Religion and the struggle for freedom in the english revolution

The Historical Journal

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 1992, Pages 507-530

  Davis, J C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84972015972     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X00025954     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. William Haller, Liberty and reformation in the puritan revolution (New York, 1955).
2. W. K. Jordan, The development of religious toleration in England (4 vols., Cambridge, MA, 1932“1940).
3. Mark Goldie, ‘The theory of religious intolerance in restoration England’, in Ole Peter Grell, Jonathan Israel and Nicholas Tyacke (eds.) From persecution to toleration: the glorious revolution and religion in England (Oxford, 1991), pp. 331–68.
4. G. E. Aylmer, The struggle for the constitution: England in the seventeenth century (London, 1963).
5. Richard Gust and Ann Hughes, ‘Introduction: after revisionism’, in Cust and Hughes (eds.), Conflict in early Stuart England: studies in religion and politics 1603–642 (Harlow, 1989), pp. 1–46.
6. ‘The emergence of adversary politics in the Long Parliament’, journal of Modem History, XLIX (1977), 617–40.
7. Parliamentary selection (London, 1986).
8. J. H. Hexter, ‘Power struggle, parliament and liberty in early Stuart England’, Journal of Modem History, L (1978), 1–50
9. ‘The birth of modern freedom’, TLS, 21 Hughes Jan. 1983.
10. J. P. Sommerville, Politics and ideology in England, (London, 1986)
11. Cust and Hughes (eds.), Conflict.
12. Cust and Hughes, ‘Introduction’, p. 37.
13. Perez Zagorin, Rebels and rulers, 1300–1660 (2 vols., Cambridge, 1982).
14. Conrad Russell, The causes of the English Civil War (Oxford, 1990), ch. 2.
15. Politics and ideas in early Stuart England: essays and studies (London, 1989), p. 286.
16. John A. Phillips, ‘The social calculus: deference and defiance in later Georgian England’, Albion, XXI, 3 (1989), 426–49
17. J. C. D. Clark, ‘England's ancient regime as a confessional state’, Albion, XXI, 3 (1989), 450–74.
18. R. C. Richardson and G. M. Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution: essays in history and literature (Manchester, 1986)
19. J. S. Morrill, ‘The religious context of the English Civil War’, TRHS, 5th ser. XXXIV (1984), 155–78
20. Morrill, ‘The attack on the Church of England in the Long Parliament, 1640–42’ in D. Beales and G. Best (eds.), History, society and the churches (London, 1985), pp. 105–24.
21. Morrill, ‘Sir William Brereton and England's wars of religion’, Journal of British Studies, XXIV (1985), 311–32.
22. Roger Howell Jr., ‘Cromwell and English liberty’, in Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution, p. 25.
23. Jonathan Scott, ‘England's troubles: exhuming the popish plot’, in Tim Harris, Paul Seaward and Mark Goldie (eds.), The politics of religion in restoration England (Oxford, 1990), pp. 107–31.
24. William Lamont, ‘Pamphleteering, the protestant consensus and the English revolution’, in Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution, pp. 77–92.
25. C. H. George, ‘Puritanism as history and historiography’, Past and Present, XLI (1968), 77–104.
26. Past and Present, XLIV (1969). 133–46.
27. William Haller (ed.), Tracts on liberty in the puritan revolution 1638–1641 (3 vols., New York, 1965), 1, 1–5.
28. Christopher Hill, The world tamed upside down: radical ideas during the English revolution (Harmondsworth, 1975).
29. Hill, ‘Winstanley and freedom’ in Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution pp. 151–168
30. William M. Lamont, Godly rule: politics and religion 1603–1660 (London, 1969), pp. 124–30, 167, 174.
31. Lamont, Godly rule
32. Marginal Prymu (London, 1963)
33. Richard Baxter and the millennium (London, 1979).
34. Margaret Spufford, ‘Puritanism and social control?’, in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds.), Order and disorder in early modem England (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 41–57.
35. George, ‘Puritanism as history and historiography ’.
36. Christopher Hill, ‘History and denominational history’, in Christopher Hill, Collected essays (3 vols., Brighton, 1984–1986), II, 4.
37. J. C. Davis, ‘Fear, myth and furore: reappraising the “Ranters”’, Past and Present, CXXIX (1990), 1–27.
38. Davis, ‘Puritanism and revolution: themes, categories, methods and conclusions’, The Historical Journal, XXXIII (1990), 693–704
39. Edward Bean Underhill (ed.), Records of the churches of Christ gathered at Fenstanton, War boys and Hexham 1644–1720 (The Hanserd Knollys Society, London, 1854), pp. 21, 42, 43, 46–7, 59, 73, 76, 89–90, 99, 172–4, 178, 184–6.
40. Davis, Fear, myth and history: the ranters and the historians (Cambridge, 1986)
41. Hill, ‘Winstanley and freedom’, p. 152.
42. Winstanley, ‘The law of freedom’, in G. H. Sabine (ed.), The works of Garrard Winstanley with an appendix of documents relating to the Digger movement (New York, 1941), p. 519.
43. Samuel Rawson Gardiner (ed.), The constitutional documents oj the puritan revolution, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1906), pp. 156, 205, 206, 261, 262, 269, 286, 291, 307, 327, 328, 333, 357, 359, 372, 374, 375, 385.
44. Compare Hobbes: ‘Againe, if we take Liberty, for an exception from Lawes it is no lesse absurd for men to demand as they doe, that Liberty, by which all other men may be masters of their lives’, Richard Tuck (ed.), Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan (Cambridge, 1991), p. 147.
45. David Wootton (ed.), Divine right and democracy: an anthology of political writings in Stuart England (Harmondsworth, 1986), p. 278.
46. Tim Harris, ‘“Lives, liberties and estates”: rhetorics of liberty in the reign of Charles II’, in Harris, Seaward and Goldie (eds.), Politics of religion in restoration England, pp. 217–41.
47. William Ashhurst, Reasons against agreement (1648), p. 2.
48. William Cokayne, The foundations of freedom vindicated (1649), To the Reader.
49. William Thompson, England's freedome, souldter's rights (1647)
50. Don M. Wolfe (ed.), Leveller manifestoes of the puritan revolution (n.p., 1967).
51. Michael Hawkes, The right of dominion and property of liberty, whether natural civil or religious (1656), chs. II, IV and p. 107.
52. John Lilburne, The legall fimdamentall liberties of the people of England revived, asserted and vindicated (1649)
53. William Haller and Godfrey Davies (eds.), The leveller tracts 1647–1653 (Gloucester, MA, 1965)
54. Gardiner (ed.), Constitutional documents, pp. 375, 377.
55. Isaac Pennington Jr., The fundamental right, safety and liberty of the people (1651).
56. Isaac Pennington Jr., Divine essays (1654), pp. 22, 63–5.
57. Peter Sterry, The teachings of Christ (1648), pp. 14, 23–33.
58. William Prynne, The substance of a speech, 3rd edn (1649), p. 76.
59. Godly rule, p. 161.
60. William Walwyn, The power of love (1643), p. 39.
61. Pennington, Divine essays, p. 81.
62. John Goodwin, The triers tried (1657), p. 18.
63. Richard Overton, An appeale (1647) in Wolfe (ed.), Leveller manifestoes, p. 163.
64. William Walwyn, A helpe to the right understanding of a discourse concerning independency (1644), p. 4.
65. J. C. Davis, ‘The levellers and Christianity’, in B. S. Manning (ed.), Politics, religion and the civil War (London, 1973), pp. 242–3.
66. William Penn, The great case of liberty of conscience once more briefly debated and defended (1671) in C. E. Whiting, Studies in English puritanism from the restoration to the revolution 1660–1688 (London, 1931), PP. 139–40
67. C. H. Firth (ed.), The Clarke papers (4 vols., 1891–1901)
68. Dewey D. Wallace, Jr., Puritans and predestination; grace in English proUstant theology 7525–1655 (Chapel Hill, 1982), pp. 124–5.
69. Leopold Damrosch, jr., ‘Hobbes as reformation theologian: implications of the free-will controversy’, Journal of the History of Ideas, XL (1979), 339–52.
70. Quentin Skinner, ‘Thomas Hobbes on the proper signification of liberty’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5 Series 40 (1990), 126, 148.
71. Richard Tuck (ed.), Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan (Cambridge, 1991), p. 147.
72. Thomas Case, Spiritual whoredom discovered (1647), p. 34
73. Richard Vines, The impostures of seducing teachers discovered (1644) quoted in William Haller, Liberty and reformation m the puritan revolution (New York, 1955), p. 125.
74. Sterry, Teachings of Christ, p. 21.
75. John Owen, Gods work in founding Zion (1656).
76. Vivian de Sola Pinto, Peter Sterry: platonist and puritan 1613–1672 a biographical and critical study with passages selected from his writings (Cambridge, 1934), P. 105.
77. R. Bacon, The labyrinth the kingdom's in (1649).
78. Blair Worden, ‘Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan’, in Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best (eds.), History, society and the churches (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 125–45.
79. Laurence Clarkson, The lost sheep found (1660)
80. Davis, Fear, myth and history, pp. 66–73.
81. William Sedgewick, Animadversions upon a Utter and paptr, first sont to his Highness by certain gentlemen and others in Wales (1656).
82. Sedgewick, Animadversions, pp. 17, 25, 47.
83. R. T. Kendall, Calvin and English Calvinism to 1649 (Oxford, 1979), especially pp. 73, 105, 119, 17a.
84. John Morrill, ‘The church in England, 1642–9’, in Morrill (ed.), Reactions la the English Civil War 1642–1649 (London, 1983), pp. 89–114.
85. Huntley, Taylor, pp. 34–55.
86. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the rise of capitalism (Harmondsworth, 1938), p. 124.
87. Ian Gentles, ‘London levellers in the English revolution: the Chidleys and their circle’, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XXIX (1978), 281–309.
88. Antonia Fraser, The weaker vessel: woman's lot in seventeenth century England (London, 1985), 278.
89. Pennington, The fundamental right
90. Hezekiah Woodward, Christmas Day (1656), pp. 19–20, 25.
91. G. F. Nuttall, The puritan spirit: essays and addresses (London, 1967), p. 116.
92. A. S. P. Wood house (ed.), Puritanism and liberty, 2nd edn (London, 1950), pp. 67–8.
93. C. H. Firth and R. S. Rait (eds.), Acts and ordinances of the interregnum (3 vols., London, 1911), 1, 913–14.
94. Christ. ‘The development of apocalyptic thought: medieval attitudes’, in C. A. Pat rides and Joseph Wittreich (eds.), The apocalypse in English renaissance thought and literature (Manchester, 1984), p. 41.
95. John Spurr, ‘Virtue, religion and government: the Anglican uses of providence’, in Harris, Seaward and Goldie (eds.), Politics of religion in restoration England, pp. 29–47.
96. William Walwyn, A pearle in a dounghill (1646), in A. L. Morton (ed.), Freedom in arms: a selection of leveller writings (London, 1975), p. 81.
97. Gardiner, Constitutional documents, p. 334.
98. J. C. Davis, Utopia and the ideal society: a study of English utopian writing 1516–1700 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 178–9.
99. ‘The law of freedom’, in Sabine (ed.), Works, pp. 507, 515.
100. Margaret Judson, The political thought of Sir Henry Vane the younger (Philadelphia, 1969)
101. Paul Harris, ‘Young Sir Henry Vane's arguments for freedom of conscience’, Political Science, XL, 1 (1988), 34–48.
102. R. C. Richardson and C. M. Ridden, ‘Introduction’, Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution, p. 3.
103. Firth (ed.), Clarke papers, II, 84–87.
104. John Goodwin, Anti-cavalierisme (1642), p. 8.
105. William Aspinwall Thunder from heaven (1655).
106. The work of the age (1655).
107. John Cannc, A seasonable word (1959;, p. 5.
108. Anon., Certain quaeres (1648), pp. 3–7.
109. Firth (ed.), Clarke papers, II, 84–7, 108, 123–4.
110. John Tillinghast, Generation work (1653)
111. John Rogers, Sagrir (1653)
112. Dod (1633)
113. John Canne, A roue from the temple 1653
114. A second voyce (1653).
115. Christopher Feake, A beam of light shining in the midst of much darkness and confusion (1659), pp. 53–9
116. Christopher Feake, The oppressed close prisoner in Windsor-Castle (1635), pp, 2–3, 10–11, 14–13.
117. [John Cook], Monarchy no creature of Gods making (Waterford, 1651).
118. Unum necessarium (1648), p. 11.
119. A compieate collection of the lives speeches private passages, letters and prayers of those persons lately executed (1661), pp. 55–6.
120. Richard Coppin, A hint of the glorious mystery of divine teachings (1649), p. 2.
121. Saul smitten for not smiting amaiek (1653), 6, 17–18.
122. A man-child born (1654), p. 114.
123. Blair Worden (ed.), Edmund Ludlow: a voyce from the watch tower: part Jive: 1660–1662, Camden Fourth Scries, 21: Royal Historical Society (London, 1978), p. 169.
124. C. H. Firth (ed.), Memoirs of the life of Colonel Hutchinson governor of Nottingham by his widow Lucy (2 vols., London, 1885), 1, 1–2.
125. Thomas Birch (ed.), A collection of the state papers of John Thurloe, Esq. (7 vols., London, 1742), II, 113–114
126. John Spitdehouse, The fast addresses (1653), P. 4.
127. Anna Trapnel, The cry of a stone (1654), pp. 6, 10–11, 19, 52, 54, 69
128. Arise Evans The voice of tke iron rod (1655)
129. Evans, The euroclydon winds (1654)
130. John Moore, Protection proclaimed (1655)
131. James Nayler, To thee Oliver Cromwell (1655), p. 7
132. Edward Burroughes, Good counsel (1659).
133. Commonwealth mercury (1658).
134. Blair Worden, ‘Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan’, in Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best (eds.), History, society and the churches (Cambridge. 1985), pp. 125–45.
135. Wilbur Cortez Abbott (ed.), The writings and speeches of Oliver Cromwell (4 vols., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1937–1947).
136. R. S. Paul, The Lord Protector: religion and politics in the life of Oliver Cromwell (London, 1955), p. 392.
137. Abbott (ed.), Writings and speeches, II, 325.
138. John Eliot, Tears of repentance (1653).
139. Bernard Capp, ‘The political dimension of apocalyptic thought’, in Patrides and Wittreich (eds.), The apocalypse, p. 106.
140. William Hunt, ‘Spectral origins of the English revolution: legitimation crisis in early Stuart England’, in Geoff Eley and William Hunt (eds.), Reviving the English revolution: reflections and elaborations on the work of Christopher Hill (London, 1988), pp. 305–32.
141. John Milton, ‘On being arrived at twenty-three years of age’, in H. C. Beeching (ed.), The English poems of John Milton (London, 1946), p. 9.
142. Warren L. Cherniak, ‘Christian liberty in Marvell and Milton’, in Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution, pp. 52, 54, 62.
143. Milton's An apology (1642).
144. Sterry, The spirits conviction, Epistle Dedicatory.
145. Sarah Gibbard Cook, ‘The Cromwellian Independents and the Cromwellian constitutions’. Church History, XLVI, 3 (1977), 351.
146. William Dell, The crucified and quickened Christian (n.d., 1650?), pp. 23–4.
147. Edmond Chillenden, Preaching without ordination (1647)
148. William Walwyn, The Power of Love (1643).
149. Nuttall, The Holy Spirit, p. 107.
150. Reliquiae Baxterianae, pp. 71, 77.
151. An homity against disobedience and wylful rebellion (1570), in Wootton (ed.), Divine right and democracy, p. 96.
152. Jeremiah Burroughs, Irenicum (1646).
153. Winthrop S. Hudson, ‘Denominationalism as a baaisfor ecumenicity; a seventeenth century conception’, Church History, XXIV (1955), 35, 38, 41.
154. Horton et al., The faithfull narrative (1654)
155. Nayler, To thee Oliver Cromwell, pp. 2, 7.
156. Abiezer Coppe, Some sweet sips of some spirituall wine (1649), title page, p. 42.
157. Bernard Capp, The fifth monarchy men: a study in seventeenth-century English millenariamsm (London, 1972), pp. 13–14.
158. John Milton, Fro populo anglicana defame (1651) in Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and liberty, p. 230.
159. John Jubbes, Several proposals for peace and freedom (1648), in Wolfe (ed.), Leveller manifestoes, p. 318.
160. Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and liberty, pp. 135–6, 139, 141, 143, 145, 148, 151.
161. Richard Overton, An appeals (1647) in Wolfe (ed.), Leveller manifestoes, pp. 158, 159, 160.
162. Fermando Cervantes, ‘The devils of Queretaro: scepticism and credulity in late seventeenth-century Mexico’, Past and Present, cxxx (1991), 51–69.
163. Christopher Hill, ‘Occasional conformity’, in R. Buick Knox (ed.), Reformation, conformity and dissent: essays in honour of Gooffrey Muttall (London, 1977), p. 201.
164. George Yule, The Independents in tht English Civil War (Cambridge and Melbourne, 1958), p. 73.
165. E.g. John Good win at Whitehall in Woodhouse (ed.), Puritanism and liberty, p. 126.
166. Geoffrey F. Nuttall, Visible saints: the congregational way 1640–1660 (Oxford, 1957), pp. 54, 60.
167. The ancient bounds (1645), in Woodhouse (ed.) Puritanism and liberty, p. 247.
168. Baxter, Reliquiae, p. 104.
169. Blair Worden, ‘Toleration and the Cromwellian protectorate’, in W. J. Shiels (ed.), Persecution and toleration: studies in church history (Church History Society, Oxford, 1984), xxi, 199–233.
170. Lamont,‘Pamphleteering ’, in Richardson and Ridden (eds.), Freedom and the English revolution, pp. 77, 87, 89.
171. The quotation is from Henry Robinson, Liberty of conscience (1644), in Haller (ed.), Tracts on Liberty, III, 115.
172. Walwyn, Power of love, p. 43.
173. A manifestation (1649) in Haller and Davies (eds.), Leveller tracts, pp. 276–284.
174. John Lilbume, The legall fimdamentall liberties of the people of England (1649), in Haller and Davies (eds.), Leveller tracts, p. 20.
175. John Lilbume, Strength out of weaknesse (1649), pp. 21–22.
176. John Lilbume, The just defence of John Lilbume (1653), p. 2.
177. William Walwyn, A helpe to the right understanding of a discourse concerning independency (1644), p. 4.
178. J. C. Davis, ‘The levellers and Christianity’, in Brian Manning (ed.), Politics, religion and the English Civil War (London, 1973), p. 243.
179. An agreement of the free people of England (1649), p. 2.
180. Lilbume, Legall fundamentall liberties, p. 75.
181. Anon., Tyrasupocrit (1649), pp. 3, 9, 38–39.
182. Milton, Second defence of the English people quoted in S. R. Gardiner, History of the commonwealth and protectorate 1649–56 (4 vols., New York, 1965), III, 169.
183. Samuel Richardson, An apology for the present government (1654), p. 3.
184. John Fell, The interest of England stated (1659).
185. J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic republican tradition (Princeton, 1975), Part 3.
186. U. Milo Kaufmann, ‘Spiritual discerning: Bunyan and the mysteries of the divine will’, in N. H. Keeble (ed.), John Bunyan: Conventicle and Parnassus: tercentenary essays (Oxford, 1988), pp. 173–176.
187. Richard Coppin, Truths testimony (1655), pp. 142–144.
188. Also Christopher Feake et al., A faithful discovery (1655), pp. 39–40.