Domestic politics and public diplomacy: Appalachian cultural exhibits and the changing nature of U.S. public diplomacy, 1964-1972

Diplomatic Studies

Volumn 5, Issue , 2010, Pages 315-343

  Krenn, Michael L ^a  

^a APPALACHIAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84968820834     PISSN: 18728863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 148-149.
2. Some of the best studies of Appalachia are Allen W. Batteau, the Invention of Appalachia (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1990);
3. Harry M. Caudill, Night Comes to the Cumberlands: A Biography of a Depressed Area (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963);
4. John A. Williams, Appalachia: A History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002);
5. David E. Whisnant, Modernizing the Mountaineer: People, Power, and Planning in Appalachia (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994).
6. For an interesting introduction to perceptions of Appalachia in the 1960s see, David S. Walls and John B. Stephenson, eds., Appalachia in the Sixties: Decade of Reawakening (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1972).
7. Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Penguin Books, 1983).
8. Christmas in Appalachia, VHS, New York: Carousel Films, 1965.
9. Michael Bradshaw, The Appalachian Regional Commission: Twenty-Five Years of Government Policy (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1992).
10. For general histories of the American cultural diplomacy offensive during the Cold War, see Leo Bogart, Premises for Propaganda: The United States Information Agency's Operating Assumptions in the Cold War (New York: Free Press, 1976);
11. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997);
12. Scott Lucas, Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union (New York: New York University Press, 1999);
13. Frank Ninkovich, The Diplomacy of Ideas: U. S. Foreign Policy and Cultural Relations, 1938-1950 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
14. For specifics on the move of the international art program from USIA to the Smithsonian, see Michael L. Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters for the Human Spirit: American Art and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 200-214.
15. Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters, 210, 213.
16. "Statement Made by the U. S. Representative (Goldberg) Before the U. N. General Assembly", 23 Sept. 1965; "Address by the President (Johnson) at the Smithson Bicentennial Celebration", 16 Sept. 1965, in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 196s (Washington: GPO, 1968), 126, 128; 1178.
17. See John A. Andrews, Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society (New York: Ivan R. Dee Publishers, 1999);
18. Doris Kearns Godwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976);
19. Robert Dallek, Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005);
20. Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, eds., Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963-1968 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
21. Marshall Kaplan and Peggy L. Cuciti, eds., The Great Society and Its Legacy: Twenty Years of U. S. Social Policy (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986);
22. Robert A. Divine, ed., The Johnson Years, Volume One: Foreign Policy, the Great Society, and the White House (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1987) for insights into Johnson, his Great Society, and its impact on his foreign policy.
23. Michael L. Krenn, Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945-1969 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 139-144.
24. Charles Blosserto USIA, 21 Jan. 1966, RU 321, box 101, Appalachian Handicrafs (2 of 4) folder, SIA.
25. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, D. C., 16 Oct. 1961
26. U. S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XVI: Eastern Europe; Cyprus; Greece; Turkey (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994), 397-407.
27. For the best treatments of U. S. relations with Finland during the Cold War see two works by Jussi M. Hanhimäki: Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution" (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997)
28. and Scandinavia and the United States: An Insecure Friendship (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997).
29. Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, 1 Nov. 1961;
30. Memorandum from Secretary of State Rusk to President Kennedy, 20 Nov. 1961, FRUS, 1961-1963, 16:409-410; 418.
31. Paper Prepared in the Department of State, Jan. 1963, FRUS, 1961-1963, 16:493-496;
32. Krenn, Black Diplomacy, 73-74, 123-124. Rowan's stay in Finland was short-lived. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson called him back home to serve as director of the USIA.
33. "Social Democrats in Finland Gain 55 Seats", New York Times, 22 Mar. 1966;
34. Charles Blosserto USIA, 21 Jan. 1966, RU 321, box 101, Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder, SIA.
35. Blosserto USIA, 1 Mar. 1966, RU 321, box 101
36. Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder; "The Great Society and Appalachia", n. d.;
37. "Appalachian Handicrafts. Project 66-289 European area", n. d., RU 321, box 101, USIA/IAP Appalachian Handicrafts (1 of 4) folder;
38. Blosser to USIA, 22 June 1966, RU 321, box 101, Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder, SIA.
39. Blosser to USIA, 1 July 1966, RU 321, box 101
40. Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder; "The Great Society and Appalachia", n. d., RU 321, box 101, USIA/IAP Appalachian Handicrafts (1 of 4) folder, SIA.
41. "Remarks by the Honorable Dean Rusk, Secretary of State at the Opening of the Exhibit of Appalachian Handicraft, United States Information Service Auditorium, Wednesday, June 1, 1966", RU 321, box 101, USIA/IAP Appalachian Handicrafts (1 of 4) folder, SIA.
42. National Citizens' Commission, "Report of the Committee on Culture and Intellectual Exchange", 1965, Rene d'Harnoncourt Papers, IC/P, box 1, White House Conference on International Cooperation, 1965 folder, Museum of Modern Art Archives.
43. Blosser to USIA, 22 June 1966;
44. Blosser to USIA, 1 July 1966, RU 321, box 101, Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder, SIA.
45. Nearly three weeks after the exhibit closed, Blosser wrote that he had not received any instructions as to the "future schedule of the exhibit." See Blosser to USIA, 1 July 1966;
46. USIS Lisbon to USIA, 29 June 1966, RU 321, box 101, Appalachian Handicrafts (2 of 4) folder, SIA.
47. Quotes from Nixon found in Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 194, 185.
48. For more on Nixon and his domestic agenda, see Stephen A. Ambrose, Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989);
49. Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003);
50. John Robert Greene, The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
51. "Program Planning for General World-Wide Use";
52. "Official USA Participation in International Cultural Events";
53. "A. Determination of SI's Base for Federal Funds for International Art Program";
54. "International Art Program", c. 1969, RU 321, box 7, Policy and Procedures, 1967-1974 folder, SIA.
55. David W. Scott to Mr. Blitzer, 10 Mar. 1969, RU 321, box 7, Briefing Materials for David W. Scott, NCFA, 1969 folder; Margaret Cogswell, Memorandum for the record, 15 Sept. 1971, RU 321, box 7, Relations with USIA (2 of 2) folder, SIA.
56. Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters, 221-232.
57. "A Basic Framework for Thematic Programming Notebooks", 8 Oct. 1971, RU 321, box 28, USIA Miscellaneous folder, SIA.
58. "A Basic Framework for Thematic Programming Notebooks", 8 Oct. 1971, RU 321, box 28, USIA Miscellaneous folder, SIA.
59. Catalog draft for "Mountain Craftsmen" exhibit, n. d., RU 321, box 195, Mountain Craftsmen: The Southern Appalachians (8 of 69) folder, SIA.
60. Margaret Cogswell to Joshua Taylor, 4 Oct. 1971;
61. Cogswell, Memorandum for the Record, 15 Sept. 1971, RU 321, box 7, Relations with USIA (1 of 2; 2 of 2) folders;
62. Cogswell to Frank Macioge, 30 Sept. 1971, RG 321, box 195, Mountain Craftsmen (4 of 69) folder, SIA.
63. "Address by the President (Johnson) at a Fourth Anniversary Ceremony for the Alliance for Progress" 17 Aug. 1965
64. American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1965 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1968), 1031;
65. "Address by Richard M. Nixon to the Bohemian Club", 29 July 1967;
66. "White House Press Briefing by the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)", 18 Dec. 1969;
67. "Memorandum of Conversation", 2 Sept. 1969
68. U. S. Department of State, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol. I: Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 2003), 3-6; 153; 101;
69. USIA to All USIS ILA Principal Posts, 3 July 1972, RU 321, box 195, Mountain Craftsmen (11 of 69) folder, SIA.
70. USIS San Salvador to USIA, 12 Feb. 1973, RU 321, box 199, 50-69 folder;
71. U. S. Embassy San Salvador to USIA, 27 Nov. 1972, RU 321, box 197, 37-69 folder; translation of article from Salvadoran newspaper, n. d., RU 321, box 199, 53-69 folder, SIA.
72. USIS Montevideo to USIA, 9 Apr. 1973;
73. Translation of article from Ultima Hora, 13 Mar. 1973, RU 321, box 199, 50-69 folder, SIA.
74. American Embassy, Mexico City to USIA, 14 Feb. 1974;
75. American Embassy, Mexico City to USIA, 13 Feb. 1974, RU 321, box 197, 37-69; 36-69 folders, SIA.