The paradox of state strength: Transnational relations, domestic structures, and security policy in Russia and the Soviet Union

International Organization

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 1-38

  Evangelista, Matthew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84972167996     PISSN: 00208183     EISSN: 15315088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020818300001569     Document Type: Article

References (235)

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24. Sarah E. Mendelson, “Internal Battles and External Wars: Politics, Learning, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan,” World Politics 45 (April 1993), pp. 327-60.
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34. Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
35. Haas, “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” especially pp. 14-15.
36. Goldstein and Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy,” especially pp. 16–17.
37. See G. John Ikenberry, “A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement,” International Organization 46 (Winter 1992), pp. 289-321.
38. Hall, “Ideas and Foreign Policy,” pp. 17–18.
39. Walker, “Diffusion of Knowledge”; and for comparative perspectives, the special issue of Governance 2 (January 1989).
40. Peter A. Hall, “Policy Innovation and the Structure of the State: The Politics-Administration Nexus in France and Britain,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 466 (March 1983), pp. 43-59.
41. Margaret Weir and Theda Skocpol, “State Structures and the Possibilities for ‘Keynesian’ Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States,” in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueshchemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 107-163.
42. Hall, Political Power of Economic Ideas.
43. Margaret Weir, “Ideas and Politics: The Acceptance of Keynesianism in Britain and the United States,” pp. 53-86.
44. Kathryn Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Brazil and Argentina (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991).
45. Herbert P. Kitschelt, “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-nuclear Movements in Four Democracies,” British Journal of Political Science 16 (January 1986), pp. 57–85,.
46. Matthew Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race: How the Soviet Union and the United States Develop New Military Technologies (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988).
47. Zbigniew Brzezinski and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Power: U.S.A./US.S.R. (New York: Viking, 1963).
48. Risse-Kappen, “Bringing Transnational Relations Back In.”.
49. Nina P. Halpern, “Policy Communities in a Leninist State: The Case of the Chinese Economic Policy Community,” Governance 2 (January 1989), pp. 23-41.
50. The Evolution of Policy Communities in Socialist Yugoslavia: The Case of Worker Migration Abroad
51. Frank R. Baumgartner, “Independent and Politicized Policy Communities: Education and Nuclear Energy in France and in the United States,” Governance 2 (January 1989), pp. 42–66.
52. Risse-Kappen, “Ideas Do Not Float Freely.”.
53. Judith Goldstein, “Ideas, Institutions, and American Trade Policy,” International Organization 42 (Winter 1988), pp. 179-217.
54. Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions; and, for application to transnational relations.
55. Risse-Kappen, “Bringing Transnational Relations Back In.” For a suggestive discussion of the Russian case.
56. Jeff Checkel, “Ideologies on the Loose: (Re-) Defining Russia's National Interests in the Post-Soviet Era,”.
57. “Bringing Russia Back In: IR Theory, Comparative Politics and the Study of the Former U.S.S.R.,” University of Pittsburgh, February 1993.
58. Hall, “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State”; George W. Breslauer and Philip Tetlock, eds., Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991).
59. Mendelson, “Internal Battles and External Wars”.
60. Janice Gross Stein, “Political Learning by Doing: Gorbachev as an Uncommitted Thinker and Motivated Learner,” International Organization 48 (Spring 1994), pp. 155–184.
61. Evangelista, “Sources of Moderation”.
62. Richard D. Anderson, Jr., “Why Competitive Politics Inhibits Learning in Soviet Foreign Policy,” in Breslauer and Tetlock, Learning in U.S. and Soviet Foreign Policy, pp. 100–131.
63. Emanuel Adler, “The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control,” International Organization 46 (Winter 1992), pp. 101–145.
64. Haas, “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” p. 3.
65. Adler, “Emergence of Cooperation.”.
66. Mendelson, “Internal Battles and External Wars”.
67. Checkel, “Ideas, Institutions, and the Gorbachev Foreign Policy Revolution.”.
68. Thomas Risse-Kappen, “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies,” World Politics 43 (July 1991), pp. 479–512.
69. Hall, “Policy Innovation and the Structure of the State”.
70. Weir and Skocpol, “State Structures and the Possibilities for ‘Keynesian’ Responses”.
71. Weir, “Ideas and Politics”.
72. Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions.
73. Risse-Kappen, “Ideas Do Not Float Freely”.
74. Risse-Kappen, Bringing Transnational Relations Back In.
75. Jerry Hough and Merle Fainsod, How the Soviet Union is Governed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
76. “Chronology of Noteworthy Events, March 11, 1985-July 11, 1991,” in Ed A. Hewett and Victor H. Winston, eds., Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1991), pp. 499–536.
77. A. S. Cherniaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym: po dnevnikovym zapisiam (Six years with Gorbachev: From diary entries) (Moscow: Progress, 1993).
78. Georgii Arbatov, The System: An Insider's Life in Soviet Politics (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 351.
79. A. V. Gromov and O. S. Kuzin, Neformaly: Kto est’ kto? (Informals: Who's who?) (Moscow: Mysl’, 1990).
80. Vyacheslav Igrunov, “Public Movements: From Protest to Political Self-consciousness,”.
81. Andrei Fadin, “Emerging Political Institutions: From Informals to Multiparty Democracy,” both in Brad Roberts and Nina Belyaeva, eds., After Perestroika: Democracy in the Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1991).
82. Vera Tolz, The U.S.S.R. ‘s Emerging Multiparty System (New York: Praeger, 1990).
83. Vladimir Pribylovskii, Dictionary of Political Parties and Organizations in Russia (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992).
84. Tolz, The U.S.S.R. Emerging Multiparty System.
85. For a useful overview, see Jamey Gambrell, “Moscow: The Front Page,” New York Review of Books, 8 October 1992.
86. Aleksandr N. Iakovlev, “Dostizhenie kachestvenno novogo sostoianiia Sovetskogo obshchestva i obshchestvennye nauki” (The attainment of a qualitatively new state of Soviet society and the social sciences) Kommunist 8 (1987), pp. 3-22.
87. Eduard Shevardnadze, “Doklad E. A. Shevardnadze” (The report of E. A. Shevardnadze), Vestnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del SSSR (The Herald of the U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry), no. 15, 15 August 1988, pp. 27-46.
88. Shevardnadze, Moi vybor: v zashchitu demokratii i svobody (My choice: in defense of democracy and freedom) (Moscow: Novosti, 1991).
89. Georgii A. Arbatov, Zatianuvsheesia vyzdorovlenie (1953-1985gg.).
90. Svidetel'stvo sovremen-nika (Extended recovery [1953-1985].
91. Evgenii Chazov, Zdorov’e i vlast Vospominaniia “kremlevskogo vracha” (Health and power: Memoirs of the “Kremlin doctor”) (Moscow: Novosti, 1992), pp. 90–96.
92. Evgenii Velikhov, “Chernobyl Remains on Our Mind,” in Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina vanden Heuvel, eds., Voices of Glasnost: Interviews with Gorbachev's Reformers (New York: Norton, 1989), p. 160.
93. Jeremy Stone, “FAS Visit to Moscow Initiates Star Wars Dialogue,” F.A.S. Public Interest Report 36 (December 1983), p. 1.
94. Frank Flippel, “The Committee of Soviet Scientists Against the Nuclear Threat,” F.A.S. Public Interest Report 37 (January 1984), p. 1.
95. Stephen M. Meyer, “Soviet Strategic Programmes and the U.S. SDI,” Survival 27 (November-December 1985), pp. 274-92.
96. David Holloway, “The Strategic Defense Initiative and the Soviet Union,” Daedalus 114 (Summer 1985), pp. 257-78.
97. Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race, pp. 258–61.
98. “Doklad tovarishcha Iu. V. Andropova” (Report of Comrade Iu. V. Andropov), Pravda, 22 December 1982.
99. “Replies of Iu. V. Andropov to Questions from a Correspondent of Pravda,” Pravda, 27 March 1983.
100. Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, Arms Control Reporter (Cambridge, Mass.: Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies, monthly compendium, 1982–1992), pp. 573.
101. E. P. Velikhov, “Science and Scientists for a Nuclear-weapon-free World,” Physics Today (November 1989), pp. 32–36.
102. “Nauka rabotaet na bez“iadernyi mir,” Mezhdunarodnaia zhizn’ no. 10, October 1988, pp. 49–53.
103. S. F. Akhromeev and G. M. Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata (Through the eyes of a marshal and a diplomat) (Moscow: Mezhdunarodye otnosheniia, 1992), pp. 19–20.
104. Arms Control Reporter, pp. 573.C.3-6.
105. Marshal Sergei Akhromeev, “Dogovor po PRO—pregrada na puti ronki strategicheskikh vooruzhenii” (The ABM treaty—a barrier on the path to an arms race in strategic weapons), Pravda, 4 June 1985.
106. Mary C. Fitzgerald, “Soviet Views on SDI,” Carl Beck Papers No. 601, Center for Russian and East European Studies, University of Pittsburgh, May 1987, pp. 39-40.
107. Don Oberdorfer, “Military Response Planned to ‘Star Wars,’ Soviet Says,” Washington Post, 8 March 1985, p. 1.
108. Roald Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist (New York: John Wiley, 1994).
109. Bruce Parrott, The Soviet Union and Ballistic Missile Defense (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1987), pp. 28-35.
110. Velikhov, “Science and Scientists for a Nuclear-weapon-free World.”.
111. Matthew Evangelista, “Soviet Scientists as Arms Control Advisers: The Case of ABM,” paper prepared for the fourth world congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, England, 21–26 July 1990.
112. Evangelista, Taming the Bear.
113. Adler, “Emergence of Cooperation.”.
114. Evgenii Velikhov, Los Angeles Times, 24 July 1983.
115. Robert Scheer, With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush, and Nuclear War (New York: Vintage, 1983), pp. 298-304.
116. Evgenii Velikhov, Sovetskaia Rossiia, 21 April 1985.
117. Roald Sagdeev, Sotsialisticheskaia industriia, 9 February 1986.
118. Stone, “FAS Visit to Moscow Initiates Star Wars Dialogue,” p. 3.
119. Frank Hippel, “Arms Control Physics: The New Soviet Connection,” Physics Today (November 1989), pp. 39–46.
120. Benjamin S. Lambeth, “Soviet Perspectives on the SDI,” in Samuel F. Wells, Jr., and Robert S. Litwak, eds., Strategic Defenses and Soviet-American Relations (Cam-bridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1987).
121. Leon Goure, “‘Nuclear Winter’ in Soviet Mirrors,” Strategic Review (Summer 1985), pp. 35–36.
122. Arbatov, Zatianuvsheesia vyzdorovlenie (1953-1985gg.), pp. 206 and 348.
123. Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist.
124. Strobe Talbott, The Master of the Game: Paul Nitze and the Nuclear Peace (New York: Knopf, 1988), pp. 360–361.
125. Irwin Goodwin, “Soviet Scientists Tell It Like It Is, Urging Reforms of Research Institutes,” Physics Today (September 1988), pp. 97-98.
126. Roald Sagdeev, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies, Washington, D.C., 16 November 1988.
127. Roald Sagdeev, “Science Is a Party to Political Decisions,” transcript of a speech delivered to a conference of the Soviet foreign ministry, published in International Affairs (Moscow) 11 (November 1988), pp. 26–28.
128. Raymond L. Garthoff, “Case of the Wandering Radar,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 47 (July/August 1991), pp. 7–9.
129. Aleksei Arbatov, Cambridge, Mass., 18 August 1993.
130. Arms Control Reporter, p. 603.B. 17.
131. William J. Broad, “Inside a Key Russian Radar Site: Tour Raises Questions on Treaty,” New York Times, 7 September 1987, p. 1.
132. Arms Control Reporter, p. 603.B.182.
133. Akhromeev and Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata, pp. 255–56.
134. Shevardnadze, “Doklad E. A. Shevardnadze.”.
135. Michael Mandelbaum and Strobe Talbott, Reagan and Gorbachev (New York: Vintage, 1987), chap. 5.
136. Sakharov, Moscow and Beyond, pp. 21-24.
137. Talbott, Master of the Game, pp. 360–61.
138. Arms Control Reporter; p. 403.B.426.
139. M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika i novoe myshlenie dlia nashei strany i dlia vsego mira (Perestroika and new thinking for our country and the world) (Moscow: Politizdat, 1987), pp. 157–58.
140. Arms Control Reporter; p. 403.B.434.
141. Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), pp. 117–19.
142. Evangelista, “Sources of Moderation in Soviet Security Policy.”.
143. Matthew Evangelista, “The New Soviet Approach to Security,” World Policy Journal 3 (Fall 1986), pp. 561–99.
144. Akhromeev and Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata, especially pp. 71–73.
145. Marshal Sergei Akhromeev, in Pravda, 19 October 1985.
146. Marshal Sergei Sokolov in Krasnaia zvezda, 5 May 1985.
147. O. V. Golubev, I.A. Kamenskii, M. G. Minasian, and B. D. Pupkov, “Proshloe i nastoiashchee Rossiiskikh sistem protivoraketnoi oborony (vzgliad iznutri)” [The past and present of Russian antimissile defense systems (a view from within)] (Moscow: 1992).
148. Cherniaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, p. 121.
149. Sagdeev, The Making of a Soviet Scientist, p. 273.
150. Paul N. Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), p. 442.
151. Matthew Evangelista, “Soviet Policy Toward Strategic Arms Control,” in Bruce Parrott, ed., The Dynamics of Soviet Defense Policy (Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990), especially pp. 293–96.
152. Bernard Lown, “The Urgency of a Unique Initiative,” speech to the 4th world congress of the IPPNW, 4 June 1984.
153. Halpern, “Policy Communities in a Leninist State”.
154. Evangelista, Innovation and the Arms Race.
155. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies; and Valerie Bunce, Do New Leaders Make a Difference? Executive Succession and Public Policy Under Capitalism and Socialism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
156. Vstrecha M.S. “Gorbacheva s predstaviteliami mezhdunarodnogo foruma uchenykh za prekrashchenie iadernykh ispytanii” (Meeting of M. S. Gorbachev with representatives of the international forum of scientists for the cessation of nuclear tests), Pravda, 15 July 1986.
157. Gorbachev, Perestroika, pp. 157–58.
158. Cherniaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, p. 62.
159. Jeffrey W. Knopf, “Soviet Public Diplomacy and U.S. Policymaking on Arms Control: The Case of Gorbachev's Nuclear Testing Moratorium,” paper presented at the International Studies Association annual meeting, London, 28 March-1 April 1989.
160. NRDC, Natural Resources Defense Council Annual Report 1986-87 pp. 29–30.
161. Hippel, “Arms Control Physics,” and on discussions with Christopher Paine, Arlington, Va., 2 April 1994.
162. Philip G. Schrag, Listening for the Bomb: A Study in Nuclear Arms Control Verification Policy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989).
163. Akhromeev and Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata, p. 56.
164. Pravda, 20 July 1989.
165. Arms Control Reporter, p. 575.B.370.
166. Michael R. Gordon, “U.S. Visitors See Soviet Laser Firing,” New York Times, 17 August 1989.
167. Frank von Hippel, “Visit to a Laser Facility at the Soviet ABM Test Site,” Physics Today (November 1989), pp. 34-35.
168. Frank von Hippel and Thomas B. Cochran, “The Myth of the Soviet ‘Killer’ Laser,” New York Times, 19 August 1989.
169. Arms Control Reporter, p. 575.B.373.
170. Snyder, “East-West Bargaining,” p. 116.
171. Matthew Bunn, “The ABM Talks: The More Things Change.,” Arms Control Today 22 (September 1992), pp. 15–23, especially p. 19.
172. Arms Control Reporter, p. 575.B.405.
173. Golubev et al., “Proshloe i nastoiashchee Rossiiskikh sistem protivoraketnoi oborony.”.
174. Arms Control Reporter, pp. 575.B.414-415.
175. Krasnaia zvezda, 21 July 1989.
176. Arms Control Reporter, p. 608.B. 181.
177. Krasnaia zvezda, 25 December 1990.
178. Arms Control Reporter; p. 608.B.208-9.
179. Peter Zheutlin, “Nevada, U.S.S.R.,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (March 1990) pp. 10-12.
180. Ian Mather, “Life and Death Under a Cloud in Radiation City,” European, weekend ed., 1–3 June 1990.
181. S. Erzhanov, “Krepnet golos razuma” (The voice of reason is becoming stronger), Vechemiaia Alma-Ata, 25 May 1990.
182. “O Budushchem mira—s trevogoi i bol’iu” (About the future of the world—with worry and pain), Kazakhstanskaia Pravda, 26 May 1990.
183. Iurii Dmitriev, “Semipalatinsk-Nevada as viewed by a people's deputy of the U.S.S.R.,” interview with Olzhas Suleimenov, Moscow News, no. 51, 24-31 December 1989, p. 15.
184. Daniel Young, “Thousands in Alma-Ata Demand Test Ban,” PSR Reports 10 (Summer 1990); Vital Signs (IPPNW newsletter) vol. 3, no. 1.
185. Peter Zheutlin, “Kazakhstan: Life and Death in the Shadow of the Mushroom Cloud,” Los Angeles Times, 1 April 1990.
186. PSR Reports (Summer 1990); and personal observation.
187. “Soviet Miners Speak,” special issue, The Station Relay 5 (1989–91), p. 28.
188. Peter Rutland, “Labor Unrest Movements in 1989 and 1990,” Soviet Economy 6, no. 4 (1990).
189. Zheutlin, ‘’Nevada, USSR,” p. 11.
190. “Soviet Union to Close Testing Site” Arms Control Today (April 1990), p. 31.
191. Arms Control Reporter, pp. 608.B.208 and 608.B.216.
192. I. Sichka, “We Blast Without Warning,” Komsomol'skaia Pravda, 26 October 1990.
193. “Resolution Adopted on Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test,” TASS report, 31 October 1990.
194. “Arkhangelsk Leadership Protests Nuclear Tests,” TASS report, 31 October 1990.
195. Arms Control Reporter, pp. 608.B.220-21.
196. TASS report, 29 May 1990.
197. Arms Control Reporter, p. 608.B.199.
198. Arms Control Reporter, p. 608.B.227.
199. Arms Control Reporter, pp. 605.B.120-22.
200. Frank von Hippel, Princeton, N.J., 24 April 1992.
201. Rossiiskaia gazeta (Russian newspaper), pp. 608.B.233-234.
202. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels.
203. NRDC News 15 (Fall 1993), p. 49.
204. Douglas Jehl, “Energy Department Led Shift on A-Tests,” New York Times, 1 July 1993.
205. Mary McGrory, “O’Leary's Energy Is Felt,” Washington Post, 14 December 1993.
206. Thomas L. Friedman, “U.S. Formally Rejects ‘Star Wars’ in ABM Treaty,” New York Times, 15 July 1993.
207. Stephen Foye, “U.S. Defense Team Presses Moscow on Cooperation,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Daily Report, no. 87, 6 May 1994.
208. Seymour M. Hersh, “Missile Wars,” The New Yorker, 26 September 1994, pp. 86–99.
209. Golubev et al., “Proshloe i nastoiashchee Rossiiskikh sistem protivoraketnoi oborony.”.
210. Risse-Kappen, “Brining Transnational Relations Back In.”.
211. “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” p. 3.
212. Sheila Jasanoff, “The Normative Structure of Scientific Agreements about the Global Environment,” in Fen O. Hampson and Judith Reppy, eds.
213. “Global Environmental Change and Social Justice,” Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1994.
214. E. Volkov, “Ne raz’iasniaet, a zatumanivaet,” Krasnaia zvezda, 28 September 1989.
215. G. Kirilenko, “Legko li byt’ oborone dostatochnoi?” Krasnaia zvezda, 21 March 1990.
216. L.U. Liubimov, “O dostatochnosti oborony i nedostatke kompetentnosti,” Kommunist vooruzhen-nykh silf no. 16, August 1989, pp. 21-26.
217. General M. A. Moiseev, “Eshche raz o prestizhe armii,” Kommunist vooruzhennykh sil, no. 13, July 1989, pp. 3-14.
218. Akhromeev and Kornienko, Glazami marshala i diplomata.
219. Evangelista, “Sources of Moderation in Soviet Security Policy.”.
220. Risse-Kappen, “States and Transnational Relations: What Have We Learned?” in Bringing Transnational Relations Back In.
221. Helen Milner, “International Theories of Cooperation among Nations: Strengths and Weaknesses,” World Politics 44 (April 1992), pp. 466–96.
222. Emanual Adler and Peter M. Haas, “Conclusion: Epistemic Communities, World Order, and the Creation of a Reflective Research Program,” International Organization 46 (Winter 1992), pp. 367–90, especially pp. 384–385.
223. Hall, “Policy Innovation and the Structure of the State.
224. Weir and Skocpol, “State Structures and the Possibilities for ‘Keynesian’ Responses”.
225. Weir, “Ideas and Politics”.
226. Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions.
227. Goldstein and Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy.”.
228. Ikenberry, “A World Economy Restored, p. 292.
229. Hall, Political Power of Economic Ideas.
230. Goldstein and Keohane, “Ideas and Foreign Policy,” pp. 17–18.
231. Dale Herspring, The Soviet High Command, 1967-1989: Personalities and Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990).
232. Matthew Evangelista, “New Politics in the Soviet Union,” American Political Science Review 85 (December 1991), pp. 1433–36.
233. Vitalii Zhurkin, Sergei Kortunov, and Andrei Kortunov, “Reasonable sufficiency—or how to break the vicious circle,” New Times 40,12 October 1987.
234. Evangelista, “Sources of Moderation,” especially pp. 329–30.