A web-based intervention to encourage walking (stepwise): Pilot randomized controlled trial

JMIR Research Protocols

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Hargreaves, Elaine Anne ^a   Mutrie, Nanette ^b   Fleming, Jade Dallas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Behavior change strategies; Pedometer; Physical activity; Self monitoring; Step goal walking program

Indexed keywords

EID: 84969910267     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19290748     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/resprot.4288     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Powell KE, Paluch AE, Blair SN. Physical activity for health: what kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annu Rev Public Health 2011;32:349-365. [doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101151] [Medline: 21128761]
2. Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. CMAJ 2006 Mar 14;174(6):801-809 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1503/cmaj.051351] [Medline: 16534088]
3. World Health Organization. WHO.int. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010URL: http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report_full_en.pdf [accessed 2015-12-06] [WebCite Cache ID 6daUT5I26]
4. Sport and Recreation New Zealand. SportNZ.org. 2008. Sport, Recreation and Physical Activity Participation Among New Zealand Adults: Key Results of the 2007/08 Active NZ SurveyURL: http://www.sportnz.org.nz/assets/uploads/attachments/ managing-sport/research/sport-And-Active-recreation-in-The-lives-of-new-zealand-Adults.pdf [accessed 2015-12-07] [WebCite Cache ID 6daUZR2FV]
5. Hillsdon M, Thorogood M. A systematic review of physical activity promotion strategies. Br J Sports Med 1996 Jun;30(2):84-89 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 8799589]
6. Ogilvie D, Foster CE, Rothnie H, Cavill N, Hamilton V, Fitzsimons CF, Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration. Interventions to promote walking: systematic review. BMJ 2007 Jun 9;334(7605):1204 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1136/bmj.39198.722720.BE] [Medline: 17540909]
7. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Walking and resting blood pressure in adults: A meta-Analysis. Prev Med 2001 Aug;33(2 Pt 1):120-127. [doi: 10.1006/pmed.2001.0860] [Medline: 11493045]
8. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Walking, lipids, and lipoproteins: A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med 2004 May;38(5):651-661. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.12.012] [Medline: 15066369]
9. Swartz AM, Strath SJ, Bassett DR, Moore JB, Redwine BA, Groër M, et al. Increasing daily walking improves glucose tolerance in overweight women. Prev Med 2003 Oct;37(4):356-362. [Medline: 14507493]
10. Murtagh EM, Nichols L, Mohammed MA, Holder R, Nevill AM, Murphy MH. The effect of walking on risk factors for cardiovascular disease: An updated systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomised control trials. Prev Med 2015 Mar;72:34-43. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.041] [Medline: 25579505]
11. Tudor-Locke C, Lutes L. Why do pedometers work? A reflection upon the factors related to successfully increasing physical activity. Sports Med 2009;39(12):981-993. [doi: 10.2165/11319600-000000000-00000] [Medline: 19902981]
12. Bennett GG, Glasgow RE. The delivery of public health interventions via the Internet: Actualizing their potential. Annu Rev Public Health 2009;30:273-292. [doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100235] [Medline: 19296777]
13. Richardson CR, Newton TL, Abraham JJ, Sen A, Jimbo M, Swartz AM. A meta-Analysis of pedometer-based walking interventions and weight loss. Ann Fam Med 2008;6(1):69-77 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1370/afm.761] [Medline: 18195317]
14. Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R, et al. Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: A systematic review. JAMA 2007 Nov 21;298(19):2296-2304. [doi: 10.1001/jama.298.19.2296] [Medline: 18029834]
15. Kang M, Marshall SJ, Barreira TV, Lee J. Effect of pedometer-based physical activity interventions: A meta-Analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 2009 Sep;80(3):648-655. [doi: 10.1080/02701367.2009.10599604] [Medline: 19791652]
16. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-Analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res 2010;12(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1376] [Medline: 20164043]
17. Ritterband L, Thorndike F, Cox D, Kovatchev B, Gonder-Frederick L. A behavior change model for internet interventions. Ann Behav Med 2009 Aug;38(1):18-27 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9133-4] [Medline: 19802647]
18. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman; 1997.
19. Leventhal H, Leventhal EA, Contrada RJ. Self-regulation, health, and behavior: A perceptual-cognitive approach. Psychol Health 1998 Jul;13(4):717-733. [doi: 10.1080/08870449808407425]
20. Lauzon N, Chan CB, Myers AM, Tudor-Locke C. Participant experiences in a workplace pedometer-based physical activity program. J Phys Act Health 2008 Sep;5(5):675-687. [Medline: 18820340]
21. Heesch KC, Dinger MK, McClary KR, Rice KR. Experiences of women in a minimal contact pedometer-based intervention: A qualitative study. Women Health 2005;41(2):97-116. [doi: 10.1300/J013v41n02_07] [Medline: 16219590]
22. Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, McAteer J, Gupta S. Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychol 2009 Nov;28(6):690-701. [doi: 10.1037/a0016136] [Medline: 19916637]
23. Bird EL, Baker G, Mutrie N, Ogilvie D, Sahlqvist S, Powell J. Behavior change techniques used to promote walking and cycling: A systematic review. Health Psychol 2013 Aug;32(8):829-838 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1037/a0032078] [Medline: 23477577]
24. Richardson CR. Objective monitoring and automated coaching: A powerful combination in physical activity interventions. Phys Ther Rev 2010 Jun;15(3):154-162. [doi: 10.1179/1743288X10Y.0000000006]
25. Carraro N, Gaudreau P. Spontaneous and experimentally induced action planning and coping planning for physical activity: A meta-Analysis. Psychol Sport Exerc 2013 Mar;14(2):228-248. [doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.004]
26. Petersen CB, Severin M, Hansen AW, Curtis T, Grønbæk M, Tolstrup JS. A population-based randomized controlled trial of the effect of combining a pedometer with an intervention toolkit on physical activity among individuals with low levels of physical activity or fitness. Prev Med 2012 Feb;54(2):125-130. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.012] [Medline: 22200586]
27. Booth AO, Nowson CA, Matters H. Evaluation of an interactive, Internet-based weight loss program: A pilot study. Health Educ Res 2008 Jun;23(3):371-381 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1093/her/cyn007] [Medline: 18349032]
28. Richardson CR, Mehari KS, McIntyre LG, Janney AW, Fortlage LA, Sen A, et al. A randomized trial comparing structured and lifestyle goals in an internet-mediated walking program for people with type 2 diabetes. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2007;4:59 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-4-59] [Medline: 18021411]
29. Carr LJ, Bartee RT, Dorozynski C, Broomfield JF, Smith ML, Smith DT. Internet-delivered behavior change program increases physical activity and improves cardiometabolic disease risk factors in sedentary adults: results of a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2008 May;46(5):431-438. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.12.005] [Medline: 18207228]
30. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Wright A, Nimmo MA, Ward TC, Lowry R, et al. The 'Walking for Wellbeing in the West' randomised controlled trial of a pedometer-based walking programme in combination with physical activity consultation with 12 month follow-up: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2008;8:259 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-259] [Medline: 18655723]
31. Tudor-Locke C, Craig CL, Brown WJ, Clemes SA, De CK, Giles-Corti B, et al. How many steps/day are enough? For adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:79 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-79] [Medline: 21798015]
32. Baker G, Gray SR, Wright A, Fitzsimons C, Nimmo M, Lowry R, Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration (SPARColl). The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intervention "Walking for Wellbeing in the West" on physical activity levels and health outcomes: A 12-week randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2008;5:44 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-5-44] [Medline: 18775062]
33. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Gray SR, Nimmo MA, Mutrie N, Scottish Physical Activity Research Collaboration (SPARColl). Does physical activity counselling enhance the effects of a pedometer-based intervention over the long-Term: 12-month findings from the Walking for Wellbeing in the west study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:206 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-206] [Medline: 22429600]
34. Carr LJ, Bartee RT, Dorozynski CM, Broomfield JF, Smith ML, Smith DT. Eight-month follow-up of physical activity and central adiposity: results from an Internet-delivered randomized control trial intervention. J Phys Act Health 2009 Jul;6(4):444-455 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 19842458]
35. Brouwer W, Kroeze W, Crutzen R, de NJ, de Vries NK, Brug J, et al. Which intervention characteristics are related to more exposure to internet-delivered healthy lifestyle promotion interventions? A systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2011;13(1):e2 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2196/jmir.1639] [Medline: 21212045]
36. Brouwer W, Oenema A, Crutzen R, de Nooijer J, de Vries N, Brug J. What makes people decide to visit and use an internet delivered behavior change intervention? Health Education 2009 Oct 16;109(6):460-473. [doi: 10.1108/09654280911001149]
37. Vandelanotte C, Spathonis KM, Eakin EG, Owen N. Website-delivered physical activity interventions: A review of the literature. Am J Prev Med 2007 Jul;33(1):54-64. [doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.041] [Medline: 17572313]
38. Foster CE, Brennan G, Matthews A, McAdam C, Fitzsimons C, Mutrie N. Recruiting participants to walking intervention studies: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:137 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-137] [Medline: 22171531]
39. Thomas S, Reading J, Shephard RJ. Revision of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can J Sport Sci 1992 Dec;17(4):338-345. [Medline: 1330274]
40. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 1988 Jun;54(6):1063-1070. [Medline: 3397865]
41. The EuroQol Group. EuroQol-A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990 Dec;16(3):199-208. [Medline: 10109801]
42. Markland D, Tobin V. A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2004;26:191-196.
43. Nakamura A, Osonoi T, Terauchi Y. Relationship between urinary sodium excretion and pioglitazone-induced edema. J Diabetes Investig 2010 Oct 19;1(5):208-211 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2010.00046.x] [Medline: 24843434]
44. Standage M, Sebire SJ, Loney T. Does exercise motivation predict engagement in objectively assessed bouts of moderate-intensity exercise? A self-determination theory perspective. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2008 Aug;30(4):337-352. [Medline: 18723896]
45. Steinhardt MA, Dishman RK. Reliability and validity of expected outcomes and barriers for habitual physical activity. J Occup Med 1989 Jun;31(6):536-546. [Medline: 2786559]
46. Woodgate J, Brawley LR, Shields CA. Social support in cardiac rehabilitation exercise maintenance: Associations with self-efficacy and health-related quality of life. J Appl Social Pyschol 2007 May;37(5):1041-1059. [doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00198.x]
47. Resnick B, Jenkins LS. Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise scale. Nurs Res 2000;49(3):154-159. [Medline: 10882320]
48. MoveMe.co.nz. URL: http://moveme.org.nz/ [accessed 2014-09-02] [WebCite Cache ID 6SHKoeVwE]
49. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007 May;39(2):175-191. [Medline: 17695343]
50. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2013. URL: http://www.r-project.org/ [accessed 2015-12-07] [WebCite Cache ID 6dajScQxD]
51. De Cocker KA, De Bourdeaudhuij IM, Cardon GM. The effect of pedometer use in combination with cognitive and behavioral support materials to promote physical activity. Patient Educ Couns 2008 Feb;70(2):209-214. [doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2007.10.008] [Medline: 18036764]
52. Carr LJ, Dunsiger SI, Lewis B, Ciccolo JT, Hartman S, Bock B, et al. Randomized controlled trial testing an internet physical activity intervention for sedentary adults. Health Psychol 2013 Mar;32(3):328-336. [doi: 10.1037/a0028962] [Medline: 22823069]
53. Clemes SA, Parker RAA. Increasing our understanding of reactivity to pedometers in adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009 Mar;41(3):674-680. [doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cae32] [Medline: 19204581]
54. Murphy MH, Nevill AM, Murtagh EM, Holder RL. The effect of walking on fitness, fatness and resting blood pressure: A meta-Analysis of randomised, controlled trials. Prev Med 2007 May;44(5):377-385. [doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.12.008] [Medline: 17275896]
55. Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH. Implications of small reductions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1995 Apr 10;155(7):701-709. [Medline: 7695458]
56. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 May 16;285(19):2486-2497. [Medline: 11368702]
57. Downs JR, O'Malley PG. Management of dyslipidemia for cardiovascular disease risk reduction: synopsis of the 2014 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2015 Aug 18;163(4):291-297. [doi: 10.7326/M15-0840] [Medline: 26099117]
58. Williams SL, French DP. What are the most effective intervention techniques for changing physical activity self-efficacy and physical activity behaviour-And are they the same? Health Educ Res 2011 Apr;26(2):308-322 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1093/her/cyr005] [Medline: 21321008]
59. Ashford S, Edmunds J, French DP. What is the best way to change self-efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta-Analysis. Br J Health Psychol 2010 May;15(Pt 2):265-288. [doi: 10.1348/135910709X461752] [Medline: 19586583]
60. Teixeira PJ, Carraça EV, Markland D, Silva MN, Ryan RM. Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:78 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-78] [Medline: 22726453]