Some changes in the matrilineal family system among the chewa of malawi since the nineteenth century

The Journal of African History

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 1983, Pages 257-274

  Phiri, Kings M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84971706893     PISSN: 00218537     EISSN: 14695138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700021976     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. M. G. Marwick, an affiliate of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, did fieldwork in 1946-7, 1948-9 and 1952-3; cf. his Sorcery in its Social Setting: a Study of the Northern
2. As in A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and Daryll Forde (eds.), African Systems of Kinship and Marriage (London, 1950).
3. Cf. A. I. Richards, ‘Some types of family structure amongst the Central Bantu’. 230-6, based on the early work of Marwick and J. C. Mitchell.
4. Lucy Mair, ‘Marriage and family in the Dedza District of Nyasaland’, J. Royal Anthropological Institute (J.R.A.I.), lxxxi (1952), 106.
5. S. Roberts, ‘A comparison of the family law and custom of two matrilineal systems in Nyasaland’, Nyasaland J. xvii (1964), 24-5.
6. J. P. Bruwer, ‘Ankhoswe: the system of guardianship in Cewa matrilineal society’, African Studies, xiv (1955), 119.
7. A. Makumbi, Maliro ndi Miyambo ya Achewa (London, 1955), passim; R. G. Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa: the Anglican case, 1885-1950’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1974).
8. Marwick, Sorcery, 111-67; E. A. Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in east-central Africa (London, 1975), 28; E. C. Mandala, ‘The nature and substance of Mang'anja and Kololo oral traditions’, Society of Malawi J. xxxi (1978), 9-10.
9. Kings M. Phiri, ‘Chewa history in central Malawi and the use of oral tradition, 1600-1920’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1975), 24-7.
10. R. S. Rattray, Some folklore stories and songs in Chinyanja (London, 1907), 116-18; T. Cullen Young and Hastings Banda (eds.), Our African Way of Life (London, 1946), 11-19, 60-94; Marwick, Sorcery, 169-76.
11. Oral testimony (O.T.): Chief Mwase Lundazi and councillors to Leroy Vail and K. M. Chavura, Nthembwe village, Lundazi, 25 April 1974.
12. Mair, ‘Marriage and family’, 113.
13. M. J. Schoffeleers, The Lower Shire Valley: its Ecology, Population Distribution, Ethnic Division and Systems of Marriage (Limbe, 1968), 26; Marwick, Sorcery, 180-5; Mair, ‘Marriage and family’, 103; J. C. Mitchell, The Yao Village (Manchester, 1956), 183-5.
14. G. T. Rimmington, ‘Dedza District’, Nyasaland Journal, xvi (1963), 38;
15. For a discussion of how Chewa men employed Nyau as a weapon against military recruitment in World War I, see Melvin E. Page, ‘The Great War and Chewa society in Malawi’, J. Southern African Studies, 6, ii (1980), 171-82.
16. J. Vansina, Kingdoms of the Savanna (Madison, 1966), 26.
17. A. G. O. Hodgson, ‘Notes on the Chewa and Angoni of the Dowa District of the Nyasaland Protectorate’, J.R.A.I. lxiii (1923), 137; Bruwer, ‘Unkhoswe’, 114-20.
18. Mair, ‘Marriage and family’, 105.
19. Mitchell, Yao Village, 144, 199-201.
20. Makumbi, Maliro ndi Miyambo, 4-5, 20-3; Hodgson, ‘Notes’, 139; H. S. Stannus, ‘Notes on some tribes of British Central Africa’, J.R.A.I. xl (1910), 308-10.
21. For a discussion of this trend among the Yao see Mitchell, Yao Village, 187-97.
22. See Wyatt MacGaffey, ‘Lineage structure, marriage and family amongst the central Bantu’, above.
23. E. A. Alpers, The East African Slave Trade (Historical Association of Tanzania, paper no. 3: Nairobi, 1967); idem, Ivory and Slaves, 209-63; A. F. Isaacman, Mozambique…the Zambezi Prazos, 1750-1902 (Madison, 1972), 85-94.
24. J. D. Y. Peel, ‘The Changing Family in modern Ijesha history’ (paper presented to the Conference on the History of the Family in Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, September 1981), 5-6.
25. Mary Douglas, ‘. Matriliny and pawnship in Central Africa’, Africa, 64 (1964), 301-13.
26. Marcia Wright, ‘Women in peril: a commentary on the life stories of captives in 19th century east-central Africa’, African Social Research, 20 (1975), 800-19.
27. Kings M. Phiri, ‘Pre-colonial economic change in Central Malawi: the development and expansion of trade systems’, Malawi J. Social Science, 5 (1976), 19.
28. O. T.: Andrew Likambale to Kings Phiri and Gaudensio Maluza, Makanjila village, T. A. Chikowi, Zomba, 21 July 1980.
29. Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 32-5; Vaughan, ‘Social and economic change in southern Malawi’, 39-40; Mitchell, The Yao Village, 195-7.
30. S. S. Murray, A Handbook of Nyasaland (Zomba, 1922), 52-3.
31. Dennis F. Namate, ‘The emergence of the Yao as a political and economic force in Mangochi district: the case of Mponda's area, 1810-1910’ (History student research paper, Chancellor College, Zomba, February 1981).
32. Reefe, ‘The Eastern Savanna and Northern Zambezia’, 38.
33. Schoffeleers, Lower Shire Valley, 110-25.
34. J. A. K. Kandawire, Thangata: Forced Labour or Reciprocal Assistance? (Blantyre, 1979). 143.
35. Phiri, ‘Pre-colonial economic change in central Malawi’, 20-23; A. F. Isaacman, ‘The origin, formation and early history of the Chikunda of south-central Africa’, J. Afr. Hist. XIII (1972), 452-71.
36. H. W. Langworthy, ‘Swahili influence in the area between Lake Malawi and the Luangwa valley’, Int. J. African Historical Studies, 4 (1971), 583-91; Phiri, ‘Chewa history’, 137-45.
37. Hodgson, ‘Notes’, 128-9; Phiri, ‘Chewa history’, 145-65.
38. H. W. Langworthy, ‘Central Malawi in the 19th century’, in R. J. Macdonald (ed.), From Nyasaland to Malawi (Nairobi, 1975), 20-1.
39. Mair, ‘Marriage and family’, 104; Hodgson, ‘Notes’, 106; Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 162-3.
40. G. T. Rimmington, ‘The historical geography of population growth in the Dedza District of Nyasaland’, Nyasaland J. xvi (1963), 47-9.
41. Rattray, Some folk stories, 112-16.
42. Hodgson, ‘Notes’, 138.
43. K. J. McCracken, Politics and Christianity in Malawi, 1875-1940 (Cambridge, 1977), 180-4; Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 112-84; Ian Linden, Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 1889-1939 (London, 1974), 42-86.
44. Page, ‘The Great War and Chewa Society’, 173; Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 167-84; Phiri, ‘Chewa history in Central Malawi’, 181-3.
45. Pauline Pretorius, ‘An attempt at Christian initiation in Nyasaland’, Int. Rev. Missions, 1 (1950), 284-91.
46. Deborah Gaitskell, ‘Housewives, maids or mothers’, above.
47. Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 78-9, 197-224.
48. Mary Aquina, ‘A note on missionary influence on Shona marriage’, Rhodes-Livingstone J. xxxiii (1963), 68-78.
49. Pretorius, ‘An attempt at Christian initiation’, 286.
50. Roland Oliver, Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa (London, 1956), 197-271; Eric Stokes, ‘Malawi political systems and the introduction of colonial rule, 1891-1896’, in E. Stokes and R. Brown (eds.), The Zambesian Past (Manchester, 1965), 352-75; D. S. Sankhani, ‘The British Occupation of Malawi: the military odds, 1850-1900’ (History student research paper, Chancellor College, Zomba, 1972).
51. C. A. Cardew, ‘Nyasaland in 1894-1895’, Nyasaland J. 1 (1948), 54; G. S. Mwase (ed. R. I. Rotberg), Strike a Blow and Die (Cambridge, Mass. 1967), 61.
52. E. Smith, Report on Direct Taxation in Nyasaland (Zomba, 1937); C. Baker, ‘Tax collection in Malawi: an administrative history’, Int. J. Afr. Hist. Studies, viii (1975), 40-62; Kandawire, Thangata, 27-9.
53. Stuart, ‘Christianity and the Chewa’, 194-6.
54. Christine Oppong, Marriage among a Matrilineal elite: a Family Study of Ghanaian Senior Civil Servants (Cambridge, 1974), 34-48.
55. Kettlewell, ‘Agricultural change’ (cited in n. 15), 237-68; M. L. Chanock, ‘Notes on an agricultural history of Malawi’, in M. E. Page (ed.), Land and Labour in Rural Malawi (East Lansing, 1973), 27-37.
56. R. B. Boeder, ‘Malawians abroad: the history of labour emigration from Malawi to its neighbours, 1890 to the present’ (Ph.D. thesis, Michigan State University, 1974), 1-194; Murray, Handbook, 45.
57. For a summary, see Boeder, ‘Malawians abroad’, 195-212.
58. M. Read, ‘Migrant labour in Africa and its effects on tribal life’, Int. Labour Review, XLV, vi, (1942), 624-8.
59. Adrian. Hastings, Christian Marriage in Africa (London, 1973), 41.
60. Kandawire, Thangata, 96-7.
61. Paul Kishindo, ‘Matrilineality and agricultural change in Malawi’ (research proposal, Department of Sociology, University of Hull, March 1981).
62. Oppong, Marriage, 47.
63. Mair, ‘Marriage and family’, 119.