Racial Violence in the New Germany 1990–93

Contemporary European History

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 265-288

  Panayi, Panikos ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84971182194     PISSN: 09607773     EISSN: 14692171     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0960777300000898     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1990 (Bonn: Bundesministerium des Innern, 1991), 124.
2. Peter Kodderitzch and Leo A. Muller, Rechtsextremismus in der DDR (thereafter Kodderitzch and Muller, Rechtsextremismus) (Göttingen: Lamuv, 1990), 29.
3. Searchlight, Oct. 1990, 10.
4. Stern, 17 July 1991, 26-7; Klaus Florin and Eberhard Seidel-Pielen, Rechtsruck: Rassismus im Neuen Deutschland (Hamburg: Rotbuch), 1992, 60–6.
5. Verfassungsschutzhericht, 1991, (Bonn: Bundesministerium des Innern, 1992), 75; Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, Foreign Affairs Division, Hostility towards Foreigners in Germany: New Facts, Analyses, Arguments (thereafter PIO, Hostility) (Bonn: Foreign Office, 1993), 39
6. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1991, 79-80; Searchlight, May 1991, 6, July 1991, 15–16, Oct. 1991, 15.
7. Paul Hockenos, Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe (thereafter Hockenos, Free) (London: Routledge, 1993), 23—4; Searchlight, Nov. 1991, 10; Spiegel, 30 Sept. 1991, 48-51; Die Zeit, 26 Sept. 1991.
8. Hockenos, Free, 24—5; Stern, 2 Oct. 1991, 24; Searchlight, Nov. 1991, 10.
9. Hockenos, Free, 25—6; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 25 Sept. 1991.
10. Hockenos, Free, 26-7; Die Zeit, 26 Sept. 1991; Weser Kurier, 24 Sept. 1991; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 24 Sept. 1991; Spiegel, 30 Sept. 1991, 41; Stern, 2 Oct. 1991, 20-6; Searchlight, Nov. 1991, 10; Frankfurter Rundschau, 23 Sept. 1991.
11. Michael Jiirgs and Freimut Duve, eds, Stoppt die Gewalt! Stimmen gegen Ausländerhass (thereafter Jürgs and Duve, Stoppt die Gewalt) (Hamburg: Luchterhand, 1992), 109-12; Die Zeit, 11 Oct. 1991; Searchlight, Nov. 1991, 12; Stern, 2 Oct. 1991, 32–3.
12. Quoted in Searchlight, Jan. 1992, 18.
13. I. Michael Aronson, Troubled Waters: The Origins of the 1881 Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Russia (thereafter Aronson, Troubled Waters) (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990), 44–67, 109.
14. Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (Oxford: Berg, 1991), 237–53.
15. See, for instance: Anthony Read and David Fisher, Kristallnacht: Unleashing the Holocaust (London: Macmillan, 1989); and Walter H. Pehle, ed., November 1938: From ‘Kristallnacht’ to Genocide (thereafter Pehle, November 1938) (Oxford: Berg, 1991).
16. Leonard Schapiro, ‘The Russian Background to the Anglo-American Jewish Immigration’, Transactions of the Jewish Historical Society of England, Vol. 20 (1959–61), 220, writes that the 1881 rioters felt that they could ‘rob and beat Jews with complete impunity’.
17. Lists of targets attacked can be found in Jürgs and Duve, Stoppt die Gewalt, 111-12; Die Zeit, 11 Oct. Searchlight, Nov. 1991, 12.
18. For reactions to this incident, see, for instance, Stern, 10 Oct. 1991, 22–8, 17 Oct. 1991, 26-8; Frankfurter Rundschau, 8 October 1991.
19. See Süddeutsche Zeitung, 4 Oct. 1991; Welt, 5 Oct. 1991; Weser Kurier, 5 Oct. 1991.
20. Guardian, 4 Oct. 1991; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 4 Oct. 1991.
21. This description of peaks is based upon the list of attacks in Jürgs and Duve, Stoppt die Gewalt, 112–17.
22. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1991, 75.
23. Stem, 21 Nov. 1991, 286–9. Neo-Nazi football fans were also involved in violence in Brussels, during a European championship qualification match between Germany and Belgium on 20 Nov., for which see Süddeutsche Zeitung, 21 Nov. 1991.
24. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992 (Bonn: Bundesministerium des Innern, 1993), 69–71.
25. The above details are taken from: ibid., 75-7; Searchlight, Mar. 1992, 20, Aug. 1992, 18; Spiegel, 31 Aug. 1992, 27, 30 Nov. 1992, 15.
26. Ostsee Zeitung, 6 Aug. 1992; Searchlight, Oct. 1992, 12; Hajo Funke, Brandstifter: Deutschland zwischen Demokratie und völkischem Nationalismus (thereafter Funke, Brandstifter) (Göttingen: Lamuv, 1993), 106-7; Observer, 30 Aug. 1992; Claus Leggewie, Druck von Rechts: Wohin treibt die Bundesrepublik? (thereafter Leggewie, Druck von Rechts) (Munich: Beck, 1993), 15; Daily Telegraph, 26 Aug. 1992.
27. Funke, Brandstifter, 111-12; Die Zeit, 11 Oct. 1991.
28. Hockenos, Free, 29; Osfsee Zeitung, 6, 8 Aug. 1992.
29. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 24 Aug. 1992; Ostsee Zeitung, 24 Aug. 1992.
30. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 25 Aug. 1992; Ostsee Zeitung, 25, 26 Aug. 1992; Guardian, 25 Aug. 1992.
31. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26 Aug. 1992; Ostsee Zeitung, 26 Aug. 1992; The Times, 26 Aug. 1992.
32. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 27—9, 31 Aug. 1992; Osfsee Zeitung, 27–9, 31 Aug. 1992; Independent, 31 Aug. 1992.
33. Hockenos, Free, 29; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28 Aug. 1992.
34. Spiegel, 31 Aug. 1992, 20; Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992, 78.
35. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 26, 27 Aug. 1992; Ostsee Zeitung, 26, 28 Aug. 1992; Hockenos, Free, 30; Searchlight, Mar. 1993, 16.
36. Die Zeit, 4 Sept. 1992.
37. Independent, 31 Aug. 1992; Süddeutsche Zeitung, 31 Aug. 1992; Searchlight, Oct. 1992, 21.
38. The Times, 11 Sept. 1992.
39. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992, 69; Searchlight, Nov. 1992, 18–20, Dec. 1992.
40. Die Zeit, 27 Nov. 1992; Hamburger Abendblatt, 24 Nov. 1992.
41. Guardian, 24 Nov. 1992.
42. Details about them can be found in: Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992, 75; Focus, 17 May 1993; Spiegel, 1 Mar. 1993, 55–8, 13 Dec. 1993, 45–52.
43. Guardian, 24 Nov. 1992; Hamburger Abendblatt, 25, 26, 28 Nov. 1992; The Times, 25, 27 Nov. 1992; Independent, 26 Nov. 1992; Independent on Sunday, 29 Nov. 1992.
44. These figures are taken from: Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Pressestelle, ‘Gewalttaten in Deutschland mit erwiesenem oder vermutetem rechtsextremistischen Hintergrund im Zeitraum 1.1 93-111 11. 93’ (thereafter Bundesamt, `1.1.93-11.11.93’); and from Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz
45. Searchlight, Mar. 1993, 16-17; Apr. 1993, 23—4; June 1993, 20; July 1993, 15—18.
46. Spiegel, 27 Dec. 1993, 61-72; The Times, 31 May 1993; European, 3–6 June 1993; Westdeutsche Zeitung, 1 June 1992.
47. Frankfurter Rundschau, 1, 2 June 1993; The Times, 1 June 1993; Independent, 1 June 1993; Westdeutsche Zeitung, 1 June 1993.
48. Independent, 2 June 1993; Westdeutsche Zeitung, 2 June 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 2 June 1993.
49. Westdeutsche Zeitung, 3, 4 June 1993; Frankfurter Rundschau, 4 June 1993.
50. westdeutsche zeitung, 7 june 1993; frankfurter rundschau, 7 june 1993.
51. Spiegel, 14 June 1993, 19; Frankfurter Rundschau, 7, 8, 9 June 1993; Westdeutsche Zeitung, 7, 8 June Searchlight, Aug. 1993, 18—19.
52. Bundesamt ‘1.1.93-11.11.93’ Bundesamt II; Frankfurter Rundschau, 21 June Searchlight, Sept. 1993, 18–19, Oct. 1993, 16.
53. Christopher T. Husbands, ‘Racism and Racist Violence: Some Theories and Policy Perspectives’, in Tore Bjorgo and Rob Witte, eds., Racist Violence in Europe (thereafter Bjorgo and Witte, Violence) (London: Routledge, 1993), 115—17.
54. See, Allen D. Grimshaw, ‘Three Major Cases of Colour Violence in the United States' (thereafter Grimshaw, ‘Cases’), Race, Vol. 1 (1963), 76–86.
55. Robert Miles, ‘The Riots of 1958: Notes on the Ideological Construction of “Race Relations” as a Political Issue in Britain’, Immigrants and Minorities, Vol. 3 (1984), 252-75.
56. Christopher T. Husbands, ‘Racial Attacks: The Persistence of Racial Harassment in British Cities’, in Tony Kushner and Kenneth Lunn, eds., The Persistence of Prejudice: Antisemitism in British Society During the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 94–6.
57. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1990, 138; Commission for Racial Equality, Living in Terror: A Report on Racial Violence and Harassment in Housing (London: Commission for Racial Equality, 1987), 9, 11.
58. For lynching see Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, MA: Wesley, 1955), 61—3, and Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), 3–10.
59. John Benyon and John Solomos, ‘The Roots of Urban Unrest’, in John Benyon and John Solomos, eds., The Roots of Urban Unrest (Oxford: Pergamon, 1987), 181–2.
60. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1991, 76; Verfassungsschutzberieht, 1992, 72–3.
61. Stephen Castles with Heather Booth and Tina Wallace, Here for Good: Western Europe's New Ethnic Minorities (thereafter Castles, Here for Good) (London: Pluto, 1987), 72; Klaus J. Bade, Ausländer, Aussiedler, Asyl in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (thereafter Bade, Auslander), 2nd ed. (Hanover: Niedersachsisches Landeszentrale für Politische Bildung, 1992), 198. For historical traditions see, for instance, Ulrich Herbert, A History of Foreign Labour in Germany: Seasonal Workers/Foreign Workers/ Guest Workers (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990).
62. A. W. Stock and S. Hussain, Auslander in der DDR: Ein Rückblick (Berlin: Verwaltungsdruck-kerei, 1991), 6; Marianne Kruger-Portratz, Anderssein gab es nicht: Ausländer und Minderheiten in der DDR (Munster: Waxmann, 1991), 95.
63. See, for instance, Funke, Brandstifter, 104-6; Searchlight, Oct. 1992, 16-17; Bade, Ausländer, 131.
64. John D. Klier, ‘The Pogrom Tradition in Eastern Europe’, in Björgo and Witte, Violence, 128.
65. Uwe Dietrich Adam, ‘How Spontaneous Was the Pogrom?’, in Pehle, November 1938, 73-94.
66. See, for instance, Aronson, Troubled Waters, 125–44.
67. Funke, Brandstifter, 103-77; Searchlight, Oct. 1992, 14; Mar. 1993, 16.
68. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1991, 84-6; Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992, 86–9.
69. European, 24–7 Sept. 1992; Hamburger Abendblatt, 25, 26 Nov. 1992; The Times, 27 Nov. 1992.
70. Guardian, 8 Oct. 1991; The Times, 25 Nov. 1992. See also the critical article on police inaction against racists in Spiegel, 14 Oct. 1991, 28–37.
71. David Childs, ‘The Far Right in Germany Since 1945’ (thereafter Childs, ‘Far Right’), in Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson and Michalina Vaughan, eds., Neo-Fascism in Europe (thereafter Cheles et al., Neo-Fascism) (Harlow: Longman, 1991), 78–9.
72. Bundesministerium des Innern, Extremismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit, 2 vols (Bonn: Bundes-ministerium des Innern, 1992); European, 12–15 Nov., 10–13 Dec. 1992; Hamburger Abendblatt, 9 Nov. 1992.
73. Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1991, 84; Verfassungsschutzbericht, 1992, 82.
74. For an introduction to these events see, respectively: Grimshaw, ‘Cases' James W. Button, Black Violence: Political Impact of the 1960s Riots (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); and Ceri Peach, ‘A Geographical Perspective on the 1981 Urban Riots in England’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 9 (1986), 397–411.
75. For details on the economic and social position of Turks in German society see, for instance, Focus, 7 June 1993, 24-6; Stern, 7 June 1993, 16-25; Faruk Sen, ‘Die Türken zwischen Integration und Kulturkonflikt’, Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch Vol. 1 (1991), 79-96; Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 1992 für die Bundesrepublik (Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt, 1992), 126-7; Claus Leggewie and Zafir Senocak, eds., Deutsche Türken: Das Ende der Geduld (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1994).
76. The best general works on this subject include Michael Marrus, The Holocaust in History (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1987); Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed., 3 vols, (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985); and Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Oxford: Polity, 1989).
77. For the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries see, for instance, Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933–45 (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1987), 56-75; and essays in Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls, eds., Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (London: Macmillan, 1981). For the First World War the best work is W. E. Mosse and A. Paucker, eds., Deutsches Judentum in Krieg und Revolution, 1916–1923 (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1971).