The Stranger-Effect in Early Modern Asia

Itinerario

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 80-103

  Fernández Armesto, Felipe ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84969807062     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300013036     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. D. Fraser, Village Planning in the Primitive World (New York 1968) 36–38;
2. A. Beatty, Society and Exchange in Nias (Oxford 1992) 21–22.
3. On the divine horizon in general, see M.W. Helms, Ulysses' Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance (Princeton 1988).
4. C. Lévi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship (Boston 1977) 46.
5. Beatty, Society and Exchange, 11.
6. M. Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London 1966) 94–113.
7. M.M. Wood, The Stranger: A Study in Social Relationships (New York 1934) 79.
8. C. Gaudon ed. Voyages en Perse (Paris 1965) 112.
9. ‘I cannot imagine what the Hollanders meane, to suffer these Maleysians, Chinesians and other Moores of these countries, and to assist them in theyr free, trade through all the Indies, and forbidde it theyr own servants, contreymen and bretheren […]; surelye a token of a greate ignorance or envye, suffering Turckes and heathen to growe riche rather then their owne countreymen shoulde gette their living: surelye a great ingratitude and a token that Gods punishment is coming upon theym.’ W.H. Moreland ed., Peter Floris: His Voyage to the East Indies in the Globe, 1611–15 (London 1934) 44.
10. For a conspectus of some of these indigenous states and empires, see F. Fernández-Armesto, Civilizations (London 2000), chapters 3 and 16.
11. E. Zūrcher, ‘Western Expansion and Chinese Reaction: A Theme Reconsidered’ in: H.L. Wesseling ed. Expansion and Reaction: Essays on European Expansion and Reactions in Asia and Africa (Leiden 1978) 77.
12. Also worth recalling is Robert Robinson's formulation: ‘The central mechanisms of imperialism may be found in systems of collaboration set up in preindustrial societies which succeeded, or failed, in meshing the incoming processes of European expansion into indigenous social politics.’ (R.E. Robinson, ‘Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism’ in: R. Owen and B. Sutcliffe eds. Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London 1972) 120). This formula could well be transferred to contexts of indigenous Asian, African or American imperialisms, where no European participation was involved.
13. Wood, The Stranger, 7.
14. P. Sorokin, Social Mobility (New York 1927) 3.
15. G. Simmel, ‘The Stranger’ in: D.N. Levine ed. On Individuality and Social Forms: Social Writings (Chicago and London 1971) 143.
16. R. Catz ed., The Travels ofFemdo Mendes Pinto I (Chicago 1989) 364–365.
17. M. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat (Berkeley 1977) 145.
18. D.K. Wyatt, ‘The XVIIIth Century in Southeast Asi’ in: L. Blussé and F. Gaastra, On the Eighteenth Century as a Category of Asian History (Aldershot, etc. 1998) 49.
19. G.A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 (Cambridge 1983) 24–25.
20. J. Black, War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents (New Haven 1998) 94–95.
21. W.T. Rowe, ‘Domestic Interregional Trade in XVIIIth Century China’ in: Blussé and Gaastra, On the Eighteenth Century, 183.
22. D.K. Wyatt ed. The Crystal Sands: The Chronicles of Dharrmaraja (Ithaca 1975) 151–153.
23. S. Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History (London/New York 1993) 20–24.
24. L. Blussé, Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia (Dordrecht 1986) 52.
25. R. Bernal, ‘The Chinese Colony in Manila, 1570–1770’ in: A. Felix ed., The Chinese in the Philippines 1570–17701 (Manila 1966) 54.
26. B.W. Andaya, Perak, the Abode of Grace: A Study of an XVIIIth-century Malay State (Kuala Lumpur 1979) 337–338.
27. E.H. Blair and J.A. Robertson eds, The Philippine Islands, 1493–18981-h (Cleveland, Ohio 1903–1909) xii, 109.
28. Zhuang Guotu, ‘The Impact of the Tea Trade on the Social Economy of MW Fujian in the XVlIlth C’ in: Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 200–202.
29. A. Teeuw and D.K. Wyatt, Hikayat Patani: The Story of Patani (The Hague 1970) 157.
30. M. Eggert, ‘A Borderline Case; Korean Travelers’ Views of the Chinese Border’ in; S. Dabringhaus and R. Ptak, China and Her Neighbours: Border, Visions of the Other, Foreign Policy, 10th to 19th Centuries (Wiesbaden 1997) 73–74.
31. C.E. Luard ed. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manriqxie 1629–431 (Oxford 1927) 128–129.
32. J. van Vliet, The Short History of the Kings of Siam (Bangkok 1975) 44–47.
33. Blussé, Strange Company, 159, 166, 185.
34. Dhivarat Na Pombejra, ‘Princes, Pretenders and the Chinese Phrakhlang: An Analysis of the Dutch Evidence Concerning Siamese Court Politics’ in; Blussé and Gaastra eds, On the Eighteenth Century, 124.
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37. B.W. and L. Andaya, A History of Malaysia (London 1982) 80–84.
38. Luard, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manriquel, 138–140, 159.
39. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manriquel, 164, 168.
40. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manriquel, 340–347.
41. T. Armstrong ed., Yermak's Campaign in Siberia (London 1975) 88, 108.
42. Catz, The Travelers I, 47.
43. The Travelers, 307, 317, 386, 400, 412.
44. W.A.R. Wood, A History of Siam (Bangkok 1959) 102
45. quoted, Catz, The Travelers I, 618.
46. Simmel, ‘The Stranger’ in; D.N. Levine ed. On Individuality and Social Forms, 143–149.
47. See also The Sociology of Georg Simmel, 216–221.
48. M. Sahlins, Islands of History (Chicago 1985) 78.
49. For an examination of the evidence, see M. Restall, Maya Conquistador (Boston 1998) 18–23, 185–186
50. R.C. Stevenson, ‘Some Aspects of Islam in the Nuba Mountains’ in; I.M. Lewis ed., Islam in Tropical Africa (London 1966).
51. A. Pagden ed., Hemdn Cortes: Letters from Mexico (New York 1972).
52. For the latest statement of his views, see M.D., Sahlins, Wiat Natives Think - about Captain Cook, for instance (London 1998).
53. Helms, Ulysses'Sail, 15.
54. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars, 10–15.
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56. D.K. Wyatt, Thailand: A Short History (New Haven/London 1984) 65.
57. D. Goudie ed., Syair Perang Siak: A Court Poem Presenting the State Policy of a Minangkabau Malay Royal Family in Exile (Kuala Lumpur 1989) 83–85.
58. J. Kathiramby-Wells, ‘The Long Eighteenth Century’ in; Blusse and Gaastra, On the Eighteenth Century, 67.
59. Van Vliet, The Short History of the Kings of Siam, 27, 44.
60. J. O'Kane tr. The Ship of Sulaiman (New York 1972) 58, 77, 94, 98.
61. The Ship of Sulaiman, 102–103, 118, 142–144.
62. E.W. Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeenth Century (London 1940) 123–124, 169.
63. Phaulkon's success in winning the confidence of a Siamese king recalls the late sixteenth-century adventures of Portuguese soldiers of fortune; Filipe de Brito in Burma and Diogo Veloso in Cambodia. Both were strong men whose ascendancy was based on success in royal service and whose fall was the consequence of over-nourished ambition. But the very extent of their ambitions is evidence of the scale of the opportunities in lands susceptible to the magic of the stranger. Both attempted conquests of the realms in which they served. A. de Morga, Sucesos de las hlas Pilipinas (Cambridge 1971) 19–20;
64. C.R. Boxer, ‘Portuguese and Spanish Projects for the Conquest of South-east Asia, 1580–1600’ in: Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500–1750 (London 1985) 1836
65. B.P. Groslier, Angror et le Cambodge au XVIe Siecle d 'apres les Sources Portugaises et Espagnoles (Paris 1958) 17–18, 34–37.
66. Pombejra, ‘Princes, Pretenders and the Chinese Phrakhlang’, 108, 112, 117–18, 124–126.
67. J. Goody, ‘Restricted Literacy in Northern Ghana’ in: J. Goody ed. Literacy in Traditional Societies (Cambridge 1968) 219
68. Helms, Ulysses' Sail, 100.
69. Lo-Shu Fu ed., A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-westem Relations (1644–1820) (Tucson 1966) 43.
70. J.D. Spence, Emperor of China, Self-portrait of K'ang-his (London 1974).
71. W. Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers (Leiden 1965) 126–128;
72. E.H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley 1963).
73. Luard, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique I, 97.
74. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers, 147
75. J. Sarkar, Shivaji and his Times (Calcutta 1920) 240–241.
76. D.K. Wyatt and Aroonrut Wichienkeeo, The Chiang Mai Chronicle (Chiang Mai 1998) 97–99.
77. The Chiang Mai Chronicle, 100.
78. O'Kane, The Ship of Sulaiman, 101.
79. Pombejra, ‘Princes, Pretenders and the Chinese Phrakhlang’, 109
80. E. Kaempfer, A Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690 (Bangkok 1987) 37.
81. Teeuw and Wyatt, Story of Patani, 148–152, 157, 251.
82. D.K. Wyatt ed. The Crystal Sands: The Chronicles of Dharrmaraja (Ithaca 1975) 66–71.
83. R. Raben and Dhiravat na Pombejra eds. In the King's Trail: An Eighteenth-century Dutch Journey to the Buddha's Footprint (Bangkok 1997) 20.
84. L. Andaya, The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modem Period (Honoluki 1993).116, citing Barros, dec. 11, I, v, 6.
85. Goudie, Syair Perang Siak, 97.
86. E. Uitzinger, ‘For the Man Who Has Everything: Western-style Exotica in Birthday Celebrations at the Court of Ch'ien-lung’ in: L. Blussé and H.T. Zurndorfer eds, Conflict and Accommodation in Early Modem East Asia (Leiden 1993) 216–217.
87. Wyatt and Wichienkeeo, The Chiang Mai Chronicle, 134–135.
88. It was not confined to those places. There were local massacres of Chinese in Cirebon, Java, for instance, after a revolt in 1802. P.B.R. Carey ed., The Archive ofYogyakarta 1: Docs Relating to Politics and Internal Court Affairs (Oxford 1980) 18. The head-price of a Chinese at this time was apparently twice that of a Javanese.
89. The Archive ofYogyakarta 1: Docs Relating to Politics and Internal Court Affairs, 126–128.
90. Blussé, Strange Company, 65, 74.
91. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands VII, 212–228.
92. P. Chirino, quoted Bernal, ‘The Chinese Colony in Manila’, 61–62.
93. Quoted ‘The Chinese Colony in Manila’, 137–138, 141.
94. L. Diaz-Trechuelo, ‘The role of the Chinese in the Philippine Domestic Economy 1570–1770’ in: A. Felix ed. The Chinese in the Philippines 1570–1770 I (Manila 1966) 193.
95. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands III, 100, VII, 89.
96. Bernal, ‘The Chinese Colony in Manila’, 40–66, 46.
97. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands V, 305.
98. The Philippine Islands, XVI, 295.
99. Bernal, ‘The Chinese Colony in Manila’, 46: cf tax capitation figures which show that 14,114 paid tax.
100. (The Philippine Islands, 47).
101. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands XXXVI, 200
102. M.C. Guerrero, ‘The Chinese in the Philippines, 1550–1770’ in: Felix, The Chinese in the Philippines, 25.
103. Wyatt, ‘The XVIllth Century’ in: Blusse and Gaastra, On the Eighteenth Century, 49.
104. A. Schutz, ‘The Stranger’ (written 1944) in; A. Brodersen ed., Collected Papers II: Studies in Social Theory (The Hague 1964) 91–105.
105. ‘The purification rites to which strangers entering many primitive groups are subjected are adaptations of separation rites. The object is to remove from the stranger anything adhering to him from his former associations which might be detrimental to the community.’ Wood, The Stranger, 40.
106. cf. Helms, Ulysses' Sail, 52.
107. Luard, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, 106–108.
108. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique, II, 143.
109. On the echoes of chivalric literature, cf. F. Fernández-Armesto, Philip II's Empire: A Decade at the Edge (London 1999) 6–16.
110. Luard, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique I, 24.
111. Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique. I, 85.
112. Goudie, Sayir Perang Siak, 209.
113. Ng Chin-keong, ‘The Case of Ch'en I-lao: Maritime Trade and Oseas Chinese in Ch'ing Policies, 1717–54’ in: R. Ptak and D. Rothermund eds, Emporia, Commodities and Entrepreneurs in Asian Maritime Trade, c. 1400–1750 (Stuttgart 1991) 374.
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119. O'Kane, The Ship of Sulaiman, 46.
120. J. Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China (New Haven/London 1991) 105, 152–154.
121. Blussé, Strange Company, 94.
122. R.M. Zarco, ‘The Chinese Family Structures in the Philippines’ in: Felix, The Chinese in the Philippines, 213.
123. The Chinese in the Philippines, 218–219.
124. R.E. Entemann, ‘Catholics in Eighteenth-century Sichuan’ in: D.H. Bays ed., Christianity m China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present (Stanford 1996) 10.
125. H.T. Zurndorfer, ‘“One Adam has driven us out of Paradise, another has driven us out of China’: Yang Kuang-Hsien's Challenge of Adam Schall von Bell’ in: Blusse and Zurndorfer eds. Conflict and Accommodation, 141–168, 144.
126. S.-T. Leong, Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin and their Neighbours (Stanford 1997)
127. M.W. Helms, Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power (Austin 1993) 46.