Improving women's nutrition imperative for rapid reduction of childhood stunting in South Asia: Coupling of nutrition specific interventions with nutrition sensitive measures essential

Maternal and Child Nutrition

Volumn 12, Issue , 2016, Pages 72-90

  Vir, Sheila C ^a  

^a USAID New Delhi   (India)

Author keywords

IUGR; Low birth weight; Nutrition specific; Nutrition influencing factors; Stunting; Women's empowerment; Women's nutrition and anthropometry

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANEMIA; ANTHROPOMETRY; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; BODY MASS; CHILD; CHILD NUTRITION; CONCEPTION; DECISION MAKING; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; EMPOWERMENT; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; FEMALE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LIFE CYCLE; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MALNUTRITION; MARRIAGE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; POVERTY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOUTH ASIA; STUNTING; ASIA; BEHAVIOR; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; COMPLICATION; DIET; DIET THERAPY; GROWTH DISORDERS; INFANT; NEWBORN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREPREGNANCY CARE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ASIA; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIET; DOMESTIC VIOLENCE; FEMALE; GROWTH DISORDERS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALNUTRITION; MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITION THERAPY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; POWER (PSYCHOLOGY); PRECONCEPTION CARE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84968884326     PISSN: 17408695     EISSN: 17408709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12255     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Abu-Saad K. & Fraser D. (2010) Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes. Epidemiology Review 32, 5-25.
2. Ackerson L.K. & Subramanian S.V. (2008) Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India. American Journal of Epidemiology 167, 1188-1196.
3. Addo O.Y., Stein A.D., Fall C.H., Gigante D.P., Guntupalli A.M., Horta B.L. et al. (2013) Maternal height and child growth patterns from birth to adulthood. The Journal of Pediatrics 163 (2), 549-554.
4. Adhikari T., Vir S.C., Pandey A., Yadav R.J., Jain R., Singh P. et al. (2014) Undernutrition in Children under Two Years (U2) in India: An Analysis of Determinants, National Institute of Medical Statistics and Public Health Nutrition and Development Centre. Published by National Institute of Medical Statistics: New Delhi.
5. Aguayo V.M., Badgaiyan N. & Paintal K. (2015) Determinants of child stunting in the Royal Kingdom of Bhutan: an in-depth analysis of nationally representative data. Maternal & Child Nutrition 11, 333-345.
6. Allen L.H. (2000) Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (5 Suppl.), 1280s-1284s.
7. Altarac M. & Strobino D. (2002) Abuse during pregnancy and stress because of abuse during pregnancy and birth weight. JAMWA 57 (4), 208-214.
8. Babu B.V. & Kar S.K. (2009) Domestic violence against women in eastern India. A population based study on prevalence and related issues. BMC Public Health 9, 129.
9. Balagamwala M., Gazdar H. & Mallah H.B. (2015) Leveraging agriculture for nutrition in South Asia, women's agricultural work and nutrition in Pakistan: findings from qualitative research. LANSA Working Paper Series, volume 2015 no.02.
10. Balarajan Y., Subramanian S. & Fawzi W.W. (2013) Maternal iron and folic acid supplement is associated with lower risk of LBW in India. The Journal of Nutrition 143, 1309-15.
11. Barber S.L. & Gertler P. (2010) Empowering women: how Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme raised prenatal care quality and birth weight. Journal of Development Effect 2, 51-73.
12. Berti P.R., Krasevec J. & FitzGerald S. (2004) A review of the effectiveness of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition outcomes. Public Health Nutrition 7 (5), 599-609.
13. Bhagowalia P., Quisumbing A.R., Menon P. & Soundararajan V. (2012) What Dimensions of Women's Empowerment Matter Most for Child Nutrition? Evidence Using Nationally Representative Data from Bangladesh IFPRI Discussion Paper, 01192. International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington DC.
14. Bhutta Z.A., Ahmed T., Black R.E., Cousens S., Dewey K., Giugliani E. et al. et al. (2008) What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 371, 417-440.
15. Bhutta Z.A., Imdad A., Ramakrishnan U. & Martorell R. (2012) Is it time to replace iron-folate supplements in pregnancy with multiple micronutrients. Paediatric and Perinotology 6 (Suppl. 1), 27-35.
16. Bhutta Z.A., Das J.K., Rizvi A., Gaffey M.F., Walker N., Horton S. et al. (2013) The Lancet Nutrition Intervention Review Group, and the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Evidence based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done at what cost? Lancet 382, 40-65.
17. Black R.E., Allen L.H., Bhutta Z.A., Caulfield L.E., de ONis M., Ezzati M. et al. (2008) Global and regional exposure and health consequences. Lancet 371 (9608), 243-260.
18. Black R.E., Victora C.G., Walker S.P., Bhutta Z.A., Christian P., de Onis M. et al. (2013) Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low income and middle income countries. Lancet 382 (9890), 427-451.
19. Bold M.V., Quisumbing A.R. & Gillespie S. (2013) Women's empowerment and nutrition: an evidence review, IFPRI, Discussion Paper 01294, Transform Nutrition, International Food Policy Research Institute.
20. th Gopalan Oration, 45 th National Conference of Nutrition Society of India, National Nutrition Institute, Hyderabad India.
21. Cesare M.D., Bhatti Z., Soofi S.B., Fortunato L., Ezzati M. & Bhutta Z.A. (2015) Geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in women and children's nutritional status in Pakistan in 2011: an analysis of data from a nationally representative survey. Lancet Global Health 3, e229-e239.
22. Charlette S.L., Nongkynrih B. & Gupta S.K. (2012) Domestic violence in India: need for public health action. Indian Journal of Public Health 56 (2), 140-14.
23. Chava L.D. (2012) Community Managed Nutrition cum Day Centres, Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty Department of Rural Development. Andhra Pradesh: India.
24. Christian P., Lee S.E., Angel M.D., Adair L.S., Arifeen S.E., Ashorn P. et al. (2013) Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small for gestational age and preterm birth in low and middle income countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42 1340-55.
25. Christian P., Khatry S.K. & West K. (2004) Antenatal anti-helminthic treatment, birthweight, infant survival in rural Nepal. Lancet 364, 981-863.
26. Cleland J.G. & Ginneken J.K. (1988) Maternal education and child survival in developing countries: the search for pathways of influence. Social Science and Medicine 27 (12), 1357-1368.
27. Cunningham K., Ruel M., Ferguson E. & Uauy R. (2015) Women's empowerment and child nutritional status in South Asia: a synthesis of the literature. Maternal & Child Nutrition 11 (1), 1-19.
28. Desai R.M. & Joshi S. (2012) SEWA: supporting village-level organisations to improve rural livelihoods.: scaling up in agriculture, rural development and nutrition. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Focus 19, Brief 14.
29. Demographic and Health Survey (2009) Ministry of Health and Family. DHS, Maldives: Maldives, Male.
30. Engle P.L., Menon P. & Haddad L. (1997) Care and Nutrition: Concepts and Measurement. International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington, DC.
31. Fall C.H., Sachdev H.P.S., Osmond C., Mendez M.C., Victora C., Martorell R. et al. (2015) Association between maternal age at childbirth and child and adult outcomes in the off spring: a prospective study in five low-income and middle-income countries (COHORTS collaboration). The Lancet Global Health 3 (7), e366-e377.
32. Fall H.D., Fisher J., Osmond C. & Margetts M. (2009) Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low income countries: a meta analysis of effects on birth size and length of gestation. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 30 (4), 533-546.
33. Fink G., Sudfeld C.R., Danaaei G., Ezzati M. & Fawzi W.W. (2014) Scaling up access to family planning may improve linear growth and child development in low and middle income countries. PLoS One 9 (7), 119-122.
34. Garg A. & Kashyap S. (2006) Effect of counselling on nutritional status during pregnancy. Indian Journal of Paediatric 73, 687-692.
35. Garza C., Borghi E., Onyango A.W. & de Onis M. (2013) Parental height and child growth from birth to 2years in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Maternal & Child Nutrition 9 (Suppl. 2), 58-68.
36. Gillespie S., Harris J. & Kadiyala S. (2012) The Agriculture Nutrition Disconnect in India: What do We Know? IFPRI Discussion Paper 1187. International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington DC.
37. Girard A.W., Self J.L., McAuliffe C. & Olude O. (2012) The effects of household food production strategies on the health and nutrition outcomes of women and children: a systematic review. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (Suppl.1), 205-222.
38. Groot R., Palermo T., Handa S., Ragno P.L. & Peterman A. (2015) Cash transfers and child nutrition: what we know and what we need to know. Office of Research Working Paper WP-2015-07/August 2015, UNICEF.
39. Gupta P., Ray M., Dua T., Radhakrisnan G., Kumar R. & Sachdev H.P.S. (2007) Multimicronutrient supplementation for undernourished pregnant women and the birth size of their offspring: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161 (1), 58-64.
40. Gwatkin D.R., Rutstein S., Jonson K., Suliman E., Wagstaff A. & Amozou A. (2007) Socioeconomic Differences in Health, Nutrition and Population Within Developing Countries: An Overview. Country Reports on HNP and Poverty. World Bank: Washington, DC.
41. Headey D.D. & Hoddinott J. (2014) Understanding the rapid reduction of undernutrition in Nepal, 2001-2011 IFPRI Report.
42. Headey D.D., Hoddinott J., Ali D., Tesfaye R. & Dereje M. (2014) The other Asia enigma: explaining the rapid reduction of undernutrition in Bangladesh, IFPRI Discussion Paper 01358, Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute.
43. Herforth A. (2012) Guiding Principles for Linking Agriculture and Nutrition: Synthesis from 10 Development Institutions. Mimeo, Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO) from LANSA: Rome.
44. Hobel C. & Culhane J. (2003) Role of psychosocial and nutritional stress on poor pregnancy outcome. The Journal of Nutrition 133, 1709S-1717S.
45. Hong R., Banta J.E. & Betancourt J.A. (2006) Relationship between household wealth inequity and chronic child undernutrition in Bangladesh. International Journal of Equity in Health 5, 15.
46. Hueston W.J., Gilbert G.E., Davis L. & Sturgill V. (2003) Delayed prenatal care and the risk of low birth weight delivery. Journal of Community Health 2003 (28), 199-208.
47. IFPRI (2008) Strengthening Governance for Agriculture and Rural Development in South Asia, Development strategy and governance Division (DSGD). International Food Policy Research Institute. www.ifpri.org
48. IGMSY (2011) Ministry of Women and Child Development. Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojna, A Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme. Government of India: New Delhi.
49. Imdad A. & Bhutta Z.A. (2011) Effect of balanced protein energy supplements during pregnancy on birth outcomes. BMC Public Health 11 (Suppl. 3), S17.
50. Imdad A. & Bhutta Z.A. (2012) Routine iron-folate supplementation during pregnancy: effect on maternal anemia and birth outcomes. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (Suppl. 1), 168-177.
51. Jones K.M., Specio S.E., Shreshta P., Brown K.H. & Allen L.H. (2005) Nutrition knowledge and practices, and consumption of vitamin A rich plants by rural Neppali participants and non participants in a kitchen garden program. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, 198-208.
52. Jones A.D., Cruz Agudo Y., Galway L., Bentley J. & Pinstrup -Andersen P. (2012) Heavy agriculture workloads and low crop diversity are strong barriers to improving child feeding practices in the Bolivian Andes. Social Science and Medicine 75 (9), 1673-1684.
53. JSY (2005) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2005), Janani SurakshaYojna (JSY), Guidelines for Implementation. MoHFW, Government of India: New Delhi.
54. JSY (2011) Programme Evaluation of the Janani Surksha Yojna, NHSRC, September 2011, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India: Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi.
55. Khan N.C., Hop L.H., Tuyen L.D., Koi H.H., Truong H.S., Duong P.H. et al. (2007) A national plan of action to accelerate stunting reduction in Vietnam. SCN News 36, 30-37.
56. Khanal V., Zhao Y. & Sauer K. (2014) Role of antenatal care and iron supplementation during pregnancy in preventing low birth weight in Nepal: comparison of maternal surveys in. Archives of Public Health 72 (4), 1-10.
57. Khanderker S.R., Pitt M.M. & Nobuhiho F. (2003) Subsidy to Promote Girls Secondary Education: The Female Stipend Programme in Bangladesh. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working Paper Series 1, World Bank Yale University, USA.
58. Khurshid J., Roy S.K., Mihrshahi S., Sultana N., Khatoon S., Roy H. et al. (2014) Short-term nutrition education reduces low birth weight and improves pregnancy outcomes among urban poor women in Bangladesh. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 35 (4), 414-421.
59. Kramer M.S. (2003) Food supplement during pregnancy and functional outcomes. Journal of Health Population Nutrition 21 (2), 81-82.
60. Launer I.J., Villar J., Kestler E. & de Onis M. (1990) The effect of maternal work on fetal growth and duration of pregnancy: a prospective study. British Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology 97, 62-70.
61. Liaqat P., Rizvi M.A., Qayyum A. & Ahmed H. (2007) Association between complementary feeding practices and mother's education status in Islamabad. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 20 (4), 340-344.
62. Lyman-Thorne A.L. & Fawzi W.W. (2012) Vitamin A and carotenoids during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (1), 36-54.
63. Malapit H.J.L., Kadiyala S., Quisumbing A.R., Cunningham K. & Tyagi P. (2013) Women's Empowerment in Agriculture, Production Diversity and Nutrition - Evidence from Nepal, IFPRI Discussion Paper 1313. International Food Policy Research Institute: Washington DC.
64. Martorell R., Ramakrishnan U., Schroeder D.G., Melgar P. & Neufeld I. (1998) Intrauterine growth retardation, body size, body composition and physical performance in adolescence. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 (Suppl. 1), S43-S53.
65. Mason J.B., Saldana L.S., Ramakrishnan U., Lowe A., Noznesky E.A., Girard A.W. et al. (2012) Opportunities for improving maternal nutrition and mirth outcomes: synthesis of country experiences. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33 (2 Suppl. 1), S104-S137.
66. Monteiro C.A., Bernicio M.H.D., Conde W.L., Konno S., Lovading A.L., Barros A.J.D. et al. (2007) Narrowing socio-economic inequality in child stunting: the Brazilian experience, 1974-2007. Bulletin of World Health Organisation 88 (4), 305-311.
67. Monteiro C. (2009) The spectacular fall of child undernutrition in Brazil. SCN News 37, 73.
68. Muthayya S.S. (2009) Maternal nutritionand low birth weight - what is really important? IJMR 130, 600-608.
69. MWCD (2014). Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: guidelines for district collectors/district commissioners (2014), Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, www.wcd.nic.in.
70. National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS-3) (2005-2006). International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Mumbai.
71. Nabarro G.R., Menon P., Ruel M. & Yosef S. (2012) Scaling up in agriculture, rural development and nutrition SUN: a global progress to accelerate progress in reducing maternal and child undernutrition. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Focus 19, Brief 9, June 2012.
72. National Micronutrient Survey (2007) Republic of Maldives. Ministry of Health and Family, Male, Maldives, UNICEF (2007).
73. NNMB Third Repeat Survey (2012) Diet and Nutritional Status of Rural Population National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau, National Institute of Nutrition. ICMR: India.
74. National Nutrition Survey (2011) Aga Khan University, Pakistan Medical Research Council Nutrition Wing, Cabinet Division. Government of Pakistan Supported by UNICEF: Pakistan.
75. Ortolano S.E., Mahmud Z., Iqbal Kabir A.F. & Levinson F.J. (2003) Effect of targeted food supplementation and services in the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project on women and their pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Health Population Nutrition 21 (2), 83-89.
76. Ozaltin E., Hill K. & Subramanian S.V. (2010) Association of maternal stature with offspring mortality, underweight and stunting in low to middle income countries. JAMA 303 (15), 1507-1516.
77. Rahman A., Iqbal Z., Bunn J., Lovel H. & Harrington R. (2004) Impact of maternal depression on infant nutritional status and illness: a cohort study. Archives of General Psychiatry 61 (9), 946-952.
78. Raj A., Saggurti N., Winter M., Labonte A., Decker M.R., Balaiah D. et al. (2010) The effect of maternal child marriage on morbidity and mortality of children under 5 in India: a cross sectional study of a nationally representative sample. BMJ 2010, 340.
79. Ramachandran P. (1989) Nutrition in Pregnancy In: Women and Nutrition in India (eds C. Gopalan & S. Kaur ), Special Publication No.5. Nutrition Foundation of India: New Delhi, 153-193.
80. Ramalingaswamy V., Jonsson U. & Rohde J. (1996) Commentary: The Asian Enigma - The Progress of Nations, 1996. United States Children's Fund: New York.
81. Ramakrishnan U., Lowe A., Vir S., Kumar S., Mohanraj R., Chaturvedi A. et al. (2012) Public health interventions, barriers, and opportunities for improving maternal nutrition in India. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33 (2 Suppl.), S71-S92.
82. Rao M., Kanade A., Joshi S. (1998) Height, weight and menarche age of rural Indian girls. Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 35, 117-128.
83. Rao S., Yajnik C.S., Kanade A.N., Fall C.H.D., Margetts B.M., Jackson A.A. et al. (2001) Intake of micronutrient rich foods in rural Indian mothers and size of their babies at birth. Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1217-1224.
84. Rao S., Kanade A., Margetts B.M., Yajnik C.S., Lubree H., Rege S. et al. (2003) Maternal activity in relation to birth size in rural India. The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 531-542.
85. Ruel M.T., Alderman H. & the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group (2013) Nutrition sensitive interventions and programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet, 382 (9891), 535-561.
86. Sachdev H.P.S. (2011) Overcoming challenges to accelerate linear growth in Indian children. India Health Beat vol 5, Number 2, June 2011, Published by Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) and The World Bank. 2011.
87. Saldana L.S., Bubback L., White M.J., Mulugeta A., Mariama S.G., Roba A.C. et al. (2012) Policies and program implementation experience to improve maternal nutrition in Ethiopia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33 (2 Suppl.), S27-S50.
88. Scholl T.O. (2005) Iron status during pregnancy: setting the stage for mother and infant. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81 (5 Suppl.), 1218S-1222S.
89. Shrimpton R., Victora C.G., de Onis M., Lima R.C., Blossner M., Clugston G. et al. (2001) Worldwide timing of growth faltering implications for nutritional interventions. Paediatrics 107 (5), E75.
90. Shroff M., Griffiths P., Adair L., Suchindran C. & Bentley M. (2009) Maternal autonomy is inversely related to child stunting in Andhra Pradesh, India. Maternal & Child Nutrition 5 (1), 64-74.
91. Smith L.C., Ramakrishnan U., Ndiaye A., Haddad L. & Martorell R. (2003) The importance of women's status for child nutrition in developing countries. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Research Project;131.
92. Smith L.C. & Haddad L. (2015) Reducing child undernutrition: past drivers and priorities for post-MDG era. World Development 68, 180-204.
93. Stewart R., RooyenVan C., Dickson K., Majoro M., Wet De T. (2010) What is the Impact of Microfinance on Poor People? A Systematic Review of Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. EPPI Centre: London, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.
94. Subramanian S.V., Ackerson L.A., Smith G.D., John N.A. (2009) Association of maternal height with child mortality, anthropometric failure, and anemia in India. JAMA 301 (16), 1691-1701.
95. Tamber B. (2006) Seasonality and maternal factors affecting pregnancy outcome - a study. Ph D thesis, Delhi University.
96. Tafari N., Naeye R.I. & Gobezie A. (1980) Effects of maternal undernutrition and heavy physical work during pregnancy on birth weight. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 87, 222-226.
97. Talukder A., Haselow N.J., Osei A.K., et al. (2010) Homestead food production model contributes to improved household food security, nutrition status of young children and women in poor population - lessons learned from scaling up programme in Asia (Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines. Field Actions Science Reports Special Issue.
98. Tontisirin K. & Bhattacharjee L. (1999) Community based approach for reducing low birth weight and anemia during pregnancy. The Proceeding of Nutrition Society India 46, 47-63.
99. Tofail F., Persson L.A., Elarifeen S., Hamadoni J.D., Mehrin F., Ridout D. et al. (2008) Effects of prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation in infant development: a randomised trail from the maternal and infant nutrition intervention. Matlab (MINIMat) study. AJCN 87, 704-711.
100. Transform Nutrition (2014). Women's empowerment and nutrition: what does the evidence tell us. Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Reasearch Brief; Issue 02.
101. UNCTAD (2011) The Least Developed Countries Report 2011. The Potential Role of South-South Cooperation for Inclusive and Sustainable Development. United Nations Children's Fund, New York.
102. UNICEF (1990 A). UNICEF Policy Review Strategy for Improved Nutrition of Children and Women in Developing Countries. United Nations Children's Fund: New York.
103. UNICEF (2007) Project report, National Micronutrient Survey 2007, Republic of Maldives, Ministry of Health and Family, Male, United Nations Children's Fund, 2007.
104. UNICEF (2009) Tracking progress on child and maternal nutrition. United Nations Children's Fund, New York.
105. UNICEF (2013) Improving child nutrition the achievable imperative for global progress. United Nations Children's Fund.
106. th November, New Delhi, India, United Nations Children's Fund, Regional Office for South Asia.
107. UNICEF (2014b) Every child counts. United Nations Children's Fund.
108. Viadya A., Saville N., Shreshtha B.P., Costella A.M., Manandhar D.S. & Osrin D. (2008) Effects of antenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation on children's weight and size at 2years of age in Nepal: follow up of a double blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371, 492-499.
109. Victora C.G., de Onis M., Halal P.C., Blossner M. & Shrimpton R. (2010) worldwide timing of growth faltering: revisiting implications for intervention. Pediatrics 125, e473-e480.
110. Vir S.C. (1990) Adolescent growth in girls - the Indian perspective. Indian Paediatrics 17, 1249.
111. Vir S.C. (2013) Community based maternal and child health nutrition project, Uttar Pradesh: an innovative strategy focusing on "At Risk" families. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 38 (4), 234-239.
112. World Bank (2014) Bangladesh - Shombhob conditional cash transfer project: indigenous peoples plan. Bangladesh: s.n. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/08/20160195/bangladesh-shombhob-conditional-cash-transfer-project-indigenous-peoples-plan
113. WHO (1995) Maternal anthropometry and pregnancy outcome: A World Health Organisation (WHO) collaborative study. Bulletin of World Health Organisation 73 (Suppl. 1), 1-98.
114. WHO (2009) Weekly iron folic acid supplementation (WIFS) in women of reproductive age: its role in promoting optimal maternal and child health. World Health Organisation.
115. WHO (2011) Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents: role of weekly iron and folic acid supplementation SEA-CAH-02. World Health Organisation Regional Office for South East Asia.
116. WHO (2012) Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation programmes for women of reproductive age: an analysis of best programme practices, Vol. 2010. World Health Organisation (Western Pacific Region).
117. WHO (2013) Essential nutrition actions, improving maternal, newborn, infant and young child health and nutrition. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
118. WHO (2014) WHA global nutrition targets 2025: stunting policy brief. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
119. Wu G., Imhoff-Kunsch B. & Girard A.W. (2012) Biological mechanism for nutritional regulation of maternal health and fetal development. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (Suppl. 1), 4-26.
120. Young F.M., Nguyen P.H., Addo O.Y., Hao W., Nguyen H., Pham H. et al. (2015) The relative influence of maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy on birth outcomes in Vietnam. Hunert Department of Global Health and Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322. (Personal Communication)
121. Yount K.M., DiGirolamo A.M. & Ramakrishnan U. (2011) Impacts of domestic violence on child growth and nutrition: a conceptual review of the pathways of influence. Social Science and Medicine 72, 1534-1554.
122. Zimmerman M.B. (2012) The effects of iodine deficiency in pregnancy and infancy. Perinatal Epidemiology 26 (1), 108-117.