Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1995, Pages 331-385

  James, Scott C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84972263233     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: 14698692     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898588X00001358     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. “The Ideals of Public Life’: An Address to the Annual Dinner of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, November 16, 1907, ” in Arthur S. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 17 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), 500.
2. Herbert Croly, “An Unseen Reversal, ” The New Republic 1 (January 9, 1915): 7-8.
3. New York Times, May 31, 1914.
4. Theodore Roosevelt to Edward Prentiss Costigan, August 15, 1914, in Elting E. Morison, ed., The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954) 808.
5. New York Times, July 1, 1914, 1.
6. Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
7. Donald Richberg, My hero: The Indiscreet Memoirs of an Eventful but Unheroic Life (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1954), 81.
8. See Przeworski and Sprague, Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
9. Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (New York: The Free Press, 1963)
10. James Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900-1918 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968)
11. R. Jeffrey Lustig, Corporate Liberalism: The Origins of Modern Political Theory, 1890-1920 (Berke-ley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982).
12. Martin J. Sklar, The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
13. see Sklar, Corporate Reconstruction, 35-40, 324-5.
14. Sklar, Corporate Reconstruction, 324.
15. Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded, “I should regard calling such a law a regulation of commerce a mere pretense. It would be an attempt to reconstruct society” (United States v. Northern Securities Company [1904], 193 U.S. 197 [Justice Holmes, dissenting]).
16. United States v. American Tobacco (1908), 164 700.
17. United States v. American Tobacco (1908), 164 700, 701.
18. United States v. American Tobacco (1911), 221 U.S. 106, 192 (Justice Harlan, dissenting).
19. Quoted in The Commoner, May 26, 1911, 3.
20. United States v. Standard Oil Company (1911), 221 U.S. 1, 92 (Justice Harlan, dissenting).
21. Adamson, William P. Hamilton, editor of the Wall Street Journal, (May 18, 1911), 3.
22. Scott C. James, “Federal Antitrust Enforcement and the Transformation of the Sherman Act: Party Competition, Populism, and the Per Se Rule, ” paper presented at the 1995 annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Politics and History Section, March 16-18, Portland, Oregon.
23. The Commoner, June 21, 1911, p. 2.
24. The Commoner, May 26, 1911, p. 1.
25. William Jennings Bryan, “The Reason, ” North American Review 194 (July 1911): 21, 22.
26. The Commoner, January 12, 1912, p. 2.
27. Bryan, “The Reason, ” 14.
28. C. M. Harger for the Outlook, reprinted in The Commoner, January 12, 1912, p. 2.
29. In The Commoner, May 26, 1911, p. 1.
30. The Commoner, July 12, 1912, p. 1.
31. The Commoner, September 27, 1912, p. 6.
32. Theodore Roosevelt, Autobiography (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913)
33. excerpted in Carl Resek, ed., The Progressives (Indianapolis and New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.), 183.
34. Louis D. Brandeis, “Trusts, Efficiency, and the New Party, ” Collier's Weekly 49 (Sep-tember 1912): 14.
35. Brandeis, “Shall We Abandon the Policy of Competition, ” Case and Comment 18 (February 1912): 435.
36. Gerald Berk, “Neither Markets nor Administration: Brandeis and the Antitrust Reforms of 1914, ” Studies in American Political Development 8 (1994): 24-59.
37. The Commoner, August 16, 1912, pp. 2-3.
38. George E. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (New York: Hill and Wang, 1963), 183-206, 257, 263, 280.
39. John Wells Davidson, ed., A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 260-1.
40. Edward N. Doan, The La Follettes and the Wisconsin Idea (New York: Rinehart and Company, 1947), 72-3.
41. Melvyn I. Urofsky and David W. Levy, eds., The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis, vol. 2 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1972), 710.
42. Woodrow Wilson, “Labor Day Speech, ” address delivered in Braun's Park, Buffalo, New York, September 2, 1914
43. John Wells Davidson, ed., A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), 83.
44. Woodrow Wilson, “The Vision of the Democratic Party, ” A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson, 264-5.
45. Theodore Roosevelt, Autobiography, excerpted in Resek, ed., The Progressives, 192.
46. Alan L. Seltzer, “Woodrow Wilson as ‘Corporate-Liberal’: Toward a Reconsideration of Left Revisionist Historiography, ” Western Political Quarterly 30 (June 1977): 197.
47. Porter and Johnson, National Party Platforms, p. 178
48. Theodore Roosevelt, “The Taft-Wilson Trust Programme, ” The Outlook, September 21, 1912, 105-7.
49. Roosevelt, “The Taft-Wilson Trust Program, ” 105
50. New York Times, January 21, 1914, 14.
51. Henry Bill, including comments, can be found in The Commoner, November 24, 1911, p. 3.
52. The Independent, January 19, 1914, p. 90.
53. New York Times, January 23, 1914, pp. 1-2
54. Henry D. Clayton, “Trust Legislation, ” The Commoner, March 1914, pp. 6-7.
55. The provisions of the Sherman law definitions bill are reprinted in full in the New York Times, January 23, 1914, p. 3.
56. Clayton, “Trust Legislation, ” 6.
57. Henry R. Seager, “Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce on Bills Relating to Trust Legislation, ” 63rd Congress, 2nd session, p. 1246.
58. New York Times, January 24, 1914, p. 8.
59. E. C. Morton, lawyer, Columbus, Ohio, Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce on Bills Relating to Trust Legislation, p. 1233.
60. Herbert Knox Smith, Hearings before the House Judiciary Committee on Trust Legislation, February 6, 1914, 63rd Congress, 2nd session, p. 424.
61. William Draper Lewis, dean of the University of Pennsylvania law school, the language contained in clause 4, section 1 of the definitions bill, would do “what the Sherman Act avoided, it [would prevent] the formation of a partnership between two men who are in the same business, although their combined business may not represent one-thousandth of the industry.” Hearings before the House Judiciary Committee on Trust Legislation, 395.
62. Collier's Weekly, April 4, 1914, p. 16.
63. See Kolko, Triumph of Conservatism, 266.
64. Arthur B. Darling, ed., The Public Papers of Francis G. Newlands, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: W. F. Roberts Company, Inc., 1931), 410.
65. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 28, 311.
66. Sanders, “Industrial Concentration, ” Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986): 147.
67. Howard W. Allen and Jerome Clubb, “Progressive Reform and the Political System, ” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 65 (July 1974), table 2, p. 135.
68. see Sanders, Industrial Concentration, pp. 146-51
69. Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880-1980, (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984) 415-50.
70. Frank W. Mondell of Wyoming and John M. Nelson of Wisconsin. Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, 51, pt. 16: 16326-7.
71. John E. Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York : John Wiley and Sons, 1983)
72. Samuel Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership, second ed. (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1993), chapter 6.
73. Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, 51, pt. 16: 16326-7.
74. Collier's Weekly, February 28, 1914, p. 12.
75. See Albert B. Cummins, “The President's Influence a Menace, ” The Independent, June 1, 1914, pp. 350-1
76. Robert M. La Follette, “Presidential Appointments, ” La Toilette's Magazine 7 (January 1915), 3.
77. Saturday Evening Post, August 1, 1914, p. 22.
78. New York Times, May 31, 1914.
79. See, George Rublee, “Reminis-cences, ” Columbia University Oral History Project, microfilm: 92-3.
80. Link, ed., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 29, p. 496.
81. Joseph E. Davis, “Informal Remarks, ” New York State Bar Association, Antitrust Law Symposium (Chicago: Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 1955), 104.
82. Rublee, “Reminiscences, ” 109-10.
83. Melvyn I. Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis and the Progressive Tradition (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981), 83
84. Samuel Untermyer, “Completing the Anti-Trust Programme, ” North American Review 199 (April 1914): 528-39
85. Harper's Weekly, June 6, 1914, p. 4
86. The Outlook, June 20, 1914, p. 375
87. Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, 51, pt. 9: 8837.
88. Link, ed., Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 30, 134.
89. John Allen Gable, The Bull Moose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party (Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1978), 162-5
90. Richberg, My Hero, 51
91. The Outlook, November 29, 1913, pp. 677-8.
92. Smith, and Richberg can be found in: U.S., Congress, House, Interstate Commerce Committee, Hearings on Trust Legislation [February 11, 1914]. 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, pp. 241-301.
93. Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, 51, pt. 13: 12866.
94. Congressional Record, 63rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1914, 51, pt. 13: 12732.
95. THE NATION, June 4, 1914, p. 655.
96. See, Norman Hapgood, The Changing Years (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1930), 240-1.
97. Congressional Record, 64th Cong., 1st sess., 54, pt. 10: 10062.