“The Great End of All Government…”: Working People's Construction of Citizenship Claims in Early Nineteenth-Century England and the Matter of Class

International Review of Social History

Volumn 40, Issue S3, 1995, Pages 19-50

  Steinberg, Marc W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84971946242     PISSN: 00208590     EISSN: 1469512X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020859000113598     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Two Penny Trash, 9 March 1831, p. 204.
2. Two Penny Trash, 1 November 1831, pp. 104, 109.
3. T.H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development (New York, 1965), p. 81.
4. J.M. Barbalet, Citizenship: Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality (Minneapolis, 1988), pp. 24–27.
5. Anthony Giddens, Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory (Berkeley, 1982), pp. 173–174.
6. Ursula Vogel, “Is Citizenship Gender-Specific”, in Ursula Vogel (ed.), The Frontiers of Citizenship (New York, 1991), pp. 58–85 and
7. Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, “Civil Citizenship Against Social Citizenship? On the Ideology of Contract-Versus-Charity”, in Bert van Steenbergen (ed.). The Condition of Citizenship (London, 1994), pp. 90–107.
8. Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1840–1914 (Cambridge, 1991), and
9. “A People and a Class: Industrial Workers and the Social Order in Nineteenth-Century England”, in M.L. Bush (ed.), Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe Since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification (London, 1992), pp. 199-. 217;
10. Linda Colley, “Whose Nation? Class and National Consciousness in Britain 1750-1830’ Past and Present, 113 (1986), pp. 97–117
11. Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven, 1992);
12. Margaret Somers, “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action: Rethinking English Working-Class Formation”, Social Science History, 16 (1992), pp. 591–630
13. “Law, Community, and Political Culture in the Transition to Democracy”, American Sociological Review, 58 (1993), pp. 587–620, and
14. “Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship”, Law and Social Inquiry (1994), pp. 63-112;
15. James Vernon, Politics and the People: A Study in English Political Culture c. 1815–1867 (Cambridge, 1993) and
16. “Who's Afraid of the Linguistic Turn?: The Politics of Social History and Its Discontents”, Social History, 19 (1994), pp. 81–87.
17. Giddens, Profiles and Critiques, pp. 171–172 and
18. Michael Mann, “Ruling Class Strategies and Citizenship”, Sociology, 21 (1987), 33–54.
19. Bryan S. Turner, Citizenship and Capitalism (London, 1988).
20. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA, 1992).
21. Barbalet, Citizenship.
22. Somers, “Law, Community, and Political Culture”, p. 597, and
23. “Rights, Relationality, and Membership”, p. 73.
24. Somers, “Law, Community, and Political Culture”, p. 607.
25. Somers, “Narrativity, Narrative Identity”, p. 612.
26. Somers, “Law, Community, and Political Culture”, p. 611, and
27. “Rights, Relationality, and Membership”, p. 75.
28. Joyce, Visions, pp. 57–58, 90–92, 94, 99, 100, 108–109, 336.
29. Vernon, “Who's Afraid of the Linguistic Turn?”, p. 89.
30. Vernon, Politics and the People, pp. 297, 309–311, 330.
31. Joyce, Visions, pp. 8, 16–17, and
32. Joyce, “A People and a Class”, p. 202.
33. Joyce, Visions, p. 30, and
34. Joyce, “A People and a Class”, p. 203.
35. Vernon, Politics and the People, p. 208,.
36. Colley, Britons, p. 362,.
37. Colley, “Whose Nation?”, pp. 105–109.
38. Britons, pp. 280, 312, 337–342.
39. Somers, “Narrativity, Narrative Identity, and Social Action”, pp. 607–609.
40. Marc W. Steinberg, ‘The Dialogue of Struggle: The Contest Over Ideological Boundaries in the Case of London Silk Weavers in the Nineteenth Century”, Social Science History, 18 (1994), pp. 504–542, and
41. ‘“The Labour of the Country is the Wealth of the Country […]’: Class Identity, Consciousness and the Role of Discourse in the Making of the English Working Class”, International Labor and Working-Class History (forthcoming, 1996).
42. James Epstein, “The Constitutional Idiom: Radical Reasoning, Rhetoric and Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England”, Journal of Social History, 23 (1990), p. 568;
43. “Rethinking the Categories of Working-Class History”, LabourlLe Travail, 18 (1986), p. 201.
44. Margot Finn, “‘A Vent Which Has Conveyed Our Principles’: English Radical Patriotism in the Aftermath of 1848”, Journal of Modern History, 64 (1992), pp. 637–659, and
45. After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874 (Cambridge, 1993).
46. Giddens, Profiles and Critiques, pp. 179–180 and
47. Mann, “Ruling Class Strategies”, pp. 340–341.
48. Gerald B. Hertz, “The English Silk Industry in the Eighteenth Century”, English Historical Review, 24 (1909), pp. 710-727;
49. George R. Porter, A Treatise on the Origin, Progressive Improvement, and Present State of the Silk Manufacture (London, 1831); and
50. Frank Warner, The Silk Industry in the United Kingdom: Its Origin and Development (London, 1921).
51. C.S. Davies, A History of Macclesfield (Manchester, 1961), p. 133.
52. Judy Lown, Women and Industrialization: Gender at Work in Nineteenth-Century England (Minneapolis, 1990).
53. Parliamentary Papers[hereafter PP] (Commons) 1835 [572] VII, pp. 10-11;
54. W.M. Jordan, “The Silk Industry in London, 1760 – 1830, with Special Reference to the Conditions of the Wage-Earners and the Policy of the Spitalfields Acts” (M. Litt., University of London, 1931), p. 12;
55. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1780–1850 (London, 1969), pp. 168, 176-177; Trades’ Newspaper, 23 October 1825, 23 February 1828.
56. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates[hereafter Hansard's], New Series, 10 (1824), c. 1312;
57. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates 14 (1826), c. 757
58. Hansard's Third Series, 10 (1832), c. 1030;
59. An Account of the Proceedings of the Committees of the Journeymen Silk Weavers of Spitalfields; in the Legal Defence of the Acts of Parliament, Granted to their Trade […] (London, 1823), p. 59;
60. Davies, Macclesfield, p. 133;
61. Porter, A Treatise on the Origin, p. 80;
62. Peter Searby, “Paternalism, Disturbance and Parliamentary Reform: Society and Politics in Coventry, 1819 - 32”, International Review of Social History, 22 (1977), pp. 198–225, 200, 206, and
63. “The Relief of the Poor in Coventry, 1830-1863”, The Historical Journal, 20 (1977), p. 346; Warner, The Silk Industry, p. 152
64. Phillip McCann “Popular Education, Socialization, and Social Control: Spitalfields 1812 - 1824”, in Phillip McCann (ed.), Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1977), p. 3;
65. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, English Local Government From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act: The Parish and the County (London, 1906), pp. 79-90;
66. John Prest, The Industrial Revolution in Coventry (Oxford, 1960), p. 52.
67. Prest, Coventry, pp. 28, 53, 55, 59, 69;
68. Peter Searby, “’Lists of Prices’ in the Coventry Silk Industry, 1800-1860”, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, 27 (1973), and
69. “Paternalism, Disturbance and Parliamentary Reform”, pp. 207–209, and
70. “The Relief of the Poor”, p. 347.
71. Davies, Macclesfield, pp. 133, 189;
72. Warner, The Silk Industry, pp. 133-134; PP (Lords) 1823 [57] CLVI, p. 55;
73. Duncan Bythell, The Handloom Weavers (Cambridge, 1969), pp. 260–261.
74. Hertz, “The English Silk Industry”, p. 727;
75. Hansard's, New Series, 5 (1826), c. 736–737.
76. A.E. Bland, P.A. Brown and R.H. Tawney (eds), English Economic History: Select Documents (New York, 1919), pp. 547-551;
77. J.H. Gapham, “The Spitalfields Acts 1773 - 1824”, Economic Journal, 26 (1916);
78. Alfred Plummer, The London Weavers’ Company 1600 – 1970 (London, 1972), pp. 328 - 329; Letters, Taken from Various Newspapers, Tending to Injure the Journeymen Silk Weavers of Spitalfields, with and Attack against the Acts of Parliament, Regulating the Prices of Their Work […] (London, 1818);
79. Barry Gordon, Economic Doctrine and Tory Liberalism 1824–1830 (London, 1979), p. 19;
80. Hansard's, New Series, 9 (1823), c. 146–149.
81. Mitchell Dean, The Constitution of Poverty: Toward a Genealogy of Liberal Governance (London, 1991);
82. Boyd Hilton, Corn, Cash, Commerce: The Economic Policies of the Tory Governments 1815–1830 (Oxford, 1977), and
83. The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795–1865 (Oxford, 1988).
84. A.C. Howe, “Free Trade and the City of London, c. 1820-1870”, History, 251 (1992), pp. 391–410.
85. “that the Disposition of the Government is with us, and that the Eyes of the Country are open to the better principles of Political Economy […]”, PP (Lords) 1823 [57] CLVI, p. 28.
86. Hansard's, New Series, 9 (1823), c. 148–149.
87. C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford, 1962).
88. Albert O. Hirschman, “Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive or Feeble?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 20 (1982), pp. 1464–1466.
89. Observations on the Ruinous Effects of the Spitalfields Acts to the Silk Manufacture of London: to Which is Added a Reply to Mr. Hale's Appeal to the Public in Defence of the Act (London, 1822), p. 66.
90. Phillip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford, 1985), pp. 116 – 119, 133, 149 – 150.
91. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston, 1944), p. 163 and
92. Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices: Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory (Minneapolis, 1989), pp. 151–152.
93. Hansard's, New Series, 10 (1826), c. 756–757, 21 (1829), c. 748–749, 864;
94. Hansard's, Third Series, 10 (1832), c. 923-924; PP (Commons) 1832 [678] XIX, pp. 62, 66, 341, 387–389; John Prout, Practical View of the Silk Trade (Macclesfield, 1829), p. 23.
95. Charles Tilly, “Britain Creates the Social Movement”, in James Cronin and Jonathan Schneer (eds), Social Conflict and Political Order in Modern Britain (New Brunswick, 1982), p. 25.
96. John Belchem, “Republicanism, Popular Constitutionalism and the Radical Platform”, Social History, 6 (1981), pp. 1–32 and
97. “Orator Hunt”: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985);
98. Clive Behagg, Politics and Production in the Early Nineteenth Century (London, 1990); and
99. T.M. Parssinen, “Association, Convention, and Anti-Parliament in British Radical Politics, 1771-1848”, English Historical Review, 88 (1973), pp. 504–533.
100. T.K. Derry, “The Repeal of the Apprenticeship Clauses of the Statute of Apprentices”, Economic History Review, Second Series, 3 (1931), pp. 67-87;
101. Lowerth Prothero, Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Gast and His Times (London, 1979); and
102. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York, 1966).
103. Trades’ Newspaper, 23 February 1828, p. 246.
104. Trades’ Newspaper, 16 April 1826, pp. 635–636
105. Journal of the House of Commons, 82 (1823), p. 523.
106. Thompson, The Making, p. 295.
107. E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, 1990), p. 19.
108. Anna Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995), esp. ch. 8.
109. Vogel, “Is Citizenship Gender-Specific?”, pp. 62, 71–75, and
110. Fraser and Gordon, “Civil Citizenship Against Social Citizenship?”, pp. 95–99.
111. Ruth Smith and Deborah H. Valenze, “Mutuality and Marginality: Liberal Moral Theory and Working-Gass Women in Nineteenth-Century England”, Signs, 13 (1988), pp. 277–298.
112. Clark, Struggle for the Breeches, p. 142.
113. Carloe Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford, 1988).
114. Deborah Valenze, The First Industrial Woman (Oxford, 1995), pp. 129–130, 138—139.
115. Diane Willen, “Women in the Public Sphere in Early Modern England: The Case of the Urban Working Poor”, Sixteenth Century Journal, 19 (1988), pp. 559–575.
116. Gregory Claeys, Machinery, Money, and the Millennium: From Moral Economy, to Socialism, 1815–1850 (Cambridge, 1987), and
117. Citizens and Saints: Politics and Anti-Politics in Early British Socialism (Cambridge, 1989);
118. Thomas A. Horne, Property Rights and Poverty: Political Argument in Britain, 1605–1834 (Chapel Hill, 1990);
119. Prothero, Artisans and Politics
120. Adrian Randall, “New Languages or Old? Labour, Capital, and Discourse in the Industrial Revolution”, Social History, 14 (1990), pp. 195-216;
121. John Smail, “New Languages for Labour and Capital: The Transformation of Discourse in the Early Years of the Industrial Revolution”, Social History, 12 (1987), pp. 49–72 and
122. “New Languages? Yes Indeed: A Reply to Adrian Randall”, Social History, 16 (1991), pp. 217-222;
123. N.W. Thompson, The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816–34 (Cambridge, 1984), and
124. The Market and Its Critics: Socialist Political Economy in Nineteenth Century Britain (London, 1988).
125. Richard Ashcraft, “Liberal Political Theory and Working-Class Radicalism in Nineteenth- Century England”, Political Theory, 21 (1993), pp. 249-272;
126. John Belchem, Industrialization and the Working Class: The English Experience, 1750–1900 (Portland, OR, 1990);
127. James Epstein, Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual and Symbol in England: 1790–1850 (Oxford, 1994);
128. Neville Kirk, “In Defense of Class. A Critique of Recent Revisionist Writing Upon The Nineteenth-Century English Working Class”, International Review of Social History, 32 (1987), pp. 2-47;
129. Steinberg, “The Labour of the Country”.
130. Epstein, Radical Expression’, Thompson, The Making; and
131. Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Pristine Culture of Capitalism (London, 1991).
132. John Powell, A Letter Addressed to Weavers, Shopkeepers, and Publicans, on the Great Value of the Principle of the Spitalfields Acts: In Opposition to the Absurd and Mischievous Doctrines of the Advocates for their Repeal (London, 1824), pp. 2–3.
133. Powell, A Letter, p. 5.
134. John Rule, ‘The Property of Skill in the Period of Manufacture”, in Patrick Joyce (ed.), The Historical Meaning of Work (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 99–118.
135. James Epstein, “The Constitutional Idiom”, p. 565.
136. Report Adopted at a General Meeting of the Journeymen Broad Silk Weavers, […] to take into their Consideration the Necessity of Petitioning the Legislature for a Wage Protection Bill […] To which is Appended, The Petition (London, 1828), 12–14.
137. Trades’ Newspaper, 9 July 1826, p. 829.
138. Trades’ Newspaper, 26 April 1828, p. 315.
139. Report, p. 35.
140. Clark, Struggle for the Breeches, pp. 143, 163.
141. An Account, p. 45.
142. Trades’ Newspaper, 9 July 1826, p. 828.
143. Voice of the People, 29 January 1831.
144. Hugh Cunningham, “The Language of Patriotism, 1750 - 1914”, History Workshop, 12 (1981), pp. 8–37.
145. Miles Taylor, “John Bull and the Iconography of Public Opinion in England c. 1712-1929”. Past and Present, 134 (1992), p. 126.
146. Hobsbawm, Nations, p. 25.
147. Barbalet, Citizenship, p. 35.
148. Hansard's, New Series, 14 (1826), c. 763–808.
149. “The superior capital of this country would sure to be victorious, under circumstances equally advantageous”, Hansard's, New Series, 14 (1826), c. 845.
150. Trades’ Newspaper, 2 April 1826.
151. J. Pymlot, Strictures on the Wisdom and Policy of the Present Measures Relative to the Importation of Silk (Macclesfield, 1826), p. 7.
152. Trades’ Newspaper, 12 February 1826, p. 486
153. Jurgen Habermas, “Citizenship and National Identity”, in van Steenbergen, The Condition of Citizenship, pp. 25–26.
154. Sonya O. Rose, “‘Gender at Work’: Sex, Class and Industrial Capitalism”, History Workshop, 21 (1986), pp. 113–131
155. Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth-Century England (Berkeley, 1992), and
156. “Gender and Labour History: The Nineteenth-Century Legacy”, in Marcel van der Linden (ed.), The End of Labour History? (International Review of Social History, 38 (1993), Supplement), pp. 145-162;
157. Anna Clark, “The Rhetoric of Chartist Domesticity: Gender, Language, and Class in the 1830s and 1840s”, Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), pp. 62–88, and
158. Struggle for the Breeches’, Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1983).
159. Mary Freifeld, “Technological Change and the Self-Acting Mule: a Study of Skill and the Sexual Division of Labour”, Social History, 11 (1986), pp. 319-343;
160. Carol E. Morgan, “Women, Work and Consciousness in the Mid-nineteenth-century English Cotton Industry”, Social History, 17 (1992), pp. 23-41; and
161. Marianna Valverde, “‘Giving the Female a Domestic Turn’: The Social, Legal and Moral Regulation of Women's Work in British Cotton Mills, 1820-150”, Journal of Social History, 21 (1988), 619–634.
162. Robert Gray, “Factory Legislation and the Gendering of Jobs in the North of England, 1830-1860”, Gender and History, 5 (1993), pp. 56-80;
163. Keith McClelland, “Some Thoughts on Masculinity and the ‘Representative Artisan’ in Britain, 1850-1915”, Gender and History, 1 (1989), pp. 164–177.
164. Clapham, “The Spitalfields Acts”, p. 462.
165. Clark, “The Rhetoric”, p. 83.
166. Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, pp. 80–81, 112, and
167. Dorothy Thompson, “Women, Work and Politics in Nineteenth-Century England: The Problem of Authority”, in Jane Rendall (ed.), Equal or Different: Women's Politics 1800–1914 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 64–65.
168. Valenze, First Industrial Woman, pp. 141–154.
169. Trades’ Newspaper, 9 July 1826, pp. 828 – 829.
170. Trades’ Free Press, 2 July 1826 and 13 May 1827;
171. Weekly Free Press, 3 May 1828.
172. Report Adopted at a General Meeting, pp. 9–11.
173. Place Coll., Set 16, v. 2, “Silk”, f. 153.
174. Arthur Armitage, “The Spitalfields Weaver” (n.d.), Tower Hamlets Library, Local History Collection, L.P.1644 680.2 (n.d.), p. 265.