Simulation of growth, development and yield of canola (Brassica napus) in APSIM

Crop and Pasture Science

Volumn 67, Issue 3-4, 2016, Pages 332-344

  Robertson, M J ^a,b   Lilley, J M ^a,c  

^a CSIRO Agriculture   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

^c NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

cultivar; model; mustard; oil; phenology; validation.

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH; BIOACCUMULATION; CANOLA; CROP YIELD; DATA ACQUISITION; GROWTH RATE; HYBRID; LOW TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN COMPOUND; PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; SIMULATION; SOWING; TOLERANCE;

AUSTRALIA; CHINA; GERMANY;

BRASSICA JUNCEA; BRASSICA NAPUS; BRASSICA NAPUS VAR. NAPUS;

EID: 84969567612     PISSN: 18360947     EISSN: 18365795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/CP15267     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. ABARES (2014) Agricultural commodity statistics. Available at: www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/(accessed July 2014).
2. Aksouh-Harradj NM, Campbell LC, Mailer RJ (2006) Canola response to high and moderately high temperature stresses during seed maturation. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, 967-980. doi:10.4141/P05-130
3. Andersen MN, Heidmann T, Plauborg F (1996) The effects of drought and nitrogen on light interception, growth and yield of winter oilseed rape. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B. Soil and Plant Science 46, 55-67.
4. Angadi SV, CutforthHW,McConkey BG, GanY(2003) Yield adjustment by canola grown at different plant populations under semiarid conditions. Crop Science 43, 1358-1366. doi:10.2135/cropsci2003.1358
5. Beckie HJ, Harker KN, Hall LM, Warwick SI, Légère A, Sikkema PH, Clayton GW, Thomas AG, Leeson JY, Séguin-Swartz G, Simard M-J (2006)Adecade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, 1243-1264. doi:10.4141/P05-193
6. Bindi M, Sinclair TR, Harrison J (1999) Analysis of seed growth by linear increase in Harvest Index. Crop Science 39, 486-493. doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X0039000200031x
7. Brill RD, JenkinsML,Gardner MJ, Lilley JM, OrchardBA(2016) Optimisingcanola establishment and yield in south-eastern Australia with hybrids and large seed. Crop & Pasture Science 67, 409-418.
8. BurtonWA,FloodRF,NortonRM, FieldB,PottsDA,RobertsonMJ,Salisbury PA (2008) Identification of variability in phenological responses in canolaquality Brassica juncea for utilisation in Australian breeding programs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 874-881. doi:10.1071/AR07415
9. Canvin DT (1965) The effect of temperature on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oils from several oil seed crops. Canadian Journal of Botany 43, 63-69. doi:10.1139/b65-008
10. Champolivier L, Merrien A (1996) Effect of water stress applied at different growth stages to Brassica napus L. var. oleifera on yield, yield components and seed quality. European Journal of Agronomy 5, 153-160. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(96)02004-7
11. Christy B, O'Leary G, Riffkin P, Acuna T, Potter T, Clough A (2013) Long-season canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars offer potential to substantially increase grain yield production in south-eastern Australia compared with current spring cultivars. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 901-913. doi:10.1071/CP13241
12. Cocks B, Robertson MJ, Cawley S (2001) Water extraction and water use efficiency of canola in the north. In 'Proceedings of 12th Australian research assembly on Brassicas'. 2-5 Oct. 2001, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. (Ed. SJ Marcroft) pp. 203-207. (Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas: Geelong, Vic.)
13. Dahanayake SR, GalweyNW(1998) Effects of interactions between low and high temperature treatments on flowering of spring rape (Brassica napus var. annua). Annals of Botany 81, 609-617. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0618
14. Deligios PA, Farci R, Sulas L, Hoogenboom G, Ledda L (2013) Predicting growth and yield of winter rapeseed in a Mediterranean environment: model adaptation at a field scale. Field Crops Research 144, 100-112. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.017
15. Diepenbrock W (2000) Yield analysis of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): A review. Field Crops Research 67, 35-49. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00082-4
16. Ellis RH, Roberts EH, Summerfield RJ (1988) Variation in the optimum temperature for rates of seedling emergence and progress towards flowering amongst six genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Annals of Botany 62, 119-126.
17. Farré I, Robertson MJ, Walton GH, Asseng S (2002) Simulating phenology and yield response of canola to sowing date in Western Australia using the APSIM model. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 1155-1164. doi:10.1071/AR02031
18. Farré I, Robertson MJ, Asseng S (2007) Reliability of canola production in different rainfall zones of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, 326-334. doi:10.1071/AR06176
19. Franzaring J, Weller S, Schmid I, Fangmeier A (2011) Growth, senescence and water use efficiency of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Mozart) grown in a factorial combination of nitrogen supply and elevated CO2. Environmental and Experimental Botany 72, 284-296. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.04.003
20. Gabrielle B, Denoroy P, Gosse G, Justes E, Andersen MN (1998a) Development and evaluation of a CERES-type model for winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 57, 95-111. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00120-2
21. Gabrielle B, Denoroy P, Gosse G, Justes E, Andersen MN (1998b) A model of leaf area development and senescence for winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 57, 209-222. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00147-0
22. Gan Y, Angadi SV, Cutforth H, Potts D, Angadi VV, McDonald CL (2004) Canola and mustard response to short periods of temperature and water stress at different developmental stages. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, 697-704. doi:10.4141/P03-109
23. Gomez NV, Miralles DJ (2011) Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): its impact on seed yield and oil content. Industrial Crops and Products 34, 1277-1285. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.07.013
24. Grains Research and Development Corporation (2009) 'Canola best practice management guide for south-eastern Australia.' (Eds Don McCaffery, NSW Department Primary Industries; Trent Potter, SA Research and Development Institute; Steve Marcroft, Marcroft Grains Pathology; and Felicity Pritchard, Irrigated Cropping Forum) (GRDC: Kingston, ACT)
25. Habekotté B (1997) A model of the phenological development of winter oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 54, 127-136. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00043-9
26. Hammer GL, Sinclair TR, Boote KJ, Wright GC, Meinke H, Bell MJ (1995) Apeanut simulation model: I. Model development and testing. Agronomy Journal 87, 1085-1093. doi:10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700060009x
27. Harper FR, Berkenkamp B (1975) Revised growth stage key for Brassica campestris and B. napus. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55, 657-658. doi:10.4141/cjps75-103
28. Hocking PJ (1993) Effects of sowing time and plant age on critical nitrogen concentrations in canola (Brassica napus L.). Plant and Soil 155-156, 387-390. doi:10.1007/BF00025064
29. Hocking PJ, Mason L (1993) Accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and mineral nutrients in fruits of canola (oilseed rape), and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and windrowing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, 1377-1388. doi:10.1071/AR9931377
30. Hocking PJ, Stapper M (2001) Effects of sowing time and nitrogen fertiliser on canola and wheat, and nitrogen fertiliser on Indian mustard. I. Dry matter production, grain yield, and yield components. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 623-634. doi:10.1071/AR00113
31. Hocking PJ, Kirkegaard JA, Angus JF, Gibson AH, Koetz EA (1997a) Comparison of canola, Indian mustard and Linola in two contrasting environments. I. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry-matter production, seed yield and seed quality. Field Crops Research 49, 107-125. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(96)01063-5
32. Hocking PJ, Randall PJ, DeMarco D (1997b) The response of dryland canola to nitrogen fertilizer: partitioning and mobilization of dry matter and nitrogen, and nitrogen effects on yield components. Field Crops Research 54, 201-220. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00049-X
33. Hoffmann MP, Jacobs A, Whitbread AM (2015) Crop modelling based analysis of site-specific production limitations of winter oilseed rape in northern Germany. Field Crops Research 178, 49-62. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.03.018
34. Holmes MRJ (1980) 'Nutrition of the oilseed rape crop.' (Applied Science Publishers: London)
35. Holzworth DP, Huth NI, deVoil PG, Zurcher EJ, Herrmann NI, McLean G, Chenu K, van Oosterom EJ, Snow V, Murphy C, Moore AD, Brown H, Whish JPM, Verrall S, Fainges J, Bell LW, Peake AS, Poulton PL, Hochman Z, Thorburn PJ, Gaydon DS, Dalgliesh NP, Rodriguez D, Cox H, Chapman S, Doherty A, Teixeira E, Sharp J, Cichota R, Vogeler I, Li FY, Wang E, Hammer GL, Robertson MJ, Dimes JP, Whitbread AM, Hunt J, van Rees H, McClelland T, Carberry PS, Hargreaves JNG, MacLeod N, McDonald C, Harsdorf J, Wedgwood S, Keating BA (2014) APSIM-Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation. Environmental Modelling & Software 62, 327-350. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.07.009
36. Husson F, Wallach D, Vandeputte B (1998) Evaluation of CECOL, a model of winter rape (Brassica napus L.). European Journal of Agronomy 8, 205-214. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(97)00054-3
37. Jensen CR, Mogensen VO, Mortenson G, Fieldsend JK, Milford GFI, Anderson MN, Thage JH (1996) Seed glucosinolate, oil and protein contents of field grown rape (Brassica napus) affected by soil drying and evaporative demand. Field Crops Research 47, 93-105. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(96)00026-3
38. King JR, Kondra ZP (1986) Photoperiod response of spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.). Field Crops Research 13, 367-373. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(86)90037-7
39. Kiniry JR, Major DJ, Izaurralde RC, Williams JR, Gassman PW, Morrison M, Bergentine R, Zentner RP (1995) EPIC model parameters for cereal, oilseed, and forage crops in the northern Great Plain region. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, 679-688. doi:10.4141/cjps95-114
40. Kirkegaard JA, Robertson MJ, Hamblin P, Sprague S (2006) Effect of blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 201-212. doi:10.1071/AR05179
41. Kirkegaard JA, Sprague SJ, Lilley JM, McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Morrison MJ (2012) Physiological response of spring canola (Brassica napus) to defoliation in diverse environments. Field Crops Research 125, 61-68. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.08.013
42. Kirkegaard JA, Lilley JM, Brill RD, Sprague SJ, Fettell NA, Pengilley GC (2016) Re-evaluating sowing time of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) in south-eastern Australia-how early is too early? Crop & Pasture Science 67, 381-396.
43. Leong SK, OngCK(1983) The influence of temperature and soil water deficit on the development and morphology of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 1551-1561. doi:10.1093/jxb/34.11.1551
44. Lilley JM, Bell LW, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia's high rainfall zone: A simulation analysis. 2. Canola. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 349-364. doi:10.1071/CP14240
45. Lisson S, Kirkegaard JA, Robertson MJ, Zwart A (2007) What is limiting canola yield in southern New South Wales?A diagnosis of causal factors. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 1435-1445. doi:10.1071/EA07041
46. Mailer RJ, Cornish PS (1987) Effects of water stress on glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seed of rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (B rapa L. var. silvestris [Lam] Briggs). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 707-711. doi:10.1071/EA9870707
47. McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Kirkegaard JA (2012) Growth, recovery, and yield of dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) in the medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 635-646. doi:10.1071/CP12078
48. McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Kirkegaard JA (2013) Regrowth of spring canola (Brassica napus) after defoliation. Plant and Soil 372, 655-668. doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1776-z
49. McCormick JI, Virgona JM, Lilley JM, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Evaluating the feasibility of dual-purpose canola in a medium rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia: A simulation approach. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 318-331. doi:10.1071/CP13421
50. Mendham NJ, Robertson MJ (2004) CANOLA: agronomy. In 'Encyclopedia of grain science. Vol. 1'. (Eds C Wrigley, C Walker, H Corke) pp. 144-155. (Elsevier Ltd: Oxford, UK)
51. Mendham NJ, Salisbury PA (1995) Physiology: crop development, growth and yield. In 'Brassica oilseeds: production and utilization'. (Eds DS Kimber, DI McGregor) pp. 11-64. (CABI: Wallingford, UK)
52. Mendham NJ, Shipway PA, Scott RK (1981) The effect of delayed sowing and weather on growth, development and yield of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 96, 389-416. doi:10.1017/S002185960006617X
53. Monteith JL (1986) How do crops manipulate water supply and demand. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London A 316, 245-259. doi:10.1098/rsta.1986.0007
54. Moot DJ, Jamieson PD, Henderson AL, Ford MA, Porter JR (1996) Rate of change in harvest index during grain-filling of wheat. The Journal of Agricultural Science 126, 387-395. doi:10.1017/S002185960007547X
55. Morrison MJ, McVetty PBE (1991) Leaf appearance rate of summer rape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, 405-412. doi:10.4141/cjps91-056
56. Morrison MJ, Stewart DW (1995) Radiation-use efficiency in summer rape. Agronomy Journal 87, 1139-1142. doi:10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700060016x
57. Morrison MJ, Stewart DW (2002) Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop Science 42, 797-803. doi:10.2135/cropsci2002.0797
58. Morrison MJ, McVetty PBE, Shaykewich CF (1989) The determination and verification of a baseline temperature for the growth of westar summer tape. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, 455-464. doi:10.4141/cjps89-057
59. MuchowRC(1988) Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment III. Grain yield and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Research 18, 31-43. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(88)90057-3
60. Myers LF, Christian KR, Kirchner RJ (1982) Flowering responses of 48 lines of oilseed rape (Brassica spp.) to vernalization and daylength. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 927-936. doi:10.1071/AR9820927
61. Nanda R, Bhargava SC, RawsonHM(1995) Effect of sowing date on rates of leaf appearance, final leaf numbers and areas in Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata. Field Crops Research 42, 125-134. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(95)00026-M
62. Nanda R, Bhargava SC, Tomar DPS, Rawson HM (1996) Phenological development of Brassica campestris, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata grown in controlled environments and from 14 sowing dates in the field. Field Crops Research 46, 93-103. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(95)00090-9
63. Ong CK (1983a) Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 1. Vegetative development. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 322-336. doi:10.1093/jxb/34.3.322
64. Ong CK (1983b) Response to temperature in a stand of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides S. & H.). 2. Reproductive development. Journal of Experimental Botany 34, 337-348. doi:10.1093/jxb/34.3.337
65. Paridaen A, Kirkegaard JA (2015) Forage canola (Brassica napus): springsown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 275-286. doi:10.1071/CP14119
66. Peltonen-Sainio P, Jauhiainen L, Hyövelä M, Nissila E (2011) Trade-off between oil and protein in rapeseed at high latitudes: Means to consolidate protein crop status? Field Crops Research 121, 248-255. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2010.12.010
67. Porter JR, Gawith M (1999) Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: A review. European Journal of Agronomy 10, 23-36. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00047-1
68. Pritchard FM, Eagles HA, Norton RM, Salisbury PA, Nicolas M (2000) Environmental effects on seed composition of Victorian canola. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 679-685. doi:10.1071/EA99146
69. Probert ME, Dimes JP, Keating BA, Dalal RC, StrongWM(1998) APSIM's water and nitrogen modules and simulation of the dynamics of water and nitrogen in fallow systems. Agricultural Systems 56, 1-28.
70. Ranganathan R, Chauhan YS, Flower DJ, Robertson MJ, Sanetra C, Silim SN (2001) Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: leaf area development. Field Crops Research 69, 163-172. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00137-4
71. Riffkin P, Potter T, Kearney G (2012) Yield performance of late-maturing winter canola (Brassica napus L.) types in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 17-32. doi:10.1071/CP10410
72. Ritchie JT (1986) Model inputs. In 'CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development'. (Eds CA Jones, JR Kiniry) pp. 37-48. (Texas A&M University Press: College Station, TX, USA)
73. Robertson MJ, Carberry PS (2010) The evolving role of crop modelling in agronomy research. In 'Food security from sustainable agriculture. Proceedings of 15th agronomy conference 2010'. 15-18 Nov. 2010, Lincoln, New Zealand. (Eds H Dove, RA Culvenor) (Australian Society of Agronomy: Canberra)
74. Robertson MJ, Holland JF (2004) Production risk of canola in the semi-arid tropics of Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 525-538. doi:10.1071/AR03219
75. Robertson MJ, Kirkegaard JA (2003) Crop modelling for the Australian canola industry: A review. In '13th Australian research assembly on Brassicas'. 8-12 Sept. 2003, Tamworth, Australia. (Ed. J Edwards) pp. 65-72. (Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas: Tamworth, NSW)
76. RobertsonMJ,KirkegaardJA(2005) Water use efficiency of dryland canola in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1373-1386. doi:10.1071/AR05030
77. Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Kirkegaard JA, Smith CJ (1999a) Simulating growth and development of canola in Australia. In 'Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress'. 26-29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
78. Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Bambach R, Cawthray S (1999b) Response of canola and Indian mustard to sowing date in risky Australian environments. In 'Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress'. 26-29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
79. Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Kirkegaard JA, Bambach R, Cawley S (1999c) Yield of canola relative to wheat and some reasons for variability in the relationship. In 'Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress'. 26-29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
80. Robertson MJ, Silim SN, Chauhan YS, Ranganathan R (2001) Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: biomass accumulation and partitioning. Field Crops Research 70, 89-100. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00125-3
81. Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Cawley S, Bambach R, Cocks B, Watkinson AR (2001a) Phenology of canola cultivars in the northern region and implication for frost risk. In 'Science and Technology: Delivering Results for Agriculture? Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference'. January 2001, Hobart, Tas. (Eds B Rowe, D Donaghy, N Mendham) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001
82. Robertson MJ, Whish J, Smith FP (2001b) Simulating competition between canola and wild radish. In '12th Australian research assembly on Brassicas'. 2-5 October 2001, Geelong, Vic., Australia. (Ed. SJ Marcroft) pp. 106-110.
83. Robertson MJ, Watkinson AR, Kirkegaard JA, Holland JF, Potter TD, Burton W, Walton GH, Moot DJ, Wratten N, Farre I, Asseng S (2002a) Environmental and genotypic control of time to flowering in canola and Indian mustard. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 793-809. doi:10.1071/AR01182
84. Robertson MJ, Carberry PS, Huth NI, Turpin JE, Probert ME, Poulton PL, Bell M, Wright GC, Yeates SJ, Brinsmead RB (2002b) Simulation of growth and development of diverse legume species in APSIM. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 429-446. doi:10.1071/AR01106
85. Robertson MJ, Holland JF, Cawley S, Potter TD, Burton W, Walton GH (2002c) Growth and yield differences between triazine-tolerant and nontriazine-tolerant cultivars of canola. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 643-651. doi:10.1071/AR01159
86. Robertson MJ, Rebetzke GJ, Norton RM (2015) Assessing the place and role of crop simulation modelling in Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 66, 877-893. doi:10.1071/CP14361
87. Rood SB, Major DJ, Charnetski WA (1984) Seasonal changes in 14CO2 assimilation and 14C translocation in oilseed rape. Field Crops Research 8, 341-348. doi:10.1016/0378-4290(84)90081-9
88. Salisbury PA, Green AG (1991) Developmental responses in spring canola cultivars. In 'Proceedings of the 8th International Rapeseed Congress'. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. (Ed. DI McGregor) pp. 1769-1774. (Organizing Committee of the 8th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada)
89. Saseendran SA, Nielsen DC, Ma L, Ahuja LR (2010) Adapting CROPGRO for simulating spring canola growth with Both RZWQM2 and DSSAT 4.0. Agronomy Journal 102, 1606-1621. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0277
90. Schulte auf'm Erley G, Behrens T, Ulas A, Wiesler F, Horst WJ (2011) Agronomic traits contributing to nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape cultivars. Field Crops Research 124, 114-123. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2011.06.009
91. Si P, Walton GH, Galwey N, Turner D (1999) Post-anthesis duration and rainfall affect oil content of canola. In '1999 Oilseeds update-Western Australia'. (Ed. P Carmody) pp. 19-20. (Agriculture Western Australia: South Perth, WA)
92. Sinclair TR (1986) Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production. I Model development. Field Crops Research 15, 125-141.
93. Sinclair TR, Muchow RC (1999) Radiation use efficiency. Advances in Agronomy 65, 215-265. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60914-1
94. Slafer GA, Savin R (1991) Developmental base temperature in different phenological phases of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 1077-1082. doi:10.1093/jxb/42.8.1077
95. Spaeth SC, Sinclair TR (1985) Linear increase in soybean harvest index during seed-filling. Agronomy Journal 77, 207-211. doi:10.2134/agronj1985.00021962007700020008x
96. Stanton RA, Pratley JE, Hudson D, DillGM(2010) Herbicide tolerant canola systems and their impact on winter crop rotations. Field Crops Research 117, 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2010.02.013
97. Tanner CB, Sinclair TR (1984) Efficient water use in crop production: research or re-search? In 'Limitations to efficient water use in crop production'. (Eds HM Taylor, WR Jordan, TR Sinclair) pp. 1-27. (ASA-CSSA-SSSA: Madison, WI, USA)
98. Taylor AJ, Smith CJ (1992) Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1629-1641. doi:10.1071/AR9921629
99. Taylor AJ, Smith CJ, Wilson IB (1991) Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, oil content, nitrogen accumulation and water use of canola (Brassica napus L.). Fertilizer Research 29, 249-260. doi:10.1007/BF01052393
100. Tommey AM, Evans EJ (1991) Temperature and daylength control of flower initiation in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Annals of Applied Biology 118, 201-208. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb06098.x
101. Triboi-Blondel AM (1988) Mise en place et functionnement des feuilles de colza d'hiver: relations azote-carbone et senescence. Agronomie 8, 779-786. doi:10.1051/agro:19880904
102. Triboi-Blondel AM, RenardM(1999) Effects of temperature and water stress on fatty acid composition of rapeseed oil. In '10th International Rapeseed Congress'. Canberra, ACT. Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
103. van Keulen H, Seligman NG (1987) 'Simulation of water use, nitrogen nutrition and growth of a spring wheat crop.' (Pudoc: Wageningen)
104. Vigil MF, Anderson RL, Beard WE (1997) Base temperature and growingdegree-hour requirements for the emergence of canola. Crop Science 37, 844-849. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700030025x
105. Villalobos FJ, Hall AJ, Ritchie JT, Orgaz F (1996) OILCROP-SUM: A development, growth, and yield model of the sunflower crop. Agronomy Journal 88, 403-415. doi:10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800030008x
106. Walton G, Si P, Bowden B (1999) Environmental impact on canola yield and oil. In 'Proceedings 10th International Rapeseed Congress'. 26-29 Sept. 1999, Canberra, ACT. (Eds N Wratten, PA Salisbury) (Organizing Committee of the 10th Intl Rapeseed Cong under the auspices of the Groupe Consultatif International de Recherche sur la Colza (GCIRC): Wagga wagga) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/index.htm
107. Wang S, Wang E, Wang F, Tan L (2012) Phenological development and grain yield of canola as affected by sowing date and climate variation in the Yangtze River Basin of China. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 478-488. doi:10.1071/CP11332
108. Wright GC, Smith CJ, Woodroofe MR (1988) The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on rapeseed (Brassica napus) production in southeastern Australia. I. Growth and seed yield. Irrigation Science 9, 1-13. doi:10.1007/BF00292139
109. Zeleke KT, Luckett DJ, Cowley RB (2014) The influence of soil water conditions on canola yields and production in Southern Australia. Agricultural Water Management 144, 20-32. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.05.016
110. Zhang H, Flottmann S (2016) Seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) is determined primarily by biomass in a high-yielding environment. Crop & Pasture Science 67, 369-380.
111. Zhang H, Berger JD, Milroy S (2013) Genotype-environment interaction studies highlight the role of phenology in specific adaptation of canola (Brassica napus) to contrasting Mediterranean climates. Field Crops Research 144, 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.006