Return to the Wilberforce—Huxley Debate

The British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1988, Pages 161-179

  Jensen, J Vernon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84972264711     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: 1474001X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087400024742     Document Type: Article

References (170)

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2. J.R. Lucas, ‘Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter’, The Historical Journal, (1979), 22, pp. 313–330.
3. Sheridan Gilley, and Ann Loades, ‘Thomas Henry Huxley: the war between science and religion’, The Journal of Religion, (1981), 61, pp. 285–308.
4. Sheridan Gilley, ‘The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate: a reconstruction’, in Religion and Humanism:Papers read at the Eighteenth Summer Meeting and the Nineteenth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (ed. Keith Robbins), Oxford, 1981, pp. 325–340.
5. James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America, 1870–1900, Cambridge, 1979, p. 60.
6. Joseph L. Altholz, ‘The Huxley-Wilberforce Debate revisited’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (1980), 35, p. 314.
7. Jackson's Oxford Journal, 7 July 1860, p. 4.
8. Roy Macleod and Peter Collins, eds, The Parliament of Science, 1981, Northwood, Middlesex, p. 280.
9. The Athenaeum, 7 July p. 19.
10. Gavin de Beer, Charles Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection, London, 1963, p. 279.
11. Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, 2 vols, New York, 1899, II, 1, p. 149.
12. John Angus Campbell, ‘Darwin and The Origin of Species: the rhetorical ancestry of an idea’, Speech Monographs, (1970), 37, 1–14.
13. ‘Charles Darwin and the crisis of ecology, a rhetorical perspective’, Quarterly Journal of Speech, (1974), 60, pp. 442–449.
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15. Barbara Warnick, ‘a rhetorical analysis of episteme shift: Darwin's Origin of the [sic] Species’, Southern Speech Communication Journal, (1983), 49, 26–42.
16. Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols, New York, 1916, 1, pp. 188–189.
17. Michael Bartholomew, ‘Huxley's defence of Darwin’, Annals of Science, (1975), 32, p. 529.
18. Huxley: ‘You have explained my leading idea with admirable clearness. What a gift you have of writing (or more properly) thinking clearly’ (Darwin, II, p. 34).
19. Huxley, I, p. 189–190.
20. Darwin, II, 49–50.
21. Huxley Papers (Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington), vol. ii, fols 57–58.
22. Darwin, II, 44–47.
23. Lyell, ed., Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, 2 vols, London, 1881, II, p. 329 (hereafter cited as Lyell).
24. Royal Institution, Journals of Thomas Archer Hirst(hereafter cited as Hirst Journals), vol. iii, fol. 152.
25. Darwin, II, p. 79.
26. Mario A. Digregorio, T.H. Huxley's Place in Natural Science, New Haven, 1984, pp. 35–44.
27. Evelleen Richards, ‘A question of property rights: Richard Owen's evolutionism reassessed’, British Journal for the History of Science, (1987), 20, pp. 129–171.
28. David Knight, The Age of Science: The Scientific World-View in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, 1986, pp. 100–102, 115.
29. Vol. 225 (1860), pp. 251–275.
30. Vol. 73 (1860), pp. 295–310.
31. Darwin, II, p. 94. Italics are Darwin's.
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33. Darwin, II, pp. 15, 17, 28, 31, 35, 47, 58, 61–62, 84, 93, 96, 100–102, 109–110.
34. Francis Darwin, and A.C. Seward, eds, More Letters of Charles Darwin, 2 vols, New York, 1903, I, pp. 156—157, 161 (hereafter cited as More Letters).
35. The Athenaeum, 30 June 1860, p. 886.
36. Jackson's Oxford Journal, 30 June 1860, p. 4.
37. The Times, 28 June 1860, p. 12.
38. The Athenaeum, 7 July, p. 26.
39. The Press, 7 July, p. 656.
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48. The EveningStar, 2 July, p. 3.
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50. Huxley, I, p. 195.
51. The Athenaeum, 7 July, p. 19.
52. Lucas, The Historical Journal (1), pp. 319–323.
53. Lucas, The Historical Journal (1), p. 330.
54. Gilley, Religion and Humanism (1), p. 333.
55. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford, (27), p. 55.
56. Jackson Oxford's Journal, 7 July, p. 2.
57. Letters of John Richard Green (ed. Leslie Stephen), London, 1901, p. 44 (hereafter cited as Green).
58. Altholz, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (3), p. 316.
59. British Association Report, pp. 115–116.
60. The Athenaeum, 14 July, pp. 64–65.
61. Green, p 44.
62. Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 13.
63. The Evening Star, 2 July, p. 3.
64. The Times, 28 June, p. 12.
65. Jackson's Oxford Journal, 30 June, p. 4.
66. Huxley, I., pp. 195, 202.
67. The Evening Star, 2 July, p. 3.
68. The Press, 7 July, p. 656.
69. The Evening Star, 2 July, p 3.
70. Jackson's Oxford Journal, 7 July, p. 2.
71. J.S. Henslow (Macmillan's Magazine, III, 1861 February, p. 336).
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73. A.E. Ashwell, and Reginald G. Wilberforce, Life of the Right Reverend Samuel Wilberforce, D.D., 3 vols, London, 1881, II, p. 449.
74. Huxley Papers, vol. xli, fols. 133–134.
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76. Lucas, The Historical Journal (1), pp. 317–322.
77. Lyell, II, p. 335.
78. W.H. Freemantle account: ‘I should like to ask Professor Huxley… as to his belief n being descended from an ape. Is it on his grandfather's or his grandmother's side that the ape ancestry comes in’ Huxley, I, p. 200.
79. A.S. Farrar's account: ‘If anyone were to be willing to trace his descent through an ape as his grandfather, would he be willing to trace his descent similarly on the side of his grandmother?’ (Farrar'sitalics) (Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 14).
80. Macmillan's Magazine, 1898 October, p. 443.
81. Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 14.
82. Huxley, I, p. 196.
83. Wilberforce, II, p. 451.
84. Wilberforce, II, p. 451.
85. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 53.
86. O.J.R. Howarth, The British Association for the Advancement of Science: A Retrospect, 2nd edn, London, 1931, p. 63.
87. Huxley, I, p. 202.
88. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), pp. 54–55.
89. Green, p. 44.
90. The Evening Star, 2 July, p. 3.
91. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 55.
92. Green, p. 45.
93. Huxley, I, p. 199.
94. Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 14.
95. Lyell, II, p. 335.
96. Darwin to Huxley, 5 July 1860.
97. Huxley Papers, vol. 5, fol. 12.
98. Huxley Papers, vol. 13, fols. 44–45.
99. Huxley Papers, vol. xv, fols 117’118.
100. D.J. Foskettin 1963 in Nature, 172, p. 920.
101. Scientific American, CXC (1954), 12.
102. The Scientific Monthly, LXXXIV (1957), pp. 171–172.
103. Gavin de Beer, Charles Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection, London, 1963, pp. 166–167.
104. Garrett Hardin, ed., Population, Evolution, and Birth Control: A Collage of Controversial Readings, San Francisco, 1964, pp. 154–155.
105. Cyril Bibby, The Essence of T.H. Huxley, London, 1967, pp. 12–13.
106. Ronald W. Clark, The Huxleys, London, 1968, pp. 59–60.
107. Huxley, I, pp. 197–202;.
108. Darwin, II, pp. 114–116.
109. J. Vernon Jensen, ‘The X Club: fraternity of Victorian scientists’, The British Journal for the History of Science, (1970) 3, pp. 63–72.
110. ‘Interrelationships within the Victorian “X Club”’, Dalhousie Review, (1971 — 1972), 51, pp. 539–552.
111. Lucas, The Historical Journal (1), p. 323.
112. The Athenaeum, 7 July, p. 19.
113. John Bull, 7 July, p. 422.
114. Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 2 vols, London, 1918, I, p. 526.
115. J.D. Hooker, Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator, London, 1963, p. 201.
116. Gavin de Beer, ed. and intro., Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley, Autobiographies, London, 1974, p. 62.
117. Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, London, 1966, 2 vols., II, pp. 10–11.
118. W. Tuckwell, later wrote that‘Hooker led the devotees’ Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 56.
119. E. Grant Duff, Notes from a Diary, 1851–1872, 2 vols, London, 1897, 1, p. 139.
120. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 56.
121. Alvar Ellegard, ‘Public opinion and the press: reactions to Darwinism,’, Journal of the History of Ideas, (1958), 19, pp. 379–387.
122. Sidgwick, Macmillan's Magazine (32), pp. 425, 434.
123. Darwin, II, pp. 101, 112, 117.
124. Huxley Papers, vol. v, fol. 122.
125. Darwin, II, pp. 116–117.
126. Gavin de Beer, Charles Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection, p. 166.
127. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 53.
128. Altholz, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (3), p. 315.
129. Huxley, I, p. 196.
130. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 53.
131. Huxley Papers, vol. xvi, fol. 13.
132. British Association Report, p. 136.
133. Darwin, II, pp. 109, 120, 124.
134. Altholz, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Science (3), p. 315.
135. J. Vernon Jensen, ‘“The most intimate and trusted friend I have”: a note on Ellen Busk, young T.H. Huxley's confidante’, Historical Studies (Melbourne), 17, (1977), pp. 315–322.
136. Fawcett, p. 81.
137. Edward Clodd, Thomas Henry Huxley, New York, pp. 20–23.
138. J.R. Ainsworth Davis, Thomas H. Huxley, London, pp. 52—54.
139. Darwin, II, pp. 113–114.
140. Huxley, I, pp. 196–204.
141. Clarence Ayres, Huxley, New York, 1932, pp. 50–52.
142. William Irvine, Apes, Angels, and Victorians: Darwin, Huxley, and Evolution, Cleveland, pp. 3–8.
143. Cyril Bibby, The Essence of T.H. Huxley, London, 1967, p. 157.
144. Ronald W. Clark, The Huxleys, London, 1968, pp. 54–62.
145. Cyril Bibby, Scientist Extraordinary: The Life and Scientific Work of Thomas Henry Huxley, Oxford, 1972, pp. 40–41.
146. Gavin de Beer, Darwin and Huxley: Autobiograpies, p. xiii.
147. Albert Ashforth, Thomas Henry Huxley, New York, 1969, pp. 34–38.
148. James G. Paradis, T.H. Huxley, Man's Place in Nature, Lincoln, 1978, pp. 37–43.
149. Howarth, The British Association for the Advancement of Science: A Retrospect (59), p. 65.
150. David L. Edwards, Leaders of the Church of England, 1828–1944, London, 1971, p. 103.
151. Roy Mac Leod, ‘Introduction, on the advancement of science’, in The Parliament of Science: The British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831–1981 (ed. Roy MacLeod and Peter Collins), Northwood, 1981, p. 22.
152. George J. Allmanto, Huxley, 9 July, 1860, Huxley Papers, vol. x, fol. 79.
153. de Beer, Darwin, Huxley, Autobiographies, pp. 86–102.
154. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 55.
155. J. Vernon Jensen, ‘Thomas Henry Huxley's “baptism into oratory”, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, (1976), 30, pp. 181–207.
156. Altholz, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Science (3), p. 313.
157. Gilley and Loades, The Journal of Religion (1), p. 294.
158. Standish Meacham, Lord Bishop: The Life of Samuel Wilberforce, 1850–1873, Cambridge, Mass., 1970, pp. 215–217.
159. George Macaulay Trevelyan, The Life of John Bright, Boston, 1913, p. 38.
160. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford (27), p. 57.
161. Morrell and Thackray, Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (25), p. 395.
162. Lucas, The Historical Journal (1), p. 330.
163. A. Hunter Dupree, Asa Gray, Cambridge, Mass., 1959, p. 294.
164. Gilley and Loades, The Journal of Religion (1), p. 289.
165. Alvar Ellegard, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution the British Periodical Press, 1859–1872, Goteborg, 1958, pp. 63–64.
166. More Letters, I, pp. 156–157.
167. Huxley, I, p. 204.
168. Howarth, The British Association for the Advancement of Science: A Retrospect (59), p. 65.
169. British Association Report, p. lxx.
170. The Athenaeum, 30 June, p. 891.