Chapter 2: Help-Seeking Behavior in Learning

Review of Research in Education

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 1985, Pages 55-90

  Gall, Sharon Nelson le ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84970302011     PISSN: 0091732X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3102/0091732X012001055     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Allen V Allen V The helping relationship and socialization of children: Some perspectives on tutoring Children as teachers 1976 New York Academic Press
2. Allen V Nadler A Fisher J DePaulo B Reactions to help in peer tutoring: Roles and social identities New directions in helping: Vol. 3. Applied research in help-seeking and reactions to aid 1983 New York Academic Press 213 232
3. Ames C Ames R The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat: Children's self and interpersonal evaluations in competitive and noncompetitive learning environments Journal of Research and Development in Education 1978 12 79 87
4. Ames R DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Help-seeking and achievement orientation, perspectives from attribution theory New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 165 186
5. Ames R Lau S An attributional analysis of help-seeking in academic settings Journal of Educational Psychology 1982 74 414 423
6. Anderson S Messick S Social competency in young children Developmental Psychology 1974 10 282 293
7. Andrews G Debus R Persistence and the causal perception of failure: Modifying cognitive attributions Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1978 70 154 166
8. Anzai Y Simon H The theory of learning by doing Psychological Review 1979 86 124 140
9. Bachman R Elementary school children's perceptions of helpers and their characteristics Elementary School Guidance and Counseling 1975 December 103 109
10. Baker L Brown A Pearson D Metacognitive skills of reading Handbook of reading research New York Longmans in press
11. Barnett K Darcie G Holland C Kobasigawa A Children's cognitions about effective helping Developmental Psychology 1982 18 267 277
12. Bearison D Gass S Hypothetical and practical reasoning: Children's persuasive appeals in different social contexts Child Development 1979 50 901 903
13. Beller E Dependency and independence in young children Journal of Genetic Psychology 1955 87 25 35
14. Boehm L The development of independence: A comparative study Child Development 1957 28 85 92
15. Bragg B Ostrowski M Finley G The effects of birth order and age of target on use of persuasive techniques Child Development 1973 44 351 354
16. Brown A Semantic integration in children's reconstruction of logical narrative sequences Cognitive Psychology 1976 8 247 262
17. Brown A Glaser R Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition Advances in instructional psychology 1978 Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 77 165
18. Brown A Learning and development: The problems of compatibility, access and induction Human Development 1982 25 89 115
19. Calsyn R Kenny D Self-concept of ability and perceived evaluation of others: Cause or effect of academic achievement Journal of Educational Psychology 1977 69 136 145
20. Chandler T Wolf F Cook B Dugovics D Parental correlates of locus of control in fifth graders: An attempt at experimentation in the home Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 1980 26 179 195
21. Cole M Traupmann K Collins A Comparative cognitive research: Learning from a learning disabled child Minnesota symposium on child psychology: Vol. 14. Aspects of the development of competence 1981 Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum 125 144
22. Clark R Delia J The development of functional persuasive skills in childhood and early adolescence Child Development 1976 47 1008 1014
23. Cooper D Marquis A Ayers-Lopez S Wilkinson L Peer learning in the classroom: Tracing developmental patterns and consequences of children's spontaneous interactions Communicating in the classroom 1982 New York Academic Press 69 84
24. Crockenberg S Bryant B Socialization: The “implicit curriculum” of learning environments Journal of Research and Development in Education 1978 12 69 78
25. Deaux K The behavior of men and women 1976 New York Brooks-Cole
26. DePaulo B Fisher J The costs of asking for help Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1980 7 23 35
27. Diener C Dweck C An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1978 39 940 952
28. Druian P DePaulo B Asking a child for help Social Behavior and Personality 1977 5 33 39
29. Dweck C Elliott E Mussen P Achievement motivation Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development 1983 New York Wiley
30. Edwards C Lewis M Lewis M Rosenblum L Young children's concepts of social relations: Social functions and social objects The child and its family 1979 New York Plenum
31. Eisenberg N Fisher J Nadler A DePaulo B Developmental aspects of recipients' reactions to aid New directions in helping: Vol. 1. Recipient reactions to aid 1983 New York Academic Press
32. Ervin-Tripp S Ervin-Tripp Mitchell-Kernan C Wait for me, roller skate! Child discourse 1977 New York Academic Press
33. Etaugh C Hughes V Teachers' evaluations of sex-typed behaviors in children: The role of teacher sex and school setting Developmental Psychology 1975 11 163 170
34. Feather N The relationship of persistence at a task to the expectation of success and achievement related motives Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1961 63 552 561
35. Feather N The study of persistence Psychological Bulletin 1962 59 94 114
36. Feuerstein R Instrumental enrichment 1980 Baltimore University Park Press
37. Fisher J DePaulo B Nadler A Rushton J Sorrentino R Extending altruism beyond the altruistic act: The mixed effects of aid on the help recipient Altruism and helping behavior 1981 Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum
38. Fisher J Nadler A Effect of donor resources on recipient self-esteem and self-help Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1976 12 139 150
39. Fisher J Nadler A Whitcher-Alagna S Recipient reactions to aid Psychology Bulletin 1982 91 27 54
40. Flammer A Towards a theory of question asking Psychological Research 1981 43 407 420
41. Flammer A Kaiser H Mueller-Bouquet P Predicting what questions people ask Psychological Research 1981 43 421 429
42. Flavell J Cognitive development 1977 Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall
43. Graf R Freer S Plaizier P Interpersonal perception as a function of help-seeking: A. U.S. Netherlands contrast Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1979 10 101 110
44. Green J Smith D Teaching and learning as linguistic processes: The emerging picture Advances in Reading/Language Research 1983 2 273 349
45. Greenberg M Gergen K Greenberg M Willis R A theory of indebtedness Social exchanges: Advances in theory and research 1980 New York Plenum
46. Greenberg M Shapiro S Indebtedness: An adverse aspect of asking for and receiving help Sociometry 1971 34 290 301
47. Griffin P Cole M Current activity for the future: The zo-ped New Directions for Child Development 1984 23 45 64
48. Gumerman R Young children's help-seeking and its implications for the training of professionals in early education 1982 University of Pittsburgh Unpublished dissertation
49. Harter S Developmental differences in the manifestation of mastery motivation on problem-solving tasks Developmental Psychology 1975 46 370 378
50. Harter S Mussen P Developmental perspectives on the self-system Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development 1983 New York Wiley 275 385
51. Harter S Connell J Nicholls J A comparison of the alternative models of the relationships between academic achievement and children's perceptions of competence, control and motivational orientation The development of achievement-related cognitions and behaviors 1982 Greenwich, CN J.A.I. Press
52. Kagan J The child's sex-role classification of school objects Child Development 1964 35 1051 1056
53. Karmiloff-Smith A Micro- and macrodevelopmental changes in language acquisition and other representational systems Cognitive Science 1979 3 91 118
54. Kruetzer M Leonard C Flavell J An interview study of children's knowledge about memory Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1975 40 (1, Serial No. 159)
55. Ladd G Oden S The relationship between peer acceptance and children's ideas about helpfulness Child Development 1979 50 402 408
56. Markman E Realizing that you don't understand: A preliminary investigation Child Development 1977 48 986 992
57. Markman E Realizing that you don't understand: Elementary school children's awareness of inconsistencies Child Development 1979 50 643 655
58. Markman E Comprehension monitoring: Developmental and educational issues 1980 October Paper presented at the NIE-LRDC Conference on Thinking and Learning Skills University of Pittsburgh
59. McMullen P Gross A DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Sex differences, sex roles, and health-related help-seeking New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 233 256
60. Merritt M Service-like events during individual work time and their contribution to the nature of communication in primary classrooms 1980 Arlington, VA Center for Applied Linguistics (Final report for Grant No. NIE G-78-0081 of the National Institute of Education)
61. Miyake N Norman D To ask a question, one must know enough to know what is not known Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 1979 18 357 364
62. Murphy L The widening world of childhood 1962 New York Basic Books
63. Murphy L Moriarty A Vulnerability, coping and growth 1976 New Haven Yale University Press
64. Myers M Paris S Children's metacognitive knowledge about reading Journal of Educational Psychology 1978 70 680 690
65. Nadler A DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Personal characteristics and help-seeking New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 303 336
66. Nash W Torrance E Creative reading and the questioning abilities of young children Journal of Creative Behavior 1974 8 15 19
67. Nelson-Le Gall S Help-seeking: An understudied problem-solving skill in children Developmental Review 1981 1 224 246
68. Nelson-Le Gall S Help-seeking, helper preference, and peer acceptance in children 1984a Manuscript submitted for publication
69. Nelson-Le Gall S Necessary and unnecessary help-seeking in children 1984b Manuscript submitted for publication
70. Nelson-Le Gall S Glor-Scheib S Help-seeking in elementary classrooms: An observational study Contemporary Educational Psychology (in press)
71. Nelson-Le Gall S Gumerman R Children's perceptions of helpers and helper motivation Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1984 5 1 12
72. Nelson-Le Gall S Gumerman R Scott-Jones D DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Instrumental help-seeking and everyday problem-solving: A developmental perspective New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 265 283
73. Nelson-Le Gall S Scott-Jones D Teachers' and young children's perceptions of appropriate work strategies Child Study Journal (in press)
74. Nicholls J Quality and equality in intellectual development: The role of motivation in education American Psychologist 1979 34 1071 1084
75. Nicholls J Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice and performance Psychological Review 1984a 91 328 346
76. Nicholls J Ames R Ames C Conceptions of ability and achievement motivation Research on motivation in education: Vol. 1. Student motivation 1984b New York Academic Press 39 73
77. Northman J Developmental changes in preferences for help Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1978 Summer 129 132
78. Palincsar A Brown A Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities Cognition and Instruction 1984 1 117 175
79. Peterson P Janicki T Swing S Ability × treatment interaction effects on children's learning in large-group and small-group approaches American Educational Research Journal 1981 18 453 473
80. Peterson P Wilkinson L Spinelli F Swing S Peterson P Wilkinson L Hallinan M Merging the process-product and the sociolinguistic paradigms: Research on small group processes Instructional groups in the classroom: Organization and processes 1983 New York Academic Press
81. Piaget J The moral judgment of the child 1932 London Kegan Paul
82. Piaget J The grasp of consciousness 1976 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press
83. Piché G Rubin D Michlin M Age and social class in children's use of persuasive communicative appeals Child Development 1978 49 773 780
84. Rogoff B Malkin C Gilbride K Interaction with babies as guidance in development New Directions in Child Development 1984 23 31 44
85. Rosen B D'Andrade R The psychological origins of achievement motivation Sociometry 1959 22 185 218
86. Rosen S DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Perceived inadequacy and help-seeking New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 73 107
87. Rosen S Powell E Schubot D Competence and tutorial role as status variables affecting peer-tutoring outcomes in public school settings Journal of Educational Psychology 1978 20 602 612
88. Rosenholtz S Simpson C The formation of ability conceptions: Developmental trend or social construction? Review of Educational Research 1984 54 31 64
89. Rosenholtz S Wilson B The effect of classroom structure on shared perception of ability American Educational Research Journal 1980 17 75 82
90. Ruble D Boggiano A Feldman N Loebl J Developmental analysis of the role of social comparison in self-evaluation Developmental Psychology 1980 16 105 115
91. Scott-Jones D Family influences on cognitive development and school achievement Review of Research in Education 1984 11 259 304
92. Scribner S Cole M Cognitive consequences of formal and informal education Science 1973 182 553 559
93. Sears R Gewirtz J Attachment, dependency, and frustration Attachment and dependency 1972 New York Wiley
94. Sears R Maccoby E Levin H Patterns of child rearing 1957 Evanston, IL Row and Peterson
95. Serbin L O'Leary K Kent R Tonick I A comparison of teacher response to the preacademic and problem behavior of boys and girls Child Development 1973 44 796 804
96. Shapiro G Help-seeking: Effects of visibility of task performance and seeking help Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1978 8 163 173
97. Shapiro G DePaulo B Nadler A Fisher J Embarrassment and help-seeking New directions in helping: Vol. 2. Help-seeking 1983 New York Academic Press 143 161
98. Simmons R Rosenberg F Rosenberg M Disturbance in the self-image at adolescence American Sociological Review 1973 38 553 568
99. Spivack G Shure M Social adjustment of young children 1974 San Francisco Jossey-Bass
100. Swing S Peterson P The relationship of student ability and small-group interaction to student achievement American Educational Research Journal 1982 19 259 274
101. Tessler R Schwartz S Help-seeking, self-esteem, and achievement motivation: an attributional analysis Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1972 21 318 326
102. Vygotsky L Cole M John-Steiner V Scribner S Souberman E Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes 1978 Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press
103. Wallston B The effects of sex-role ideology, self-esteem and expected future interactions with an audience on male help-seeking Sex Roles 1976 2 353 365
104. Wang M Anderson L Time use and the provision of adaptive instruction Time and school learning 1983 Berkeley, CA McCutchan
105. Webb N Group process and learning in an interacting group Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition 1980 2 10 15
106. Webb N Student interaction and learning in small groups Review of Educational Research 1982 52 421 445
107. Webb N Predicting learning from student interaction: Defining the interaction variables Educational Psychologist 1983 18 1 33 41
108. Weiner B A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences Journal of Educational Psychology 1979 71 3 25
109. Wertsch J From social interaction to higher psychological processes. A clarification and application of Vygotsky's theory Human Development 1979 22 1 22
110. Wertsch J McNamee G McLane J Budwig N The adult-child dyad as a problem-solving system Child Development 1980 51 1215 1221
111. White R Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence Psychological Review 1959 66 297 333
112. White B Watts J Experience and environment 1973 1 Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall
113. Wilkinson L Calculator S Wilkinson L Effective speakers: Students' use of language to request and obtain information and action in the classroom Communicating in the classroom 1982 New York Academic Press
114. Williams KB Williams KD Social inhibition and asking for help: the effects of number, strength, and immediacy of potential help-givers Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983 44 67 77
115. Winterbottom M Atkinson J The relationship of need for achievement to learning experiences in independence and mastery Motives in fantasy, action, and society 1958 Princeton, NJ Van Nostrand
116. Wood D Bruner J Ross G The role of tutoring in problem solving Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1976 17 89 100
117. Wood D Wood H Middleton D An experimental evaluation of four face-to-face teaching strategies International Journal of Behavioural Development 1978 1 131 147