Conceptual thinking about the individual in international law

British Journal of International Studies

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 1-19

  Higgins, Rosalyn ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84972273881     PISSN: 03058026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500114494     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. See the classic definition in H. Kelsen, Principles of International Law (London, 1966, 2nd edition), p. 3: “International Law or the Law of Nations is the name of a body of rules which - according to the usual definition – regulates the conduct of the States in their intercourse with one another”.
2. See Lauterpacht-Oppenheim, International Law, I (London, 1955, 8th edition), pp. 636–642.
3. D. Anzilotti, Cours de Droit International (Paris, 1929), p. 134
4. T. Gihl, Folkratt under Fred (Stockholm, 1956)
5. M. Siotto-Pintor, Receuil des Cours 41 (1932-iii), p. 356.
6. For example, G. Schwarzenberger, A Manual of International Law (London, 1967, 5th edition), p. 52
7. International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals, I (London, 1957, 3rd edition), 140–155.
8. M. Mc Dougal, ‘Law as a Process of Decision: A Policy-Oriented Approach to Legal Study’, Natural Law Forum, 1 (1956), p. 53
9. and ‘The Comparative Study of Law for Policy Purposes: Value Clarification as an Instrument of Democratic World Order’, American Journal of Comparative Law (1952), p. 24.
10. C. Nørgaard, The Position of the Individual in International Law (Copenhagen, 1962).
11. Alf Ross, A Textbook 011 International Law (London, 1947).
12. International Law, I (London, 1965), p. 116.
13. For fuller elaboration of the variety of participants in the international legal system, see M. Mc Dougal, H. Lasswell and M. Reisman, ‘The World Constitutive Process of Authoritative Decisions’, Journal of Legal Education, 19 (1967), p. 253
14. and M. Mc Dougal, ‘Some basic theoretical concepts about international law: a policy-oriented enquiry’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4 (1960), p. 337.
15. See Articles 25 and 46 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: L. Sohn and T. Buergenthal, Basic Documents on International Protection of Human Rights (New York, 1973).
16. Articles 40, 48 and 53, Regulations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Sohn and Buergenthal, Basic Documents on International Protection of Human Rights. pp. 199–209 and 62–65 respectively.
17. See A. Cassesse, ‘The Admissability of Communications to the United Nations on Human Rights Violations’, Revue des Droits de l'Homme, 5 (1972), pp. 375–397
18. J. P. Humphrey, ‘The Right of Petition in the United Nations’, Revue des Droit de VHomme, 4 (1971), pp. 463–475.
19. C. Eustathiadesj Receuil des Cours, 84 (1953-ii), p. 553. 1978
20. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company Company Case, ICJReports 1970, p. 18.
21. No. 5310/71, Yearbook European Convention Human Rights (1972), pp. 78–254 and judgement of 18 Jan. 1978.
22. See R. Falk, The Role of Domestic Courts in the International Legal Order (Syracuse, 1964).
23. For opposing comments, R. Falk, ‘The Complexity of Sabbatino’, American Journal of International Law, 58 (1964), p. 925
24. F. Mann, ‘The Legal Consequences of Sabbatino’, Virginia Law Review, 51 (1965), p. 604
25. ‘International Law: Congressional Abrogation of the Act of State Doctrine*, Columbia Law Review, 65 (1965), pp. 530–537
26. M. Mc Dougal, ‘Jurisprudence in a Free Society, Georgia Law Review, 1 (1966), p.1.
27. [1976] 2 Weekly Law Reports, p. 214.
28. [1977] 2 Weekly Law Reports, p. 356.
29. I Congreso del partido [1977] 1 Lloyds Law Reports, p. 536.
30. For some earlier writing in this area, see E. Borchard, ‘The Access of Individuals to International Courts’, American Journal of International Law, 24 (1930), p. 364
31. F. Dunn, ‘The International Rights of Individuals’, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, (1941), pp. 14–21
32. E. Hambro, ‘Individuals Before International Tribunals’, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law (1941), pp. 22–30
33. GA Resolution 2200 (XXI) 16 Dec. 1966.
34. GA Resolution 217A (III) 10 Dec. 1948.
35. L. Sohn and T. Buergenthal, op, cit. pp. 518–522
36. E. Schwelb, Human Rights and the International Community: The Roots and Growth of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, 1948–1963 (Chicago, 1964)-
37. pp. 21–24); the Neumeister Case (Ibid, Series A, 1968, p. 4). See further D. Harris, ‘Recent cases on pre-trial detention and delay in criminal proceedings’, British Yearbook of International Law) xliv (1971), p. 87
38. F. Jacobs, The European Convention on Human Rights (Oxford, 1975), pp. 63–75.
39. See also Y. Dinstein, ‘Freedom of Emigration and Soviet Jewry, Israel Yearbook of Human Rights, 4 (1974), p. 226
40. R. Higgins, ‘Human Rights of Soviet Jews to Leave’, Israel Yearbook of Human Rights, p. 275
41. R. Higgins, ‘The Right in International Law of an Individual to Enter, Stay in and Leave a Country’, International Affairs (1973), p. 341
42. L. Chen, ‘Expulsion and Expatriation in International Law’, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law (1973), pp. 122–132.
43. Article 12(3).
44. Article 12(4).