Assessing potentially inappropriate prescribing (pip) and predicting patient outcomes in Ontario's older population: A population-based cohort study applying subsets of the stopp/start and beers' criteria in large health administrative databases

BMJ Open

Volumn 5, Issue 11, 2015, Pages

  Bjerre, Lise M ^a,b,c   Ramsay, Timothy ^c,d   Cahir, Catriona ^e   Ryan, Cristín ^f   Halil, Roland ^a   Farrell, Barbara ^a,b,g   Thavorn, Kednapa ^c,d   Catley, Christina ^c   Hawken, Steven ^c,d   Gillespie, Ulrika ^h   Manuel, Douglas G ^a,b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b BRUYÈRE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^d OTTAWA HOSPITAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^f ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^h UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH SERVICE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; MEDICATION THERAPY MANAGEMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POPULATION RESEARCH; POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MEDICATION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; DRUG-RELATED SIDE EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS; FACTUAL DATABASE; FEMALE; HOSPITAL EMERGENCY SERVICE; LONG TERM CARE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; ONTARIO; PRESCRIPTION; PROGNOSIS; STANDARDS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DRUG PRESCRIPTIONS; DRUG-RELATED SIDE EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INAPPROPRIATE PRESCRIBING; LOGISTIC MODELS; LONG-TERM CARE; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; ONTARIO; POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MEDICATION LIST; PROGNOSIS; RESEARCH DESIGN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 84970937999     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010146     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Drug use among seniors on public drug programs in Canada, 2012. Ottawa, Ontario, 2014.
2. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Drug use among seniors on public drug programs in Canada, 2002 to 2008. Ottawa, Ontario: CIHI, 2010.
3. Merle L, Laroche M-L, Dantoine T, et al. Predicting and preventing adverse drug reactions in the very old. Drugs Aging 2005;22:375-92.
4. Hutchison LC, O'Brien CE. Changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the elderly patient. J Pharm Pract 2007;20:4-12.
5. Laroche ML, Charmes JP, Nouaille Y, et al. Is inappropriate medication use a major cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:177-86.
6. Wu C, Bell C, Wodchis W. Incidence and economic burden of adverse drug reactions among elderly patients in Ontario emergency departments: A retrospective study. Drug Saf 2012;35:769-81.
7. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998;279:1200-5.
8. Hamilton H, Gallagher P, Ryan C, et al. Potentially inappropriate medication defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1013-19.
9. Cahir C, Fahey T, Teeling M, et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A national population study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010;69:543-52.
10. Goltz L, Kullak-Ublick GA, Kirch W. Potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly outpatients in Germany: A retrospective claims data analysis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012;50:185.
11. Shah RB, Gajjar BM, Desai SV. Evaluation of the appropriateness of prescribing in geriatric patients using Beers criteria and Phadke's criteria and comparison thereof. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2011;2:248-52.
12. Byrne S, Ryan C, O'Mahony D, et al. Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly: A review of primary care and nursing home prescriptions. Int J Pharm Pr 2008;16(Suppl 1):A36-7.
13. Dhalla IA, Anderson GM, Mamdani MM, et al. Inappropriate prescribing before and after nursing home admission. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:995-1000.
14. Dimitrow MS, Airaksinen MS, Kivelä SL, et al. Comparison of prescribing criteria to evaluate the appropriateness of drug treatment in individuals aged 65 and older: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:1521-30.
15. Fick DM, Cooper JW, Wade WE, et al. Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2716.
16. O'Mahony D, Gallagher P, Ryan C, et al. STOPP & START criteria: A new approach to detecting potentially inappropriate prescribing in old age. Eur Geriatr Med 2010;1:45-51.
17. Page RL, Linnebur SA, Bryant LL, et al. Inappropriate prescribing in the hospitalized elderly patient: defining the problem, evaluation tools, and possible solutions. Clin Interv Aging 2010;5:75-87.
18. Ryan C, O'Mahony D, Kennedy J, et al. Appropriate prescribing in the elderly: An investigation of two screening tools, Beers criteria considering diagnosis and independent of diagnosis and improved prescribing in the elderly tool to identify inappropriate use of medicines in the elderly in primary care in Ireland. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009;34:369-76.
19. Patterson S, Hughes C, Kerse N, et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD008165.
20. Gallagher P, O'Mahony D. STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions): Application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing 2008;37:673-9.
21. O'Mahony D, O'Sullivan D, Byrne S, et al. STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: version 2. Age Ageing 2014;16:1-6.
22. Ryan C, O'Mahony D, Kennedy J, et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in an Irish elderly population in primary care. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:936-47.
23. Gallagher PF, O'Connor MN, O'Mahony D. Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89:845-54.
24. Beers MH, Ouslander JG, Rollingher I, et al. Explicit criteria for determining inappropriate medication use in nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1825.
25. Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly: An update. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1531-6.
26. American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society updated Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:616-31.
27. Marcum ZA, Hanlon JT. Commentary on the New American Geriatric Society Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2012;10:151.
28. Resnick B, Pacala JT. 2012 Beers Criteria. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:612-13.
29. Fick DM, Semla TP. 2012 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria: new year, new criteria, new perspective. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:614-15.
30. Page RL, Ruscin JM. The risk of adverse drug events and hospital-related morbidity and mortality among older adults with potentially inappropriate medication use. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006;4:297-305.
31. Levy H, Marcus E, Christen C. Beyond the beers criteria: A comparative overview of explicit criteria. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1968-75.
32. Gracía-Gollarte F, Júlvez J, Ferrero-López I, et al. An educational intervention on drug use in nursing homes improves health outcomes resource utilization and reduces inappropriate drug prescription. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014;15:885-91.
33. Frankenthal D, Lerman Y, Kalendaryev E. Intervention with the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions/screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria in elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: A randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:1658-65.
34. Bronskill S, Carter M, Costa A, et al. Aging in Ontario: An ICES chartbook of health service use by older adults-technical report. Toronto, 2010.
35. Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES). Health services data. 2011. http://www.ices.on.ca/webpage.cfm?site-id=1&org-id=26&morg-id=0&gsec-id=5314&item-id=5326.
36. Hohl C, Zed P, Brubacher J, et al. Do emergency physicians attribute drug-related emergency department visits to medicationrelated problems? Ann Emerg Med 2010;55:493-502.
37. Hohl C, Robitaille C, Lord V, et al. Emergency physician recognition of adverse drug-related events in elder patients presenting to an emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12: 197-205.
38. Hajjar ER, Cafiero AC, Hanlon JT. Polypharmacy in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2007;5:345-51.
39. Bates DW, Miller EB, Cullen DJ, et al. Patient risk factors for adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. ADE Prevention Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2553-60.
40. Carey IM, De WS, Harris T, et al. What factors predict potentially inappropriate primary care prescribing in older people? Analysis of UK primary care patient record database. Drugs Aging 2008;25:693-706.
41. Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Stoddard GJ, et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events: A 10-year analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2005;39:1161-8.
42. Kanjanarat P, Winterstein AG, Johns TE, et al. Nature of preventable adverse drug events in hospitals: A literature review. Am J Heal Syst Pharm 2003;60:1750-9.
43. Boult C, Dowd B, McCaffrey D, et al. Screening elders for risk of hospital admission. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:811-17.
44. Anderson GF, Steinberg EP. Predicting hospital readmissions in the Medicare population. Inquiry 1985;22:251-8.
45. Weissman J, Stern R, Epstein A. The impact of patient socioeconomic status and other social factors on readmission: A prospective study in four Massachusetts hospitals. Inquiry 1994;31:163-72.
46. Krumholz HM, Parent EM, Tu N, et al. Readmission after hospitalization for congestive heart failure among Medicare beneficiaries. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:99-104.
47. Chin MH, Goldman L. Correlates of early hospital readmission or death in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1640-4.
48. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:613-19.
49. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-83.
50. Austin PC, van Walraven C, Wodchis WP, et al. Using the Johns Hopkins Aggregated Diagnosis Groups (ADGs) to predict mortality in a general adult population cohort in Ontario, Canada. Med Care 2011;49:932-9.
51. Phillips RS, Safran C, Cleary PD, et al. Predicting emergency readmissions for patients discharged from the medical service of a teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 1987;2:400-5.
52. Reed RL, Pearlman RA, Buchner DM. Risk factors for early unplanned hospital readmission in the elderly. J Gen Intern Med 1991;6:223-8.
53. Corrigan JM, Martin JB. Identification of factors associated with hospital readmission and development of a predictive model. Health Serv Res 1992;27:81-101.
54. Colledge NR, Ford MJ. The early hospital readmission of elderly people. Scott Med J 1994;39:51-2.
55. van Walraven C, Mamdani M, Fang J, et al. Continuity of care and patient outcomes after hospital discharge. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:624-31.
56. Harrell F. Regression modeling strategies. 2nd edn. Springer International Publishing, 2015.
57. Bronskill S, Gill S, Paterson J, et al. Exploring variation in rates of polypharmacy across long term care homes. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2012;13:309.e15-21.
58. Armitage G, Berry P. Statistical methods in medical research. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing, 1994.
59. Guthrie B, McCowan C, Davey P, et al. High risk prescribing in primary care patients particularly vulnerable to adverse drug events: cross sectional population database analysis in Scottish general practice. BMJ 2011;342:d3514.
60. Canada S. 2006 Census highlights: factsheet 1. 2009http://www.fin.gov.on.ca/en/economy/demographics/census/cenhi06-1.html.
61. Ryan C, O'Mahony D, O'Donovan DÓ, et al. A comparison of the application of STOPP/START to patients' drug lists with and without clinical information. Int J Clin Pharm 2013;35:230-5.
62. Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES). ICES internal communication, April 7 2015. 2015.