The Value of individual and societal risks to life and health

Handbook of the Economics of Risk and Uncertainty

Volumn 1, Issue , 2014, Pages 385-452

  Viscusi, W Kip ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cfoi; Hedonic model; Risk risk analysis; Stated preferences; Value of a statistical life; Vsl; Vsly

Indexed keywords

EID: 84968531586     PISSN: 22117547     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53685-3.00007-6     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (168)

1. Ackerman, F., Heinzerling, L., 2004. Priceless: On Knowing the Price of Everything and the Value of Nothing. The New Press, New York.
2. Adamowicz, W., Dupont, D., Krupnick, A., Zhang, J., 2011. Valuation of cancer and microbial disease risk reductions in municipal drinking water: An analysis of risk context using multiple valuation methods. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 61, 213-226.
3. Alberini, A., Cropper, M., Krupnick, A., Simon, N., 2004. Does the value of a statistical life vary with age and health status? Evidence from the U.S. and Canada. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 48, 769-792.
4. Alberini, A., Cropper, M., Krupnick, A., Simon, N.B., 2006. WTP for mortality risk reductions: does latency matter? Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 32, 231-245.
5. Aldy, J.E., Viscusi, W.K., 2007. Age differences in the value of statistical life: Revealed preference evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, 241-260.
6. Aldy, J.E., Viscusi, W.K., 2008. Adjusting the value of a statistical life for age and cohort effects. Review of Economics and Statistics 90, 573-581.
7. Arnould, R.J., Nichols, L.M., 1983. Wage-risk premiums and workers' compensation: A refinement of esti¬mates of compensating wage differential. Journal of Political Economy 91, 332-340.
8. Ashenfelter, O., 2006. Measuring the value of a statistical life: problems and prospects. Economic Journal 116, C10-C23.
9. Ashenfelter, O., Greenstone, M., 2004. Using mandated speed limits to measure the value of a statistical life. Journal of Political Economy 112, S226-S267.
10. Atkinson, S.E., Halvorsen, R., 1990. The valuation of risks to life: Evidence from the market for automo¬biles. Review of Economics and Statistics 72, 133-136.
11. Bellavance, F., Dionne, G., Lebeau, M., 2009. The value of a statistical life: A meta- Analysis with a mixed effects regression model. Journal of Health Economics 28, 444-464.
12. Black, D.A., Kniesner, T.J., 2003. On the measurement of job risk in hedonic wage models. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27, 205-220.
13. Blomquist, G., 1979. Value of life saving: implications of consumption activity. Journal of Political Economy 87, 540-558.
14. Blomquist, G.C., Dickie, M., O'Conor, R.M., 2011. Willingness to pay for improving fatality risks and asthma symptoms. Resource and Energy Economics 33, 410-425.
15. Blomquist, G.C., Miller, T.R., Levy, D.T., 1996. Values of risk reduction implied by motorist use of protec¬tion equipment. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 30, 55-66.
16. Bowland, B.J., Beghin, J.C., 2001. Robust estimates of value of a statistical life for developing economies. Journal of Policy Modeling 23, 385-396.
17. Broder, I., 1990. The cost of accidental death: A capital market approach. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 3, 51-63.
18. Brown, C., 1980. Equalizing differences in the labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics 94, 113-134.
19. Brown, J.N., Rosen, H.S., 1982. On the estimation of structural hedonic price models. Econometrica 50, 765-768.
20. Burnett, J.K., Hahn, R.W., 2001. A costly benefit: Economic analysis does not support EPA's new arsenic rule. Regulation 24, 44-49.
21. Cameron, T.A., 2008. The value of a statistical life: [they] do not think it means what [we] think it means. AERE Newsletter 28.
22. Cameron, T.A., 2010. Euthanizing the value of a statistical life. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 4, 161-178.
23. Carlin, P.S., Sandy, R., 1991. Estimating the implicit value of a young child's life. Southern Economic Journal 58, 186-202.
24. Chapman, K.S., Hariharan, G., 1994. Controlling for causality in the link from income to mortality. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 85-93.
25. Chilton, S., Covey, J., Hopkins, L., Jones-Lee, M.W., Loomes, G., Pidgeon, N., Spencer, A., 2002. Public perceptions of risk and preference-based values of safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 25, 211-232.
26. Chilton, S., Jones-Lee, M., Kiraly, F., Metcalf, H., Pang, W., 2006. Dread risks. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 33, 165-182.
27. Coaster, M., Rogers, B.P., Jones, O.D., Viscusi, W.K., Merkle, K.L., Zald, D.H., Gore, J.C., 2011. Variables influencing the neural correlates of perceived risk of physical harm. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 11, 494-507.
28. Cobacho Tornel, M.B., López Nicolas, Á., Ramos Parreño, J.M., 2010. Mortality cost of smoking in Spain. Revista Española de Salud Pública 84, 271-280.
29. Corso, P.S., Hammitt, J.K., Graham, J.D., 2001. Valuing mortality-risk reduction: using visual aids to improve the validity of contingent valuation. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 23, 165-184.
30. Costa, D.L., Kahn, M., 2004. Changes in the value of life, 1940-1980. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 29, 159-180.
31. Covey, J., Robinson, A., Jones-Lee, M., Loomes, G., 2010. Responsibility, scale, and the valuation of rail safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 40, 85-108.
32. De Blaeij, A., Florax, R.J.G.M., Rietveld, P., Verhoef, E., 2003. The value of a statistical life in road safety: A meta- Analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35, 973-986.
33. Desvousges, W.H., Johnson, F.R., Banzhaf, H.S., Russell, R.R., Fries, E.E., Dietz, K.J., Helms, S.C., 1995. Assessing the Environmental Externality Costs for Electricity Generation. Triangle Economic Research, Research Triangle Park, NC.
34. Dorman, P., Hagstrom, P., 1998. Wage compensation for dangerous work revisited. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52, 116-135.
35. Doucouliagos, H., Stanley, T.D., Giles, M., 2012. Are estimates of the value of a statistical life exaggerated? Journal of Health Economics 31, 197-206.
36. Doucouliagos, H., Stanley, T.D., Viscusi, W.K., 2012b. Publication Selection and the Income Elasticity of the Value of a Statistical Life. Working Paper.
37. Dreyfus, M., Viscusi, W.K., 1995. Rates of time preference and consumer valuations of automobile safety and fuel efficiency. Journal of Law and Economics 38, 79-105.
38. Eeckhoudt, L.R., Hammitt, J.K., 2001. Background risk and the value of a statistical life. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 23, 261-279.
39. Epple, D., 1987. Hedonic prices and implicit markets: Estimating supply and demand functions for differ¬entiated products. Journal of Political Economy 95, 59-80.
40. European Commission. 2001. Recommended Interim Values for the Value of Preventing a Fatality in DG Environment Cost Benefit Analysis. .
41. Evans, M.F., Schaur, G., 2010. A quantile estimation approach to identify income and age variation in the value of a statistical life. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 59, 260-270.
42. Evans, M.F., Smith, V.K., 2010. Measuring how risk tradeoffs adjust with income. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 40, 33-55.
43. Evans, W.N., Viscusi, W.K., 1991a. Estimation of state-dependent utility functions using survey data. Review of Economics and Statistics 73, 94-104.
44. Evans, W.N., Viscusi, W.K., 1991b. Utility-based measures of health. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73, 1422-1427.
45. Finkelstein, A., Luttmer, E., Notowidigdo, M., 2009. Approaches to estimating the health state dependence of utility functions. American Economic Review 99, 116-121.
46. Finkelstein, A., Luttmer, E., Notowidigdo, M., 2013. What good is wealth without health? The effect of health on the marginal utility of consumption. Journal of the European Economic Association 11, 221-258.
47. Garbacz, C., 1989. Smoke detector effectiveness and the value of saving a life. Economic Letters 31, 281-286.
48. Garen, J.E., 1988. Compensating wage differentials and the endogeneity of job riskiness. Review of Economics and Statistics 70, 9-16.
49. Gayer, T., Hamilton, J., Viscusi, W.K., 2000. Private values of risk tradeoffs at Superfund sites: housing market evidence on learning about risk. Review of Economics and Statistics 32, 439-451.
50. Gayer, T., Hamilton, J., Viscusi, W.K., 2002. The market value of reducing cancer risk: hedonic housing prices with changing information. Southern Economic Journal 69, 266-289.
51. Gerking, S., DeHaan, M.H., Schulze, W., 1988. The marginal value of job safety: A contingent valuation study. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1, 185-199.
52. Graham, J.D., 2008. Saving lives through administrative law and economics. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157, 395-540.
53. Hakes, J.K., Viscusi, W.K., 2007. Automobile seatbelt usage and the value of statistical life. Southern Economic Journal 73, 659-676.
54. Hamilton, J.T., Viscusi, W.K., 1999. Calculating Risks? The Spatial and Political Dimensions of Hazardous Waste Policy. MIT Press, Cambridge.
55. Hammitt, J.K., 2007. Valuing changes in mortality risk: lives saved versus life years saved. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, 228-240.
56. Hammitt, J.K., Haninger, K., 2010. Valuing fatal risks to children and adults: Effects of disease, latency, and risk aversion. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 40, 57-83.
57. Hammitt, J.K., Liu, J., 2004. Effects of disease type and latency on the value of mortality risk. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 28, 73-95.
58. Hammitt, J.K., Robinson, L.A., 2011. The income elasticity of the value per statistical life: Transferring estimates between high and low income populations. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 2, 1-27.
59. Hammitt, J.K., Treich, N., 2007. Statistical vs. identified lives in benefit-cost analysis. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 35, 45-66.
60. Hara Associates, Inc. 2000. Benefit/Cost Analysis of Proposed Tobacco Products Information Regulations. Prepared for Health Canada and Consulting and Audit Canada, June 5, 2000, Ottawa, Ontario.
61. Heberlein, T.A., Wilson, M.A., Bishop, R.C., Schaeffer, N.C., 2005. Rethinking the scope test as a criterion for validity in contingent valuation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 50, 1-22.
62. Hersch, J., 1998. Compensating differentials for gender-specific job injury risks. American Economic Review 88, 598-607.
63. Hersch, J., Pickton, T.S., 1995. Risk- Taking activities and heterogeneity of job-risk tradeoffs. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 11, 205-217.
64. Hersch, J., Viscusi, W.K., 2010a. Immigrant status and the value of statistical life. Journal of Human Resources 45, 749-771.
65. Hersch, J., Viscusi, W.K., 2010b. Saving lives through punitive damages. Southern California Law Review 83, 229-262.
66. Horowitz, J.K., McConnell, K.E., 2002. A review of WTA/WTP studies. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 40, 426-447.
67. Hwang, H.S., Reed, W.R., Hubbard, C., 1992. Compensating wage differentials and unobserved productivity. Journal of Political Economy 100, 835-858.
68. Ippolito, P.M., Ippolito, R.A., 1984. Measuring the value of life saving from consumer reactions to new information. Journal of Public Economics 25, 53-81.
69. Jenkins, R.R., Owens, N., Wiggins, L.B., 2001. Valuing reduced risks to children: The case of bicycle safety helmets. Contemporary Economic Policy 19, 397-408.
70. Johansson, P.O., 1996. On the value of changes in life expectancy. Journal of Health Economics 15, 105-113.
71. Jones-Lee, M.W., 1989. The Economics of Safety and Physical Risk. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
72. Jones-Lee, M.W., Hammerton, M., Philips, P.R., 1985. The value of safety: Results of a national sample survey. Economic Journal 95, 49-72.
73. Jones-Lee, M.W., Loomes, G., 1995. Scale and context effects in the valuation of transport safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 11, 183-203.
74. Kahn, S., Lang, K., 1988. Efficient estimation of structural hedonic systems. International Economic Review 29, 157-166.
75. Kaplow, L., 2005. The value of statistical life and the coefficient of relative risk aversion. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 31, 23-34.
76. Keeney, R.L., 1990. Mortality risks induced by economic expenditures. Risk Analysis 10, 147-159.
77. Kniesner, T.J., Leeth, J.D., 1995. Numerical simulation as a complement to econometric research on workplace safety. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 12, 99-125.
78. Kniesner, T.J., Leeth, J.D., 2010. Hedonic wage equilibrium: Theory, evidence and policy. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics 5, 229-299.
79. Kniesner, T.J., Viscusi, W.K., 2005. Value of a statistical life: Relative position vs. relative age. American Economic Review 95, 142-146.
80. Kniesner, T.J., Viscusi, W.K., Ziliak, J.P., 2006. Life-cycle consumption and the age- Adjusted value of life. Contributions to Economic Analysis and Policy 5, 1-34.
81. Kniesner, T.J., Viscusi, W.K., Ziliak, J.P., 2010. Policy relevant heterogeneity in the value of statistical life: new evidence from panel data quantile regressions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 40, 15-31.
82. Kniesner, T.J., Viscusi, W.K., Ziliak, J.P., 2014. Willingness to accept equals willingness to pay for labor market estimates of the value of statistical life. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty., forthcoming.
83. Kniesner, T.J., Viscusi, W.K., Woock, C., Ziliak, J.P., 2012. The value of statistical life: Evidence from panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics 94, 19-44.
84. Kochi, I., Hubbell, B., Kramer, R., 2006. An empirical Bayes approach to combining and comparing estimates of the value of a statistical life for environmental policy analysis. Environmental and Resource Economics 34, 385-406.
85. Kochi, I., Taylor, L., 2011. Risk heterogeneity and the value of reducing fatal risks: further market-based evidence. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 2, 1-26.
86. Krupnick, A., 2007. Mortality-risk valuation and age: stated preference evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, 261-282.
87. Krupnick, A., Alberini, A., Cropper, M., Simon, N., O'Brien, B., Goeree, R., Heintzelman, M., 2002. Age, health, and the willingness to pay for mortality risk reductions: A contingent valuation study of Ontario residents. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 24, 161-186.
88. Lakdawalla, D.N., Sun, E.C., Jena, A.B., Reyes, C.M., Goldman, D.P., Philipson, T.J., 2010. An economic evaluation of the war on cancer. Journal of Health Economics 29, 333-346.
89. Lave, L., 1981. The Strategy for Social Regulation: Decision Frameworks for Policy. Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
90. Leeth, J.D., Ruser, J., 2003. Compensating wage differentials for fatal and nonfatal injury risk by gender and race. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27, 257-277.
91. Leigh, J.P., 1981. Compensating wages for occupational injuries and diseases. Social Science Quarterly 62, 772-778.
92. Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Layman, U., Combs, B., 1978. Judged frequency of lethal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology 4, 551-578.
93. Lillard, L., Weiss, Y., 1997. Uncertain health and survival: Effects of end-of-life consumption. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 15, 254-268.
94. Liu, J.T., Hammitt, J.K., Liu, J.L., 1997. Estimated hedonic wage function and value of life in a developing country. Economics Letters 57, 353-358.
95. Loh, K., Richardson, S., 2004. Foreign-born workers: Trends in fatal occupational injuries, 1996-2001. Monthly Labor Review 127, 42-53.
96. Lutter, R., Morrall III, J.F., 1994. Health-health analysis: A new way to evaluate health and safety regulation. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 43-66.
97. Lutter, R., Morrall III, J.F., Viscusi, W.K., 1999. The cost-per-life saved cutoff for safety-enhancing regulations. Economic Inquiry 37, 599-608.
98. Magat, W.A., Viscusi, W.K., Huber, J., 1996. A reference lottery metric for valuing health. Management Science 42, 1118-1130.
99. Mellow, W., Sider, H., 1983. Accuracy of response in labor market surveys: Evidence and duplications. Journal of Labor Economics 1, 331-344.
100. Miller, T.R., 2000. Variations between countries in values of statistical life. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 34, 169-188.
101. Moore, M.J., Viscusi, W.K., 1988a. Doubling the estimated value of life: Results using new occupational fatality data. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 7, 476-490.
102. Moore, M.J., Viscusi, W.K., 1988b. The quantity- Adjusted value of life. Economic Inquiry 26, 369-388.
103. Moore, M.J., Viscusi, W.K., 1990a. Discounting environmental health risks: new evidence and policy implications. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18, S51-S62.
104. Moore, M.J., Viscusi, W.K., 1990b. Models for estimating discount rates for long- Term health risks using labor market data. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 3, 381-401.
105. Mrozek, J.R., Taylor, L.O., 2002. What determines the value of life? a meta- Analysis. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21, 253-270.
106. Murphy, K.M., Topel, R.H., 2006. The value of life and longevity. Journal of Political Economy 114, 811-904.
107. Persson, U., Norinder, A., Hjalte, K., Gralén, K., 2001. The value of statistical life in transport: findings from a new contingent valuation study in Sweden. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 23, 121-134.
108. Portney, P.R., 1981. Housing prices, health effects, and valuing reductions in risk of death. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 8, 72-78.
109. Posner, E.A., Sunstein, C.R., 2005. Dollars and death. University of Chicago Law Review 72, 537-598.
110. Robinson, L.A., 2007. How U.S. government agencies value mortality risk reductions. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, 283-299.
111. Robinson, L.A., 2008. Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Homeland Security Analysis. Final Report to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Department of Homeland Security, under contract to Industrial Economics.
112. Rosen, S., 1974. Hedonic prices and implicit markets: product differentiation in pure competition. Journal of Political Economy 82, 34-55.
113. Rosen, S., 1986. The theory of equalizing differences. In: Ashenfelter, O., Layard, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 1. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
114. Rosen, S., 1988. The value of changes in life expectancy. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1, 285-304.
115. Scharff, R.L., Viscusi, W.K., 2011. Heterogeneous rates of time preference and the decision to smoke. Economic Inquiry 49, 99-172.
116. Schelling, T.C., 1968. The life you save may be your own. In: Chase, S. (Ed.), Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis. Brookings, Washington, D.C.
117. Scotton, C.R., Taylor, L.O., 2011. Valuing risk reductions: incorporating risk heterogeneity into a revealed preference framework. Resource and Energy Economics 33, 381-397.
118. Shepard, D.S., Zeckhauser, R.J., 1984. Survival versus consumption. Management Science 30, 423-439.
119. Shogren, J.F., Stamland, T., 2002. Skill and the value of life. Journal of Political Economy 110, 1168-1173.
120. Sloan, F.A., Viscusi, W.K., Chesson, H.W., Conover, C.J., Whetten-Goldstein, K., 1998. Alternative approaches to valuing intangible health losses: The evidence for multiple sclerosis. Journal of Health Economics 17, 475-497.
121. Smith, A., 1776. Wealth of Nations, 1937 ed. Modern Library, New York.
122. Smith, V.K., Epp, D.J., Schwabe, K.A., 1994. Cross-country analyses don't estimate health-health responses. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 67-84.
123. Smith, V.K., Evans, M.F., Kim, H., Taylor Jr., D.H., 2004. Do the near-elderly value mortality risks differently? Review of Economics and Statistics 86, 423-429.
124. Smith, V.K., Mansfield, C., Clayton, L., 2009. Valuing a homeland security policy: countermeasures for the threats from shoulder mounted missiles. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 38, 215-243.
125. Sojourner, A., 2010. Partial Identification of Willingness- To-Pay Using Shape Restrictions with an Application to the Value of a Statistical Life. Industrial Relations Center, University of Minnesota (Twin Cities Campus), Working Paper 0110.
126. Spence, M., 1977. Consumer misperceptions, product failure, and producer liability. Review of Economic Studies 44, 561-572.
127. Subramanian, U., Cropper, M., 2000. Public choices between life-saving programs: The tradeoff between qualitative factors and lives saved. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 21, 117-149.
128. Thaler, R.H., Rosen, S., 1975. The value of saving a life: Evidence from the labor market. In: Terleckyj, N.E. (Ed.), Household Production and Consumption. Columbia University Press, New York.
129. U.K. Health and Safety Executive, 2001. Reducing Risks, Protecting People: HSE's Decision-Making Process. .
130. U.K. HM Treasury, 2011. The Green Book: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government: Treasury Guidance. TSO, London. .
131. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2011. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy. Memorandum: Treatment of the Economic Value of Statistical Life in Departmental Analyses. .
132. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2013. Office of the Secretary of Transportation. Memorandum: Guidance on the Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life in U.S. Department of Transportation Analyses. .
133. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Technical Addendum: Methodologies for the Benefit Analysis of the Clear Skies Initiative. .
134. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. Technical Addendum: Methodologies for the Benefit Analysis of the Clear Skies Act of 2003. .
135. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Industrial Boilers and Process Heaters NESHAP. Final Report.
136. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions for Environmental Policy: A White Paper. SAB Review Draft.
137. Van Houtven, G., Sullivan, M.B., Dockins, C., 2008. Cancer premiums and latency effects: A risk tradeoff approach for valuing reduction. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 36, 179-200.
138. Viscusi, W.K., 1978. Wealth effects and earnings premiums for job hazards. Review of Economics and Statistics 60, 408-416.
139. Viscusi, W.K., 1979. Employment Hazards: An Investigation of Market Performance. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
140. Viscusi, W.K., 1983. Risk by Choice: Regulating Health and Safety in the Workplace. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
141. Viscusi, W.K., 1989. Prospective reference theory: Toward an explanation of the paradoxes. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 2, 235-264.
142. Viscusi, W.K., 1992. Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk. Oxford University Press, New York.
143. Viscusi, W.K., 1993. The value of risks to life and health. Journal of Economic Literature 31, 1912-1946.
144. Viscusi, W.K., 1994a. Mortality effects of regulatory costs and policy evaluation criteria. Rand Journal of Economics 25, 94-109.
145. Viscusi, W.K., 1994b. Risk-risk analysis. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 5-17.
146. Viscusi, W.K., 2002. Smoke-Filled Rooms: A Postmortem on the Tobacco Deal. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
147. Viscusi, W.K., 2003. Racial differences in labor market values of a statistical life. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27, 239-256.
148. Viscusi, W.K., 2004. The value of life: Estimates with risks by occupation and industry. Economic Inquiry 42, 29-48.
149. Viscusi, W.K., 2007. The flawed hedonic damages measure of compensation for wrongful death and personal injury. Journal of Forensic Economics 20, 113-135.
150. Viscusi, W.K., 2009a. Valuing risks of death from terrorism and natural disasters. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 38, 191-213.
151. Viscusi, W.K., 2009b. The devaluation of life. Regulation and Governance 3, 103-127.
152. Viscusi, W.K., 2010. Policy challenges of the heterogeneity of the value of statistical life. Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics 6, 99-172.
153. Viscusi, W.K., Aldy, J.E., 2003. The value of a statistical life: A critical review of market estimates throughout the world. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 27, 239-256.
154. Viscusi, W.K., Aldy, J.E., 2007. Labor market estimates of the senior discount for the value of statistical life. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 53, 377-392.
155. Viscusi, W.K., Evans, W.N., 1990. Utility functions that depend on health status: Estimates and economic implications. American Economic Review 80, 353-374.
156. Viscusi, W.K., Evans, W.N., 1998. Estimation of revealed probabilities and utility functions for product safety decisions. Review of Economics and Statistics 80, 28-33.
157. Viscusi, W.K., Evans, W.N., 2006. Behavioral probabilities. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 32, 5-15.
158. Viscusi, W.K., Hersch, J., 2001. Cigarette smokers as job risk takers. Review of Economics and Statistics 83, 269-280.
159. Viscusi, W.K., Hersch, J., 2008. The mortality cost to smokers. Journal of Health Economics 27, 943-958.
160. Viscusi, W.K., Huber, J., Bell, J., 2013. Assessing Whether There Is a Cancer Premium for the Value of Statistical Life. Health Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2919.
161. Viscusi, W.K., Magat, W., Huber, J., 1987. An investigation of the rationality of consumer valuations of multiple health risks. RAND Journal of Economics 18, 465-479.
162. Viscusi, W.K., Magat, W., Huber, J., 1991. Pricing environmental risks: survey assessments of risk-risk and risk-dollar tradeoffs for chronic bronchitis. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 21, 32-51.
163. Viscusi, W.K., Moore, M.J., 1987. Workers' compensation: Wage effects, benefit inadequacies, and the value of health losses. Review of Economics and Statistics 69, 249-261.
164. Viscusi, W.K., Moore, M.J., 1989. Rates of time preference and valuations of the duration of life. Journal of Public Economics 38, 297-317.
165. Viscusi, W.K., O'Connor, C., 1984. Adaptive responses to chemical labeling: Are workers Bayesian decision Makers? American Economic Review 74, 942-956.
166. Viscusi, W.K., Zeckhauser, R.J., 1994. The fatality and injury costs of expenditures. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8, 19- 41.
167. Viscusi, W.K., Zeckhauser, R.J., 2003. Sacrificing civil liberties to reduce terrorism risks. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 26, 99-120.
168. Williams, S.F., 1993. Second best: The soft underbelly of the deterrence theory in tort. Harvard Law Review 106, 932-944.