Strategic Culture in the Asia-Pacific Region

Security Studies

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 44-74

  Ball, Desmond ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84970743990     PISSN: 09636412     EISSN: 15561852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09636419309347538     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. For a comprehensive discussion of the concept of strategic culture, see the various chapters in pt. 1, “Strategic Culture in Theory anscybd Practice,” in Carl G. Jacobsen, ed., Strategic Power: usa/ussr (london: Macmillan, 1990), 3–128.
2. See Jack Snyder, The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations, R-2154-AF (Santa Monica, Calif.: rand, September 1977).
3. See Ken Booth, Strategy and Ethnocentrism (London: Croom Helm, 1979);
4. and Booth, “The Concept of Strategic Culture Affirmed/” in Jacobsen, Strategic Power: USA/USSR, ch. 8, esp. 125–26.
5. See, in particular, Russell Stetler, ed., The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970)
6. “Introduction”, 11–36;
7. and Frank A. Kierman, Jr. and John K. Fairbank, eds., Chinese Ways in Warfare (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).
8. Lucian W. Pye, Politics, Personality, and Nation Building: Burma's Search For Identity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), xvi.
9. See also Lucian W. Pye, “Political Culture Revisited,” Political Psychology 12, no. 3 (September 1991): 487–508;
10. and Donald L.M. Blackmer, “Introduction: An Appreciation of Lucian W. Pye,” in Richard J. Samuels and Myron Weiner, eds., The Political Culture of Foreign Area and International Studies: Essays in Honor of Lucian W. Pye (New York: Brassey's, 1992), xiii–xvi.
11. Blackmer, “Introduction,” xiii.
12. Lucian W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985), 18–20.
13. See Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds., In Search of an Fast Asian Development Model (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1988), esp. chaps. 1 and 2.
14. Cited in Bernhard Dahm, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969), 345.
15. Cited in J.L.S. Girling, People's War: Conditions and Consequences in China and South Fast Asia (New York: Praeger, 1969), 58.
16. Cited in Brian Kelly and Mark London, The Four Little Dragons: Inside Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore at the Dawn of the Pacific Century (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 172.
17. Booth, Strategy and Fnthnocentrism, 144.
18. See J.D. Simmonds, China's World: The Foreign Policy of a Developing State (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1970), 136.
19. Samuel B. Griffith, Sun Tzu: The Art of War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), 77.
20. Mao Tsetung, Selected Works, vol. 4 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961), 161
21. Cited in Griffith, Sun Tzu: The Art of War, 53.
22. Cited in “Security, in Letter and Spirit,” Australian Financial Review, 2 May 1991, p. 12.
23. fames A. Baker, “America in Asia: Emerging Architecture for a Pacific Community,” Foreign Affairs 70, no. 5 (Winter 1991/92): 4–6.
24. See Leszek Buszynski, seato: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1983), esp. 219–26.
25. See Chin Kin Wah, “The Five Power Defence Arrangements: Twenty Years After,” Pacific Review 4, no. 3 (1991): 192–203.
26. The Hon. Gordon Bilney, minister for defence science and personnel, “Address at the Regional Defence Co-operation Conference,” Sydney, 4 November 1991.
27. See also Greg Austin, “Pacific Pact Proposed: Australia May Fund Surveillance Network,” Sydney Morning Herald, 5 November 1991, p. 4.
28. The Hon. Datuk Seri Mohammad Najib Tun Razak, minister of defence, Malaysia, “Regional Security: Towards Cooperative Security and Regional Stability” (Address to the Chief of the General Staff Conference, Darwin, 9 April 1992), 30.
29. Robert Karniol, “asean Defence Team-Up Delayed,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 December 1990, p. 1187.
30. See also Robert Karniol, “Regional Self-Reliance in asean,” International Defense Review (February 1991): 123–27.
31. “Singapore Gets Training Centre,” Defense News, 11 March 1991, p. 20.
32. See Tai Ming Cheung, “Shoulder to Shoulder: asean Members Strengthen Defence Ties,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 22 March 1990, p. 25;
33. Pacific Defence Reporter (May 1990): 34;
34. and Pacific defend Reporter (June 1990): 20.
35. See “Joint Force to Fight Pirates,” Asian Defence Journal (March 1992): 88;
36. and Lindsay Murdoch, “Jakarta Mounts Crackdown on Asia Pirates,” Age, 9 July 1992, p. 7.
37. “Anti-Piracy Centre 'To Be Set Up in Malaysia’,” Straits Times, 28 February 1992, p. 20.
38. See the United Nations Charter on Human Rights, Membership, Non-intervention and Self-defence, 1945, Articles 2(4) and 2(7); the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2131(xx), Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States and the Protection of Their Independence and Sovereignty, 1965; and the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2625(xxv), Declaration on Principles of International haw Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 1970.
39. See Gary Klintworth, Vietnam's Intervention in Cambodia in International Law (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989), ch. 4.
40. See Gary Klintworth, “The Right To Intervene” in the Domestic Affairs of States (Canberra: Working Paper no. 243, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, December 1991).
41. Hedley Bull, “Introduction,” in Hedley Bull, ed., Intervention in World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 3—4.
42. Kusuma Snitwongse, “Strategic Developments in Southeast Asia,” in Desmond Ball and David Horner, eds., Strategic Studies in a Changing World: Global, Regional and Australian Perspectives (Canberra: Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no. 89, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1992), 273—74.
43. See Mohamed Jawhar, “The Making of a New Southeast Asia,” appendix 1, in Ball and Horner, Strategic Studies in a Changing World, 310.
44. See Yvonne Preston, “f-16 Sales a Threat to Asian Stability: China,” Sydney Morning Herald, 5 September 1992, p. 19.
45. “Commentator,” “A Step That Will Seriously Damage Sino-us Relations,” People's Daily (Overseas Edition), 5 September 1992, p. 1.
46. See also Joseph Kahn, “China Launches War of Words Over F-)6 Sale,” Dallas Morning News, 12 September 1992, p. 1–7.
47. “China Warns US Not To Meddle,” Canberra Times, 24 September 1992, p. 9.
48. Cited in Greg Austin, “Special Force Unit May Have Been Behind Massacre,” Sydney Morning Herald, 20 November 1991, p. 16.
49. The Hon. Michael Ogio, minister for state for matters relating to Bougainville, “Statement on the Government's Policy on Bougainville” (Canberra: Paper prepared for a Conference on “The Bougainville Crisis: Towards Resolution,” Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 29 September 1992), 14.
50. Lai Kwok Kin, “Thailand Urged To Press Burma For Reform,” Reuters, 10 October 1992.
51. See, for example, Tony Wright, “Rebuke From Malaysia on Human Rights,” Sydney Morning Herald, 22 September 1992, p. 6;
52. and “Moerdani Lashes Out At West For Interfering in RI [Republic of Indonesia] Affairs,” Jakarta Post, 20 October 1992, p. 1.
53. The Hon. Michael Ogio, minister for state for matters relating to Bougainville, “Statement on the Government's Policy on Bougainville”, 13–14.
54. Michael Vatikiotis and Paul Handley, “Burma-Bangladesh. Anxious Neighbours: asean Members Break Silence on Refugee Issue,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 March 1992, pp. 27–28.
55. Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, new ed., 1992), ix.
56. Nobutaka Ike, Japanese Politics: An Introductory Survey (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958), 73–74.
57. Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie, “Politics in Command,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 22 October 1992, p. 30.
58. Mahathir bin Mohamad, “'Tak Kenal Maka Tak Cinta’,” in Asia-Pacific in the 1980s: Toward Greater Symmetry in Economic Interdependence (Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, May 1980), 18—19.
59. Derek Davies, “The Pacific Community: Hands Across The Sea,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 February 1980, p. 35.
60. Buszynski, seato: The Failure of an Alliance Strategy, 225.
61. Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan That Can Say No: Why Japan Will Be First Among Equals (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 105.
62. Fredrick F. Chien, “A View From Taipei,” Foreign Affairs 70, no. 5 (Winter 1991/92): 97.
63. Robert Elegant, Pacific Destiny: Inside Asia Today (London: Headline, 1990), 210, 230;
64. and KeLly and London, The Four Little Dragons: Inside Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore at the Dawn of the Pacific Century, 371.
65. Robin Adshead, Mahathir of Malaysia: Statesman and Leader (London: Hibiscus Publishing Company, 1989), 72.
66. See Stuart R. Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-Tung (New York: Praeger, 1963), 24—28;
67. and Stuart Schram, Mao Tse-Tung (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966), chaps. 5 and 8.
68. See Rafe De Crespigny, China This Century (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1992), 276–84.
69. Simmonds, China's World: The Foreign Policy of a Developing State, 141.
70. See Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China Since 1972 (Washington, DC.: Brookings, 1992), chaps. 1 and 2.
71. Far Eastern Economic Review, Asia Yearbook 1992 (Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, 32nd ed., 1992), 104.
72. See Tom Ormonde, “apec's Search for Achievement,” Sydney Morning Herald, 11 November 1991, p. 16.
73. See the remarks of the Malaysian minister for defence, Datuk Seri Mohammad Najib Tun Razak, cited in Ismail Kassim, “Malaysia Welcomes Publicly us Military Presence in sea,” Straits Times (Weekly Overseas Edition), 2 May 1992, p. 10;
74. and the remarks of the chief of staff of the Indonesian armed forces (abri), Vice Admiral Soedibyo Rahardjo, cited in Brendan Pereira, “Jakarta May Let us Forces Use Facilities in Future: Admiral,” Straits Times, 29 February 1992, p. 2.
75. See “Lumut Dockyard to Service us Vessels in April,” Straits Times, 27 February 1992, p. 19;
76. “us Navy to Send Small Ships to Lumut Initially,” Straits Times, 28 February 1992, p. 20;
77. and “Malaysia to Service US Ships,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 14 March 1992, p. 436.
78. See Brendan Pereira, “Jakarta May Let us Forces Use Facilities in Future: Admiral,” Straits Times, 29 February 1992, p. 2;
79. and Paul Jacob, “Talks on Repair of us Naval Vessels in Jakarta 'to Continue’,” Straits Times 30 May 1992, p. 18.
80. Cited in “Jottings,” Asian Defence Journal (May 1992): 81.
81. J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography (London: Allen Lane, 1972), 3, 283.
82. See Bernhard Dahm, Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969), 81–82, 348—49.
83. Nobutaka Ike, Japanese Politics: An Introductory Survey (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958).
84. See Ezra F. Vogel, Japan As Number One: Lessons for America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 93–96;
85. Ellis S. Krauss, Thomas P. Rohlen, and Patricia G. Steinhoff, “Conflict and Its Resolution in Postwar Japan,” in Ellis S. Krauss, Thomas P. Rohlen, and Patricia G. Steinhoff, eds. Conflict in Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984), 384;
86. and Junichi Kyogoku, The Political Dynamics of Japan (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1983), 56—57, 69—71, 185.
87. Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation (New York: Knopf, 1989), 337.
88. Japan Defense Agency, Defense of Japan 1985 (Tokyo: Japan Defense Agency, 1985), 58.
89. A. Hasnan Habib, “Technology for National Resilience: The Indonesian Perspective,” in Desmond Ball and Helen Wilson, eds. New Technology: Implications for Regional and Australian Security (Canberra: Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no.76, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1991), 62.
90. Singapore Ministry of Defence, Defence of Singapore 1992—1993 (Singapore: Public Affairs Department, Ministry of Defence, August 1992), 6.
91. Senator the Hon. Gareth Evans, minister for foreign affairs and trade, “Australia's Place in the World: The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Decision-Making,” in Desmond Ball, ed Australia and the World: Prologue and Prospects (Canberra: Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no. 69, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1990), 324.
92. Senator the Hon. Gareth Evans, minister for foreign affairs and trade, Australia s Regional Security (Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, December 1989), 2. The particular elements of the multidimensional posture are discussed in Section III of the statement: 15—38.
93. For a discussion of the machinery required for coordinating the various military and non-military dimensions of Australian national security policy, see Desmond Ball, “The Machinery for Making Australian National Security Policy in the 1980s,” in Robert O'Neill and D.M. Horner, eds., Australian Defence Policy for the 1980s (Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1982), ch. 10.
94. See Morris Janowitz, The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 2–4.
95. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967), 7–8.
96. S.E. Finer, The Man on Horseback, The Role of the Military in Politics (London: Pinter, 2nd ed., 1988), 224–48.
97. Janowitz, The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis, 3.
98. See Griffith, Sun Tzu: The Art of War, 28, 68–69.
99. See Bertil Lintner, Outrage: Burma's Struggle for Democracy (London: White Lotus, 1989), esp. ch. 6.
100. Finer, The Man on Horseback,: The Role of the Military in Politics, 255–56.
101. Cited in Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-Tung, 209.
102. See Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell Press, 1978), ch. 1.
103. See Richard Robison, Indonesia: The Rise of Capital (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1986), 268;
104. and Max Lane, “Openness,” Political Discontent and Succession in Indonesia: Political Developments in Indonesia, 1989—91 (Brisbane:, Australia-Asia Papers no. 56, Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, Griffith University, December 1991), 4–7.
105. See Huntington, The Soldier and the State, ch. 3.
106. See, for example, Russell Stetler, ed., The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970), 11;
107. and Frank A. Kierman, Jr. and John K. Fairbank, eds., Chinese Ways in Warfare (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974), 1–26.
108. See Karel van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation, 337.
109. See Michael Vatikiotis and Paul Handley, “Burma-Bangladesh. Anxious Neighbours: asean Members Break Silence on Refugee Issue,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 March 1992, pp. 27–28.
110. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics, 236.
111. Jack Snyder, “The Concept of Strategic Culture: Caveat Emptor,” in Jacobsen, ed., Strategic Power: usa/ussr 8.
112. Elizabeth J. Perry, “Introduction: Chinese Political Culture Revisited,” in Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry, eds., Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modem China: Learning From 1989 (Boulder, Colo.: West view, 1992), 4—6.
113. See also James L. Watson, “The Renegotiation of Chinese Cultural Identity in the Post-Mao Era,” in 70;
114. and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, “Afterword: History, Myth, and the Tales of Tiananmen,” in 271—72.
115. Keith Michael Baker, “Introduction,” in Keith Michael Baker, ed., The political Culture of the Old Regime (Oxford: Pergamon, 1987), xii.
116. Peter L. Berger, “An East Asian Development Model?” in Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds., In Search of an East Asian Development Model, 11.
117. See Desmond Ball, Building Blocks for Regional Security: An Australian Perspective on Confidence and Security Building Measures (csbms) in the Asia/Pacific Region (Canberra: Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no.83, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1991), ch. 2.
118. James L. Watson, “The Renegotiation of Chinese Cultural Identity in the Post-Mao Era,” in Wasserstrom and Perry, Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modem China, 70.
119. Elizabeth J. Perry, “Introduction: Chinese Political Culture Revisited,” in Wasserstrom and Perry, Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modem China, 4–10.