Chapter 3: Gender and Teachers’ Work

Review of Research in Education

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1995, Pages 99-162

  Acker, Sandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84970325658     PISSN: 0091732X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0091732X021001099     Document Type: Article

References (343)

1. Abbott A Blake J Hagen J The sociology of work and occupations Annual review of sociology 1993 19 Palo Alto, CA Annual Reviews, Inc 187 209
2. Acker J Lorber J Farrell S Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations The social construction of gender 1991 Newbury Park, CA Sage 162 179
3. Acker S Walker S Barton L Women and teaching: A semi-detached sociology of a semi-profession Gender, class and education 1983 Lewes, England Falmer Press 123 139
4. Acker S Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press.
5. Acker S Managing the drama: The head teacher's work in an urban primary school Sociological Review 1990a 38 247 271
6. Acker S Teachers’ culture in an English primary school: Continuity and change British Journal of Sociology of Education 1990b 11 257 273
7. Acker S Teacher relationships and educational reform in England and Wales The Curriculum Journal 1991 2 301 316
8. Acker S Creating careers: Women teachers at work Curriculum Inquiry 1992 22 141 163
9. Acker S Gendered education: Sociological reflections on women, teaching and feminism 1994 Buckingham, England Open University Press.
10. Acker S Carry on caring: The work of women teachers British Journal of Sociology of Education 1995a 16 21 36
11. Acker S Dunlap D Schmuck PA The head teacher as career broker: Stories from an English primary school Women leading in education 1995b Albany State University of New York Press 49 70
12. Acker S Megarry J Nisbet S Hoyle E World yearbook of education 1984: Women and education 1984 London Kogan Page.
13. Addison B Al-Khalifa E “It’s all good clean fun”—Sexual harassment: A case study” Educational Management and Administration 1988a 16 173 185
14. Addison B Al-Khalifa E Sexual harassment in Birmingham schools and colleges 1988b Birmingham, England Teacher Research Group (Report of the Birmingham Teacher Survey)
15. Alcoff L Minnich E O’Barr J Rosenfeld R Cultural feminism vs. post-structuralism Reconstructing the academy 1988 Chicago University of Chicago Press 257 288
16. Alexander RJ Primary teaching 1984 London Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
17. Al-Khalifa E Coyle A Skinner J Pin money professionals? Women in teaching Women and work: Positive action for change 1988 London Macmillan 80 103
18. Al-Khalifa E DeLyon H Migniuolo F Management by halves: Women teachers and school management Women teachers: Issues and experiences 1989 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 83 96
19. Altenbaugh R The teacher's voice: A social history of teaching in twentieth-century America 1992 London Falmer Press.
20. Angus L Angus L Women in a male domain: Gender and organizational culture in a Christian Brothers college Education, inequality and social identity 1993 London Falmer Press 57 90
21. Anonymous DeLyon H Migniuolo F ‘Miss is a lesbian’: The experience of a White lesbian teacher in a boys’ school Women teachers 1989 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 154 165
22. Antler J Biklen SK Changing education: Women as radicals and conservators 1990 Albany State University of New York Press.
23. Apple M Teachers and texts 1986 New York Routledge.
24. Apple M Official knowledge 1993 New York Routledge.
25. Apple M Jungck S “You don’t have to be a teacher to teach this unit”: Teaching, technology and gender in the classroom” American Educational Research Journal 1990 27 227 251
26. Atkinson P Dingwall R Lewis P The reproduction of the professional community The sociology of the professions: Lawyers, doctors and others 1983 London Macmillan 224 241
27. Ball SJ The micro-politics of the school 1987 London Methuen.
28. Ball SJ Goodson I Teachers’ lives and careers 1985 London Falmer Press.
29. Ball SJ Lacey C Woods P Subject disciplines as the opportunity for group action: A measured critique of subject sub-cultures Teacher strategies: Explorations in the sociology of the school 1980 London Croom Helm 149 177
30. Ballantine J The sociology of education 1983 Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.
31. Bangar S McDermott J DeLyon H Migniuolo F Black women speak Women teachers: Issues and experiences 1989 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 135 153
32. Barman J Birds of passage or early professionals? Teachers in late nineteenth-century British Columbia Historical Studies in Education/Revue d’histoire de l’éducation 1990 2 1 17 36
33. Barth RS Improving schools from within 1990 San Francisco Jossey-Bass.
34. Bascia N Unions in teachers’ professional lives 1994 New York Teachers College Press.
35. Becker HS Role and career problems of the Chicago public school teacher 1951 University of Chicago Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
36. Becker HS Sociological work 1970 Chicago Aldine.
37. Belenky MF Clinchy BM Goldberger NR Tarule JM WoMen's ways of knowing 1986 New York Basic Books.
38. Bell C Chase S Marshall C The underrepresentation of women in school leadership The new politics of race and gender 1993 Washington, DC Falmer Press 141 154
39. Bergin B Ozga J Only a schoolmaster: Gender, class and the effort to professionalize elementary teaching in England 1870–1910 Schoolwork 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 39 60
40. Bidwell C March J The school as a formal organization Handbook of organizations 1965 Chicago Rand McNally 972 1022
41. Biklen SK Can elementary schoolteaching be a career?: A search for new ways of understanding woMen's work Issues in Education 1985 3 215 231
42. Biklen SK “I have always worked”: Elementary schoolteaching as a career” Phi Delta Kappan 1986 67 504 508
43. Biklen SK Schmuck PA Women in elementary school teaching: A case study Women educators: Employees of schools in Western countries 1987 Albany State University of New York Press 223 243
44. Biklen SK School work: Gender and the cultural construction of teaching 1995 Albany State University of New York Press.
45. Biklen SK Brannigan MB Women and educational leadership 1980 Lexington, MA D.C. Heath.
46. Blackledge D Hunt B Sociological interpretations of education 1985 London Routledge.
47. Blackmore J Smyth J Educational leadership: A feminist critique and reconstruction Critical perspectives on educational leadership 1989 London Falmer Press 93 130
48. Blase J The politics of life in schools 1991 Newbury Park, CA Sage.
49. Bowe R Ball S Reforming education and changing schools 1992 London Routledge.
50. Brandt R Overview: A different kind of leader Educational Leadership 1992 49 5 7
51. Brannon L M[other]: Lives on the outside Written Communication 1993 10 457 465
52. Braverman H Labor and monopoly capitalism 1974 New York Monthly Review Press.
53. Brehony K Just ‘a body of philanthropic ladies’: The Froebel movement and English elementary schooling 1992 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco.
54. Briskin L Coulter RP Introduction—Feminist pedagogy: Challenging the normative Canadian Journal of Education 1993 17 247 263
55. Broadfoot P Osborn M What professional responsibility means to teachers: National contexts and classroom constraints British Journal of Sociology of Education 1988 9 265 287
56. Bryk AS Lee VE Holland PB Catholic schools and the common good 1993 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
57. Budge D A world made for women? Times Educational Supplement 1994 June 24 12
58. Burgess H Carter B “Bringing out the best in people”: Teacher training and the “real” teacher” British Journal of Sociology of Education 1992 13 349 359
59. Burgess R Experiencing comprehensive education 1983 London Methuen.
60. Butt R Raymond D McCue G Yamagishi L Goodson I Collaborative autobiography and the teacher's voice Studying teachers’ lives 1992 London Routledge 51 98
61. Byrne E Women and education 1978 London Tavistock.
62. Campbell RJ Evans L Neil SRS Packwood A The use and management of infant teachers’ time: Some policy issues 1991 November Paper presented at the Policy Analysis Unit Seminar University of Warwick, Coventry, England.
63. Capper C Educational administration in a pluralistic society 1993 Albany State University of New York Press.
64. Carlson D Teachers and crisis: Urban school reform and teachers’ work culture 1992 New York Routledge.
65. Carter P Altenbaugh R Becoming the ‘new women’: The equal rights campaigns of New York City schoolteachers, 1900–1920 The teacher's voice 1992a London Falmer Press 40 58
66. Carter P Altenbaugh R The social status of women teachers in the early twentieth century The teacher's voice 1992b London Falmer Press 127 138
67. Casey K Teacher as mother: Curriculum theorizing in the life histories of contemporary women teachers Cambridge Journal of Education 1990 20 301 319
68. Casey K I answer with my life 1993 New York Routledge.
69. Casey K Apple M Acker S Gender and the conditions of teachers’ work: The development of understanding in America Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 171 186
70. Chase S Bell C Ideology, discourse, and gender: How gatekeepers talk about women school superintendents Social Problems 1990 37 163 167
71. Choy SP Bobbitt S Henke RR Medrich EA Horn LJ Lieberman J America’s teachers: Profile of a profession 1993 Washington, DC National Center for Education Statistics.
72. Cioci M Lee V Smith J Teachers and principals: Gender related perceptions of leadership and power in secondary schools 1991 (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 332 364)
73. Clifford GJ Lawn M Grace G “Lady teachers” and politics in the United States, 1850–1930 Teachers: The culture and politics of work 1987 Lewes, England Falmer Press 3 30
74. Clifford GJ Warren D Man/woman/teacher: Gender, family, and career in American educational history American teachers: Histories of a profession at work 1989 New York Macmillan 293 343
75. Clifford GJ Prentice A Theobold M “Daughters into teachers”: Educational and demographic influences on the transformation of teaching into “woMen's work” in America Women who taught 1991 Toronto University of Toronto Press 115 135
76. Coffey A Acker S “Girlies on the warpath”: Addressing gender in initial teacher education” Gender and Education 1991 3 249 261
77. Cole A Relationships in the workplace: Doing what comes naturally? Teaching and Teacher Education 1991 7 415 426
78. Cole A Knowles JG Teacher development partnership research: A focus on methods and issues American Educational Research Journal 1993 30 473 495
79. Collins C Regaining the past for the present: The legacy of the Chicago teachers’ federation History of Education Review 1984 13 2 43 55
80. Collins PH Black feminist thought 1990 Boston Unwin Hyman.
81. Conley S Grant G Review of research on teacher participation in school decision making Review of research in education 1991 17 Washington, DC American Educational Research Association 225 266
82. Connell RW Teachers’ work 1985 Sydney, Australia George Allen & Unwin.
83. Connelly FM Clandinin DJ Stories of experience and narrative inquiry Educational Researcher 1990 19 5 2 14
84. Cooper A The search for Mary Bibb, Black woman teacher in Canada West during the mid–nineteenth century Ontario History 1991 83 1 39 54
85. Corr H Humes W Paterson H The sexual division of labour in the Scottish teaching profession, 1872–1914 Scottish culture and Scottish education 1800–1980 1983 Edinburgh, Scotland John Donald 137 150
86. Cortazzi M Primary teaching how it is: A narrative account 1991 London David Fulton.
87. Cortazzi M Narrative analysis 1993 London Falmer Press.
88. Cortina R Women as leaders in Mexican education Comparative Education Review 1989 33 357 376
89. Coser L Masters of sociological thought 1971 New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
90. Coulter R Struggling with sexism: Experiences of feminist first-year teachers Gender and Education 1995 7 33 50
91. Coulter R McNay M Exploring Men's experiences as elementary school teachers Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'éducation 1993 18 398 413
92. Crompton R Reid S Wood S The deskilling of clerical work The degradation of work? Skill, deskilling and the labour process 1983 London Hutchinson 163 178
93. Cunnison S “Making it in a man’s world”: Women teachers in a senior high school 1985 Hull, England Hull, England (Occasional Paper No. 1)
94. Cunnison S Acker S Gender joking in the staffroom Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 151 167
95. Dale R National reform, economic crisis and ‘new right’ theory: A New Zealand perspective 1992 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco.
96. Danylewycz M Light B Prentice A The evolution of the sexual division of labour in teaching: A nineteenth century Ontario and Quebec case study Histoire sociale/Social History 1983 16 81 109
97. Danylewycz M Prentice A Ozga J Teachers’ work: Changing pattern and perceptions in the emerging school systems of nineteenth- and early twentieth century central Canada Schoolwork 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 81 98
98. David ME The state, the family and education 1980 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
99. Davies L Equity and efficiency? School management in an international context 1990 Lewes, England Falmer Press.
100. Deegan MJ Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school, 1892–1918 1988 New Brunswick, NJ Transaction.
101. Deem R Women and schooling 1978 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
102. Deem R Schooling for woMen's work 1980 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
103. Dehli K They rule by sympathy: The feminization of pedagogy Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 1994 19 195 216
104. Delamont S Sex roles and the school 1980 London Methuen.
105. Delamont S Interaction in the classroom 1983 2nd ed London Methuen.
106. Delamont S Readings on interaction in the classroom 1984 London Methuen.
107. Delpit L Weis L Fine M The silenced dialogue: Power and pedagogy in educating other people’s children Beyond silenced voices: Class, race and gender in United States schools 1993 Albany State University of New York Press 119 139
108. DeLyon H Migniuolo F Women teachers 1989 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press.
109. Denscombe M Classroom control: A sociological perspective 1985 London George Allen & Unwin.
110. Densmore K Popkewitz T Professionalism, proletarianization and teacher work Critical studies in teacher education 1987 London Falmer Press 130 160
111. Derber C Professionals as workers: Mental labor in advanced capitalism 1982 Boston G. K. Hall.
112. Donovan F The schoolma’am 1974 New York Arno Press (Original work published 1938)
113. Dove L Teachers and teacher education in developing countries 1986 London Croom Helm.
114. Dreeben R The nature of teaching 1970 Glenview, IL Scott, Foresman.
115. Dreeben R Travers RMW The school as a workplace Second handbook of research on teaching 1973 Chicago Rand McNally 450 473
116. Dunleavy J Who’s talking? Exploring the ‘self’ in the ‘teacher’ 1993 Department of Sociology in Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto Unpublished manuscript.
117. Edson SK Schmuck PA Charters WW Jr Carlson R “If they can, I can”: Women aspirants to administrative positions in public schools Educational policy and management: Sex differentials 1981 New York Academic Press 169 185
118. Edson SK Dunlap D Schmuck PA Ten years later: Too little, too late Women leading in education 1995 Albany State University of New York Press 36 48
119. Eisenstein H Blackmore J Kenway J A telling tale from the field Gender matters in educational administration and policy 1993 London Falmer Press 1 8
120. Epp J Women students of educational administration 1993 June Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Education Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
121. Evetts J Acker S The internal labour market for primary teachers Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 187 202
122. Evetts J Women in primary teaching: Career contexts and strategies 1990 London Unwin Hyman.
123. Evetts J When promotion ladders seem to end: The career concerns of secondary headteachers British Journal of Sociology of Education 1992 13 37 49
124. Feiman-Nemser S Floden R Wittrock M The cultures of teaching Third handbook of research on teaching 1986 London Macmillan 505 526
125. Feldberg RL Glenn ER Male and female: Job versus gender models in the sociology of work Social Problems 1979 26 524 538
126. Ferguson K The feminist case against bureaucracy 1984 Philadelphia Temple University Press.
127. Fine GA Blake J Hagen J The sad demise, mysterious disappearance, and glorious triumph of symbolic interactionism Annual review of sociology 1993 19 Palo Alto, CA Annual Reviews, Inc 61 87
128. Florin C Social closure as a professional strategy: Male and female teachers from co-operation to conflict in Sweden, 1860–1906 History of Education 1991 20 17 26
129. Foster M Arnot M Weiler K Othermothers: Exploring the educational philosophy of Black American women teachers Feminism and social justice in education: International perspectives 1993a New York Falmer Press 101 123
130. Foster M Weis L Fine M Resisting racism: Personal testimonies of African-American teachers Beyond silenced voices: Class, race, and gender in United States schools 1993b Albany State University of New York Press 273 288
131. Foster M The role of community and culture in school reform efforts: Examining the views of African-American teachers Educational Foundations 1994 8 2 5 26
132. Fraser JW Warren D Agents of democracy: Urban elementary-school teachers and the conditions of teaching American teachers 1989 New York Macmillan 118 156
133. Freedman S Smyth J Teachers’ knowledge from a feminist perspective Educating teachers: Changing the nature of pedagogical knowledge 1987 Lewes, England Falmer Press 73 81
134. Freedman S Antler J Biklen SK Weeding women out of “woman’s true profession”: The effects of the reforms on teaching and teachers Changing education: Women as radicals and conservators 1990 Albany State University of New York Press 239 256
135. Freidus H Men in a woMen's world: A study of male second career teachers in elementary schools 1992 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco.
136. Geer B Becker H Geer B Riesman D Weiss R Occupational commitment and the teaching profession Institutions and the person 1968 Chicago Aldine 221 234
137. Gelman S Heap R Prentice A The “feminization” of the high school: Women secondary schoolteachers in Toronto: 1871–1930 Gender and education in Ontario 1991 Toronto Canadian Scholars’ Press 71 102
138. Gilbert P Taylor S Fashioning the feminine: Girls, popular culture and schooling 1991 Sydney, Australia Allen & Unwin.
139. Gilligan C In a different voice 1982 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
140. Gitlin A Apple M Weis L School structure and teachers’ work Ideology and practice in schooling 1983 Philadelphia Temple University Press 193 212
141. Gitlin A Bringhurst K Burns M Cooley V Myers B Price K Russell R Tiess P Teachers’ voices for school change: An introduction to educative research 1992 New York Teachers College Press.
142. Glazer J Feminism and professionalism in teaching and educational administration Educational Administration Quarterly 1991 27 321 342
143. Goldring E Chen M Marshall C The feminization of the principalship in Israel: The trade-off between political power and cooperative leadership The new politics of race and gender 1993 Washington, DC Falmer Press 175 182
144. Goode WJ Furstenberg F Jr Mitchell L Goode WJ Furstenberg F Jr Mitchell L Introduction: Willard W. Waller—A portrait In W. Waller, On the family, education, and war: Selected writings 1970 Chicago University of Chicago Press 1 110
145. Goodson I Sponsoring the teacher's voice: Teachers’ lives and teacher development Cambridge Journal of Education 1991 21 35 45
146. Goodson I Studying teachers’ lives 1992 London Routledge.
147. Goodson I Walker R Biography, identity and schooling: Episodes in educational research 1991 London Falmer Press.
148. Gordon T Citizens and others: Gender, democracy and education International Studies in Sociology of Education 1992 2 43 56
149. Gosetti PP Rusch EA Diversity and equity in educational administration: Missing in theory and in action 1994 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association New Orleans.
150. Gosetti PP Rusch EA Dunlap D Schmuck PA Reexamining educational leadership: Challenging assumptions Women leading in education 1995 Albany State University of New York Press 11 35
151. Grant R Acker S Women teachers’ career pathways: Towards an alternative model of ‘career.’ Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 35 50
152. Griffin P Identity management strategies among lesbian and gay educators Qualitative Studies in Education 1991 4 189 202
153. Griffith A Smith DE Gaskell J McLaren A Constructing cultural knowledge: Mothering as discourse Women and education 1991 Calgary, Alberta, Canada Detselig 81 97
154. Gross N Trask A The sex factor and the management of schools 1976 New York Wiley.
155. Grumet M Bitter milk: Women and teaching 1988 Amherst University of Massachusetts Press.
156. Hall V Ouston J Women in educational management: A review of research in Britain Women in education management 1993 Harlow, England Longman 23 46
157. Hall V Making it happen: A study of women headteachers of primary and secondary schools in England and Wales 1994 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association New Orleans.
158. Hare-Mustin R Marecek J Hare-Mustin R Marecek J On making a difference Making a difference: Psychology and the construction of gender 1990 New Haven, CT Yale University Press 1 21
159. Hargreaves A Little J McLaughlin M Individualism and individuality: Reinterpreting the teacher culture Teachers’ work 1993 New York Teachers College Press 51 76
160. Hargreaves A Changing teachers, changing times: Teachers’ work and culture in the postmodern age 1994 London Cassell.
161. Hargreaves A Woods P Classrooms and staffrooms 1984 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press.
162. Hargreaves D Interpersonal relations and education 1972 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
163. Hargreaves D Woods P The occupational culture of teachers Teacher strategies: Explorations in the sociology of the school 1980 London Croom Helm 125 148
164. Harris K Teachers and classes: A Marxist analysis 1982 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
165. Heap R Prentice A “The outlook for old age is not hopeful”: The struggle of female teachers over pensions in Quebec 1880–1914” Histoire socialel Social History 1993 26 67 94
166. Hearn J The gender of oppression 1987 New York St. Martin’s Press.
167. Hearn J Parkin W ‘Sex’ at ‘work’: The power and paradox of organization sexuality 1987 Brighton, England Wheatsheaf.
168. Henry A African Canadian women teachers’ activism: Recreating communities of caring and resistance Journal of Negro Education 1992 61 392 404
169. Henry A Missing: Black self-representations in Canadian educational research Canadian Journal of Education 1993 18 206 222
170. Hill T Primary headteachers’ careers: A survey of primary school heads with particular reference to woMen's career trajectories British Educational Research Journal 1994 20 197 207
171. Hoffman N WoMen's “true” profession: Voices from the history of teaching 1981 Old Westbury, NY Feminist Press.
172. Hogan D The market revolution and disciplinary power: Joseph Lancaster and the psychology of the early classroom system History of Education Quarterly 1989 29 381 417
173. Hollingsworth S Learning to teach through collaborative conversation: A feminist approach American Educational Research Journal 1992 29 373 404
174. Holzman M Do we really need “leadership”? Educational Leadership 1992 49 5 36 40
175. Hoyle E The politics of school management 1986 London Hodder & Stoughton.
176. Huberman M The lives of teachers 1993a New York Teachers College Press.
177. Huberman M Little J McLaughlin M The model of the independent artisan in teachers’ professional relations Teachers’ work 1993b New York Teachers College Press 11 50
178. Hughes EC Men and their work 1958 Glencoe, IL Free Press.
179. Hughes EC The sociological eye 1971 Chicago Aldine.
180. Intriligator BA Leadership theory revisited Journal of Educational Equity and Leadership 1983 3 5 17
181. Johnson SM Teachers at work 1990 New York Basic Books.
182. Joyce M Lawn M Grace G Being a feminist teacher Teachers: The culture and politics of work 1987 Lewes, England Falmer Press 67 89
183. Kanter RM Men and women of the corporation 1977 New York Basic Books.
184. Kean H Deeds not words: The lives of suffragette teachers 1990 London Pluto.
185. Kean H Oram A “Men must be educated and women must do it”: The National Federation (later Union) of Women Teachers and contemporary feminism 1910–30” Gender and Education 1990 2 147 167
186. Khayatt MD Lesbian teachers: An invisible presence 1992 Albany State University of New York Press.
187. Kidder T Among schoolchildren 1989 Boston Houghton Mifflin.
188. King S Lawn M Grace G Feminists in teaching: The National Union of Women Teachers, 1920–1940 Teachers: The culture and politics of work 1987 London Falmer Press 31 49
189. Kulis S Miller-Loessi KA Organizational dynamics and gender equity Work and Occupations 1992 19 157 183
190. Lacey C The socialization of teachers 1977 London Methuen.
191. Laird S Reforming “woman’s true profession”: A case for “feminist pedagogy” in teacher education? Harvard Educational Review 1988 58 449 463
192. Larson MS The rise of professionalism: A sociological analysis 1977 Berkeley University of California Press.
193. Lawn M Ozga J Skill in schoolwork: Work relations in the primary school Schoolwork 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 161 176
194. Lawn M Ozga J Ozga J The educational worker? A reassessment of teachers Schoolwork 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 81 98
195. Leadership American School Board Journal 1993 180 A15 A17 (Suppl.)
196. Leary A The lesbian teacher in the separate school 1993 Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto Unpublished manuscript.
197. Lee P Male and female teachers in elementary schools: An ecological analysis Teachers College Record 1973 75 79 98
198. Leggatt T Jackson J Teaching as a profession Professions and professionalization 1970 Cambridge, England Cambridge University Press 153 177
199. Leithwood K The move toward transformational leadership Educational Leadership 1992 49 5 8 12
200. Lieberman A The changing contexts of teaching 1992 Chicago University of Chicago Press (Ninety-first yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education)
201. Lieberman A Miller A Teachers—Their world and their work 1992 New York Teachers College Press.
202. Lieberman M Education as a profession 1956 Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.
203. Lightfoot SL Worlds apart: Relationships between families and schools 1978 New York Basic Books.
204. Lightfoot SL Shulman L Sykes G The lives of teachers Handbook of teaching and policy 1983 New York Longman 241 260
205. Little J Cazden C The mentor phenomenon and the social organization of teaching Review of research in education 1990 16 Washington, DC American Educational Research Association 297 351
206. Little J McLaughlin M Little J McLaughlin M Conclusion Teachers’ work 1993a New York Teachers College Press 185 190
207. Little J McLaughlin M Teachers’ work: Individuals, colleagues, and contexts 1993b New York Teachers College Press.
208. Lortie DC Travers RMW Observations on teaching as work Second handbook of research on teaching 1973 Chicago Rand McNally 474 497
209. Lortie DC Schoolteacher: A sociological study 1975 Chicago University of Chicago Press.
210. Lyons N Two perspectives: On self, relationships, and morality Harvard Educational Review 1983 53 125 145
211. Mac an Ghaill M Teachers’ work: Curriculum restructuring, culture, power and comprehensive schooling British Journal of Sociology of Education 1992 13 177 199
212. Markowitz RJ My daughter, the teacher. Jewish teachers in the New York City schools 1993 New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press.
213. Marshall C The assistant principal 1992 Newbury Park, CA Corwin Press.
214. Marshall C Mitchell B WoMen's careers as a critique of the administrative culture 1989 March Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco.
215. McCall A Dunlap D Schmuck PA The bureaucratic restraints to caring in schools Women leading in education 1995 Albany State University of New York Press 180 196
216. McGrath ST Here come the women! Educational Leadership 1992 49 5 62 65
217. McGregor A Nursing student-faculty relationships: Reconstructing the face of failure 1994 May Paper presented at the Qualitative Research Conference University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
218. McKellar B Acker S Only the fittest of the fittest will survive: Black women and education Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 87 108
219. McNamara D The female profession Times Educational Supplement 1986 February 14 21
220. McPherson G Small town teacher 1972 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
221. Metz MH Different by design 1986 New York Routledge & Kegan Paul.
222. Metz MH Little J McLaughlin M Teachers’ ultimate dependence on their students Teachers’ work 1993 New York Teachers College Press 104 136
223. Middleton S Schooling and radicalisation: Life histories of New Zealand feminist teachers British Journal of Sociology of Education 1987 8 169 189
224. Middleton S Acker S Educating feminists: A life-history study Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer 53 68
225. Middleton S Educating feminists: Life histories and pedagogy 1993 New York Teachers College Press.
226. Miller J Women as teachers: Enlarging conversations on issues of gender and self concept Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 1986 1 111 121
227. Miller J Creating spaces and finding voices 1990 Albany State University of New York Press.
228. Ministry of Education The status of women and employment equity in Ontario school boards 1992 Toronto Ministry of Education.
229. Montenegro X Women and racial minority representation in school administration 1993 Arlington, VA American Association of School Administrators.
230. Murnane RJ Singer JD Willett JB Kemple JJ Olsen RJ Who will teach? Policies that matter 1991 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.
231. National Center for Education Statistics Schools and staffing in the United States 1992 Washington, DC Author.
232. National Center for Education Statistics Digest of education statistics 1993 1993 Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.
233. Nelson M From the one-room schoolhouse to the graded school: Teaching in Vermont, 1910–1950 Frontiers 1983 7 1 14 20
234. Nelson M Altenbaugh R The intersection of home and work: Rural Vermont schoolteachers, 1915–1950 The teacher's voice 1992a London Falmer Press 26 39
235. Nelson M Goodson I Using oral case histories to reconstruct the experiences of women teachers in Vermont, 1900–50 Studying teachers’ lives 1992b London Routledge 167 186
236. Nias J Primary teachers talking 1989 London Routledge.
237. Nias J Southworth G Yeomans R Staff relationships in the primary school 1989 London Cassell.
238. Noddings N Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education 1984 Berkeley University of California Press.
239. Noddings N Cazden C Feminist critiques in the professions Review of research in education 1990 16 Washington, DC American Educational Research Association 393 424
240. Noddings N The challenge to care in schools 1992 New York Teachers College Press.
241. Oram A Serving two masters?: The introduction of a marriage bar in teaching in the 1920s. In London Feminist History Group The sexual dynamics of history 1983 London Pluto 134 148
242. Oram A Acker S A master should not serve under a mistress: Women and men teachers 1900–1970 Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 21 34
243. Ortiz FI Career patterns in education: Women, men and minorities in public school administration 1982 South Hadley, MA Bergin.
244. Osborn M Black M Developing the national curriculum at Key Stage 2: The changing nature of teachers’ work 1994 Birmingham, England National Association of Schoolmasters and Union of Women Teachers.
245. Ozga J Ozga J Introduction: Teaching, professionalism and work Schoolwork 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press ix xv.
246. Ozga J Women in educational management 1993 Buckingham, England Open University Press.
247. Ozga J Lawn M Teachers, professionalism and class 1981 Lewes, England Falmer Press.
248. Ozga J Lawn M Schoolwork: Interpreting the labour process of teaching British Journal of Sociology of Education 1988 9 323 336
249. Parsons T Halsey AH Floud J Anderson CA The school class as social system Education, economy, and society 1961 New York Free Press 434 455
250. Perkins L Crow J Hatley F The Black female American Missionary Association teacher in the South, 1861–1870 Black Americans in North Carolina and the South 1984 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina 122 136
251. Pollard A The social world of the primary school 1985 London Cassell.
252. Prentice A Mann Trofimenkoff S Prentice A The feminization of teaching The neglected majority 1977 Toronto McClelland & Stewart 49 65
253. Prentice A Heap R Prentice A From household to school house: The emergence of the teacher as servant of the state Gender and education in Ontario 1991 Toronto Canadian Scholars’ Press 25 46
254. Prentice A Theobald M Prentice A Theobald M The historiography of women teachers: A retrospect Women who taught 1991 Toronto University of Toronto Press 3 33
255. Preston JA Angerman A Bimema G Keunen A Poels V Zirkzee J Female aspiration and male ideology: School-teaching in nineteenth-century New England Current issues in woMen's history 1989 London Routledge, Chapman & Hall 171 182
256. Quantz RA Altenbaugh R The complex visions of female teachers and the failure of unionization in the 1930s: An oral history The teachers’ voice 1992 London Falmer Press 139 156
257. Rees R Women and men in education 1990 Toronto Canadian Education Association.
258. Regan H Not for women only: School administration as a feminist activity Teachers College Record 1990 90 566 577
259. Reynolds C Hegemony and hierarchy: Becoming a teacher in Toronto, 1930–1 Historical Studies in Education 1990 2 95 118
260. Riddell S Acker S “It’s nothing to do with me”: Teachers’ views and gender divisions in the curriculum Teachers, gender and careers 1989 Lewes, England Falmer Press 123 138
261. Riddell S Gender and the politics of the curriculum 1992 London Routledge.
262. Robertson H-J Hargreaves A Fullan M Teacher development and gender equity Understanding teacher development 1992 London Cassell 43 61
263. Rosenholtz S Teachers’ workplace: The social organization of schools 1989 White Plains, NY Longman.
264. Rousmaniere K What’s love got to do with it? Women teachers and the problem of classroom discipline in early twentieth century urban schools 1992 October Paper presented at the 7th Biennial Conference of the Canadian History of Education Association Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
265. Rury J Warren D Who became teachers? The social characteristics of teachers in American history American teachers 1989 New York Macmillan 9 48
266. Sadker M Sadker D Klein S Grant G The issue of gender in elementary and secondary education Review of research in education 1991 17 Washington, DC American Educational Research Association 269 334
267. Sampson S Maclean R McKenzie P Women teachers’ careers Australian teachers’ careers 1991 Hawthorn Australian Council for Educational Research 121 137
268. Schmuck PA Schmuck PA Introduction Women educators: Employees of schools in Western countries 1987 Albany State University of New York Press 1 17
269. Schmuck PA Charters WW Jr Carlson R Educational policy and management: Sex differentials 1981 New York Academic Press.
270. Schmuck PA Wyant SH Schmuck PA Charters WW Jr Carlson R Clues to sex bias in the selection of school administrators: A report from the Oregon network Educational policy and management: Sex differentials 1981 New York Academic Press 73 97
271. Seddon T Maclean R McKenzie P Teachers’ work: A perspective on schooling Australian teachers’ careers 1991 Hawthorn Australian Council for Educational Research 45 67
272. Seddon T Husen T Postlethwaite TN Teachers’ work and political action The international encyclopedia of education 1994 10 2nd ed Oxford, England Elsevier Science 6132 6139
273. Seifert K The achievement of care: Men who teach young children 1983 (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 231 542)
274. Selleck RJW Prentice A Theobald M Mary Helena Stark: The troubles of a nineteenth-century state school teacher Women who taught 1991 Toronto University of Toronto Press 160 181
275. Sergiovanni T Why we should seek substitutes for leadership Educational Leadership 1992 49 5 41 45
276. Sexton P The feminized male: Classrooms, white collars, and the decline of manliness 1969 New York Vintage.
277. Shakeshaft C Schmuck PA Charters WW Jr Carlson R Women in educational administration: A discipline analysis of dissertation research and paradigm for future research Educational policy and management: Sex differentials 1981 New York Academic Press 9 31
278. Shakeshaft C Women in educational administration 1989 Newbury Park, CA Sage.
279. Shakeshaft C Deconstructing the erected hierarchy: Sex and power in organizations 1992 April Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association San Francisco.
280. Shapiro JP Women in education: At risk or prepared? Educational Forum 1987 51 167 183
281. Shedd J Bacharach S Tangled hierarchies: Teachers as professionals and the management of schools 1991 San Francisco Jossey-Bass.
282. Sikes P Measor L Woods P Teachers’ careers: Crises and continuities 1985 Lewes, England Falmer Press.
283. Simpson RL Simpson IH Etzioni A Women and bureaucracy in the semi-professions The semi-professions and their organization 1969 New York Free Press 196 265
284. Sims MJ Inquiry and urban classrooms: A female African-American teacher in search of truth Theory into Practice 1992 31 342 349
285. Siskin L Realms of knowledge: Academic departments in secondary schools 1994 Philadelphia Falmer Press.
286. Skelton C Sex, male teachers and young children Gender and Education 1994 6 87 93
287. Sleeter C Biklen SK Pollard D Power and privilege in White middle-class feminist discussions of gender and education Gender and education: Ninety-second yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education 1993 Chicago University of Chicago Press 221 239
288. Smaller H Heap R Prentice A “A room of one’s own”: The early years of the Toronto Women Teachers’ Association Gender and education in Ontario 1991 Toronto Canadian Scholars’ Press 103 124
289. Smith ML Put to the test: The effects of external testing on teachers Educational Researcher 1991 20 5 8 11
290. Smyth J International perspectives on teacher collegiality: A labour process discussion based on the concept of teachers’ work British Journal of Sociology of Education 1991 12 323 346
291. Smyth J Teachers’ work and the politics of reflection American Educational Research Journal 1992 29 267 300
292. Sparkes A Self, silence and invisibility as a beginning teacher: A life history of lesbian experience British Journal of Sociology of Education 1994 15 93 118
293. Spencer DA Contemporary women teachers: Balancing school and home 1986 New York Longman.
294. Spencer DA Husen T Postlethwaite TN Sociology of teaching International encyclopedia of education 1994 10 2nd ed Oxford, England Elsevier Science 5607 5614
295. Spender D Invisible women: The schooling scandal 1982 London Writers & Readers.
296. Spender D Sarah E Learning to lose: Sexism and education 1980 London WoMen's Press.
297. Squirrell G Acker S In passing… teachers and sexual orientation Teachers, gender and careers 1989a Lewes, England Falmer Press 87 106
298. Squirrell G Teachers and issues of sexual orientation Gender and Education 1989b 1 17 34
299. Statistics Canada The elementary-secondary teaching force Education Statistics Bulletin 1994 16 2 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Education, Culture and Tourism Division, Minister of Industry, Science and Technology (Catalog No. 81-002)
300. Steedman C “The mother made conscious”: The historical development of a primary school pedagogy” History Workshop Journal 1985 20 149 163
301. Steedman C Lawn M Grace G Prisonhouses Teachers: The culture and politics of work 1987 Lewes, England Falmer Press 117 129
302. Strachan J Including the personal and the professional: Researching women in educational leadership Gender and Education 1993 5 71 80
303. Strober M Tyack D Why do women teach and men manage? A report on research on schools Signs 1980 5 498 503
304. Sugg RS Jr Motherteachers: The feminization of American education 1978 Charlottesville University Press of Virginia.
305. Sullivan C Oppression: The experiences of a lesbian teacher in an inner city comprehensive school in the United Kingdom Gender and Education 1993 5 93 101
306. Tabakin G Densmore K Teacher professionalism and gender analysis Teachers College Record 1986 88 257 279
307. Tabin Y Coleman P From the dollhouse to the schoolhouse: The changing experience of women principals in British Columbia, 1980 to 1990 Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation 1993 18 381 397
308. Talbert J Little J McLaughlin M Constructing a school wide professional community: The negotiated order of a performing arts school Teachers’ work 1993 New York Teachers College Press 164 184
309. Taylor A Glass ceilings and stone walls: Employment equity for women in Ontario school boards Gender and Education 1995 7 123 141
310. Theobald M Theobald M Selleck RJW WoMen's teaching labour, the family and the state in nineteenth-century Victoria Family, school and state in Australian history 1990 Sydney, Australia Allen & Unwin 25 44
311. Theobald M Yates L Writing the lives of women teachers: Problems and possibilities Feminism and education 1993 Melbourne, Australia Melbourne Studies in Education 39 50
312. Thurston GJ Women teachers and maternity leave 1981 University College, Cardiff, Wales Unpublished master’s thesis.
313. Tipton F Ozga J Educational organizations as workplaces School-work 1988 Milton Keynes, England Open University Press 3 20
314. Tomlinson D Why so few women in leadership positions in Ontario school boards? Solving the mystery 1993 Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto Unpublished manuscript.
315. Travers RMW Second handbook of research on teaching 1973 Chicago Rand McNally.
316. Trown EA Needham G Reduction in part-time teaching 1980 Manchester, England Equal Opportunities Commission.
317. Troyna B The ‘everyday world’ of teachers? Deracialised discourses in the sociology of teachers and the teaching profession British Journal of Sociology of Education 1994 15 325 339
318. Tyack D Was there ever a golden age in teaching? Harvard Educational Review 1987 57 171 174
319. Tyack D Hansot E Learning together: A history of coeducation in American schools 1990 New York Russell Sage Foundation.
320. Tyack D Strober M Schmuck PA Charters WW Jr Carlson RG Jobs and gender: A history of the structuring of educational employment by sex Educational policy and management: Sex differentials 1981 New York Academic Press 131 152
321. Tyler W School organisation: A sociological perspective 1988 London Croom Helm.
322. Walker S Barton L Gender, class and education 1983 Lewes, England Falmer Press.
323. Walkerdine V Sex, power and pedagogy Screen Education 1981 38 14 23
324. Walkerdine V Progressive pedagogy and political struggle Screen 1986 27 5 54 60
325. Waller W The sociology of teaching 1965 New York Wiley (Original work published 1932)
326. Watkins P Class, the labour process and work: Focus on education 1992 Geelong, Australia Deakin University.
327. Webster D Mental health: The politics of self-care Caring and nursing: Explorations in the feminist perspectives 1988 Denver, CO Center for Human Caring 182 211
328. Weiler K Women teaching for change 1988 South Hadley, MA Bergin & Garvey.
329. Weiler K WoMen's history and the history of women teachers Journal of Education 1989 171 3 9 30
330. Weiler K Remembering and representing life choices: A critical perspective on teachers’ oral history narratives Qualitative Studies in Education 1992 5 39 50
331. Weiner G Professional self-knowledge versus social justice: A critical analysis of the teacher-researcher movement British Educational Research Journal 1989 15 41 52
332. Weiner G Feminisms in education: An introduction 1994 Buckingham, England Open University Press.
333. Wignall R Building a collaborative school culture: A case study of one woman in the principalship 1992 June Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research Enschede, The Netherlands.
334. Williamson N The feminization of teaching in New South Wales: A historical perspective Australian Journal of Education 1983 27 33 44
335. Wolffensperger J Davis K Leijenaar M Oldersma J Engendered structure: Giddens and the conceptualization of gender The gender of power 1991 London Sage 87 108
336. Woods P The divided school 1979 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
337. Woods P Teacher strategies: Explorations in the sociology of the school 1980 London Croom Helm.
338. Woods P Sociology and the school: An interactionist viewpoint 1983 London Routledge & Kegan Paul.
339. Woods P Teacher skills and strategies 1990 London Falmer Press.
340. Worrall A Dunlap D Schmuck PA Suitable for promotion: A game of educational snakes and ladders Women leading in education 1995 Albany State University of New York Press 165 179
341. Yates L Blackmore J Kenway J The theory-practice relationship in schooling, academia and feminist theory Gender matters in educational administration and policy 1993 London Falmer Press 181 194
342. Young B On careers: Themes from the lives of four Western Canadian women educators Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'éducation 1992 17 148 161
343. Young B An other perspective on the knowledge base in Canadian educational administration Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l'éducation 1994 19 351 367