Female Public Officials: A Different Voice?

The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 515, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 77-87

  Kelly, Rita Mae ^a   Saint Germain, Michelle A ^b   Horn, Jody D ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84970679046     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716291515001007     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Jones, “Power Structures and Perceptions of Powerholders.” See also Mary M. Hale and Rita Mae Kelly, eds., Gender, Bureaucracy, and Democracy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989).
2. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982).
3. Lawrence Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stress and the Idea of Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
4. U.S., Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics, no. 2175, 1983, tab. 48; unpublished tabulations from U.S., Department of Labor, Current Population Survey (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1988), matrix 80040, tab. 4. For more details on these calculations and the gendered nature of the U.S. economy, see Rita Mae Kelly, The Gendered Economy: Work, Careers, and Success (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).
5. Kelly, Gendered Economy.
6. J. B. Forbes, J. E. Piercy, and T. L. Hayes, “Women Executives: Breaking Down Barriers?” Business Horizons, 31(6):6-9 (Nov.-Dec. 1987).
7. The literature on this topic is extensive. For a broad overview as it affects women and work, see Kelly, Gendered Economy. See also Marjorie Hansen Shaevitz, The Superwoman Syndrome (New York: Warner Books, 1984); Barbara A. Gutek, Ann H. Stromberg, and Laurie Larwood, eds., Women and Work: An Annual Review (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), vol. 3; Sara E. Rix, ed., The American Woman: 1988-89 (New York: Norton, 1988).
8. See Susan J. Carroll, Women as Candidates in American Politics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Hale and Kelly, Gender, Bureaucracy, and Democracy, chap. 1.
9. Marilyn Johnson and Susan J. Carroll with Kathy Stanwick and Lynn Korenblit, Profile of Women Holding Office II (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Woman and Politics, 1978); Jeane Kirkpatrick, Political Woman (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
10. Marianne Githens, “Women and State Politics: An Assessment,” in Political Women: Current Roles in State and Local Government, ed. Janet A. Flammang (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984), pp. 41-63.
11. Robin A. Becker, “Explaining Sex Roles of Women State Legislators in the Mid-Atlantic Region” (Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 13-16 Apr. 1989); Barbara J. Burt-Way and Rita Mae Kelly, “Political Ambition and the Contingencies of Gender: Implications for the Calculus of Political Success” (Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, 1988).
12. Burt-Way and Kelly, “Political Ambition.”
13. Cal Clark and Janet Clark, “The Growth of Women's Candidacies for Non-Traditional Political Offices in New Mexico,” Social Science Journal, 21(1):57-66 (Jan. 1984).
14. Susan J. Carroll and Ella Taylor, “Gender Differences in the Committee Assignments of State Legislators: Preferences or Discrimination?” (Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 13-16 Apr. 1989); Albert J. Nelson, “Women's Advancement as Chairpersons in Lower State Representative Chambers: 1979 and 1983,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 11(4):401-410 (1987); Sue Thomas and Susan Welch, “The Impact of Gender on Activities and Priorities of State Legislators,” Western Political Quarterly (in press).
15. Carroll, Women as Candidates; Kathleen A. Frankovic, “Sex and Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives 1961-1975,” American Politics Quarterly, 5: 315-331 (July 1977); F. Gehlen, “Women Members of Congress: A Distinctive Role,” in A Portrait of Marginality, ed. M. Githens and J. Prestage (New York: David McKay, 1977), pp. 301-319; Shelah Gilbert Leader, “The Policy Impact of Elected Women Officials,” in The Impact of the Electoral Process, ed. Louis Maisel and Joseph Cooper (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1977); Sharyne Merritt, “Recruitment of Women to Suburban City Councils: Higgins vs. Chevalier,” in Women in Local Politics, ed. Debra W. Stewart (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980); Susan Welch, “Are Women More Liberal Than Men in the U.S. Congress?” Legislative Studies Quarterly, 10(1): 125-134 (Feb. 1985).
16. Gehlen, “Women Members of Congress.”
17. Keith T. Poole and L. Harmon Zeigler, Women, Public Opinion, and Politics (New York: Longman, 1985); Welch, “Are Women More Liberal.”
18. Welch, “Are Women More Liberal.”
19. Sue Thomas, “Voting Patterns in the California Assembly: The Role of Gender,” Women & Politics, 9(4):43-56 (1989); Susan Welch and Timothy Bledsoe, “Differences in Campaign Support for Male and Female Candidates,” in Research in Politics and Society, ed. Glenna Spitze and Gwen Moore (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1985).
20. Becker, “Explaining Sex Roles.”
21. Debra D. Dodson, “A Comparison of the Impact of Women and Men's Attitudes on Their Legislative Behavior: Is What They Say What They Do?” (Paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA, 31 Aug.-3 Sept. 1989).
22. Denise Antolini, “Women in Local Government: An Overview,” in Political Women, ed. Flammang; Virginia Sapiro, The Political Integration of Women: Roles, Socialization, and Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983).
23. Carroll and Taylor, “Gender Differences in the Committee Assignments.”
24. Antolini, “Women in Local Government”; Irene Diamond, Sex Roles in the State House (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977).
25. Leader, “Policy Impact.”
26. Antolini, “Women in Local Government.”
27. Githens, “Women and State Politics”; Leader, “Policy Impact”; Mezey, “Support for Women's Rights Policy”; Debra W. Stewart, ed., Women in Local Politics (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1980).
28. Mezey, “Support For Women's Rights Policy.”
29. Michelle A. Saint-Germain, “Does Their Difference Make a Difference? The Impact of Women on Public Policy in the Arizona Legislature,” Social Science Quarterly, 70(4):956-968 (Dec. 1989).
30. Rosabeth M. Kanter, “Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Response to Token Women,” American Journal of Sociology, 82(4):965-990 (Jan. 1976). See Diamond, Sex Roles, for an earlier prediction that once women legislators went beyond token status, they would embrace their male colleagues’ fashion of political behavior.
31. Thomas and Welch, “Impact of Gender.”
32. Becker, “Explaining Sex Roles.”
33. Sue Thomas and Susan Welch, “The Policy Impact of Increasing Numbers of Women in State Legislatures” (Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, GA, 31 Aug.-3 Sept. 1989). See also Saint-Germain, “Does Their Difference.”
34. Thomas, “Voting Patterns in the California Assembly.”
35. Becker, “Explaining Sex Roles.”
36. Our model was substantially based upon the one employed by Gun Hedlund in “Women's Interests in Local Politics,” in The Political Interests of Gender: Developing Theory and Research with a Feminist Face, ed. Kathleen B. Jones and Anna G. Jónasdóttir (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988), pp. 79-105.