al-Maqsud, “Ten Charges,” 16.
40. Hasan al-Banna, Five Tracts of Hasan al-Banna (1907-1949): A Selection from the Majmucat RasiPil al-Imam al-Shahld Hasan al-Banna, trans. and annot. Charles Wendell (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 48.
41. Abd al-Maqsud, “Ten Charges,” 14.
42. “Dialogue between Ma3mun al-Hudaybi and Hasan Abu-Basha” LiwaDal-Islam, January 1991, 26.
43. Muhammad Hamid Abu al-Nasr, “Communique Regarding the Minya and Asyut Incidents,” LiwdD al-lsldm, March 1990, 7.
44. Quoted in Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, Arab Strategic Report: 7993, 338.
45. Mustafa Mashhur, “Who Are the Terrorists? And Who Are Their Accusers?” al-Shafb, 3 September 1991,5.
46. “how Can We Stop the Series of Violence?” al-Dacwa, 6 May 1993, 21.
47. Sayyid Qutb, MaFalim fi al-Tarlq (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1980) (in Arabic), 67.
48. Jabir Rizq, “Egypt between the Terror of Governments and the Terror of Groups,” Liwa al-Islam, June 1987, 5.
49. Abduh, “President Mubarak,” 27.
50. “Series of Violence,” 21.
51. Middle East Watch, Behind Closed Doors: Torture and Detention in Egypt (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1992), 72.