The British chemical industry and the indigo trade

The British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 1992, Pages 113-125

  Reed, Peter ^a  

^a National Museums & Galleries on Merseyside ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972218875     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: 1474001X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087400045350     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. See A.S.Travis in ‘Artificial alizarin: rivals for invention and innovation’, I. G. Farben Study Group Newsletter (1989), 1, 4–10; and A. S. Travis, ‘Conventions and cartels’, Chemistry and Industry (1 July 1991), 458–61.
2. Herbert Levinstein, ‘The dyestuff industry’, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (1920), 39, 318T.
3. Costa Sandberg, Indigo Textiles - Techniques and History, Black/Lark Books, 1989, 13–14.
4. Peter Reed, ‘The early years of indigo manufacture in Britain’, I. G. Farben Study Group Newsletter (1989), 1, 10–17.
5. W. A. Davis, ‘Present position and future prospects of the natural indigo industry’, Agricultural Journal of India (1918), 13, 39.
6. J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, 3rd edn, London, 1965, 307–8.
7. L. F. Haber, The Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America, Oxford, 1958, 132: Hoechst was founded in 1862 at Höchst, a village near Frankfurt, and in 1863 incorporated as Meister, Lucius & Co. Within a few years the name was changed to Meister, Lucius & Bruning, but the firm was commonly called Farbwerke Hoechst or simply Hoechst. In 1880 the partnership was dissolved and it became a limited liability company. See also Hoechst in England, 1901–1914 (Dokumente aus Hoechster Archiven, 45), Frankfurt, 1977, 7.
8. ‘The indigo crisis’, Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (1901), 17, 209–10 (hereafter J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists).
9. Herbert Levinstein, ‘The future of the indigo industry, with a description of the manufacture of indigo from naphthalene’, J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1901), 17, 139.
10. R. Meldola, ‘A contribution to the indigo question’, Nature (1908), 78, 296.
11. Max Wyler, ‘Ivan Levinstein — what I knew of him’ (The First Ivan Levinstein Memorial Lecture), The Manchester Chemical Club, 1937, 4.
12. Herbert Levinstein, ‘Some thoughts on the British dyestuff industry’, Chemistry and Industry (1924), 43, 1031.
13. Ivan Levinstein, ‘Indigo and patent laws’, J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1901), 17, 28.
14. R. D. Welham, ‘The early history of the synthetic dye industry. IV — the reason for British failure’, J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1963), 79, 229–37.
15. Haber, (7), 220. See also H. Levinstein, ‘British patent laws - ancient and modern’, Jubilee Issue of the J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1934), 83, 84. A plaintiff, in making a case against a foreign firm, had to prove that the proportion of imports to total domestic requirements was excessive and, furthermore, that the patentee had misused his monopoly power.
16. Ernst Baumler, Farben Formeln Forscher. Hoechst und die Geschichte der industriellen Chemie in Deutschland, München/Zürich, 1989, 142.
17. H. Brunck, ‘Letter to Editor’, J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1902), 18, 271.
18. Herbert Levinstein, ‘Letter to Editor’, J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists (1902), 18, 271.
19. ‘Science and industry’, supplement to Manchester Guardian, 30 June 1917, 21.
20. ‘Science and industry’, Manchester Guardian, (30), 23.
21. ‘Synthetic dyes-a typical key industry’, Chemical News (1919), 120, 87–8.
22. D. A. Hounshell and J. K. Smith, Jr., Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980, Cambridge, 1989, 81–5.
23. ‘Synthetic dyes’, Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980, (37), 87.
24. Herbert Levinstein, ‘The progress of the British chemical industry since 1914’, Chemistry & Industry, (1923), 42, 294.