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Volumn 19, Issue 1, 1988, Pages 17-80

Statistics and Combinatorics in Early Quantum Theory

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EID: 84968158028     PISSN: 08909997     EISSN: 15338355     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/27757616     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (130)
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    • Ref. 89), 245. Jeans’ proof of 1909 could appear even more persuasive than Lorentz’ because it did not make use of statistical mechanics. Through a combination of electron theory with plausible probabilistic hypotheses, the classical mechanism of interaction between radiation and electrons provided equipartition of energy for all wave-lengths, and so generalized Lorentz’ result of
    • Planck Ref. 89), 245. Jeans’ proof of 1909 could appear even more persuasive than Lorentz’ because it did not make use of statistical mechanics. Through a combination of electron theory with plausible probabilistic hypotheses, the classical mechanism of interaction between radiation and electrons provided equipartition of energy for all wave-lengths, and so generalized Lorentz’ result of 1903.
    • (1903)
    • Planck1
  • 90
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    • 7 Jan 1910 (AHQP), where Planck locates discontinuity in the excitation of oscillators, “wo sie am wenigsten schaden kann” (hence, Planck says, it is better to speak of oscillators instead of resonators). Planck criticizes this point of view in M. Planck (Nernstsches Warmetheorem und Quantenhypothese) PZ, on 174 (lecture of 16 Dec 1911)
    • Planck and Lorentz, 7 Jan 1910 (AHQP), where Planck locates discontinuity in the excitation of oscillators, “wo sie am wenigsten schaden kann” (hence, Planck says, it is better to speak of oscillators instead of resonators). Planck criticizes this point of view in M. Planck, “Uber neuere thermodynamische Theorien (Nernstsches Warmetheorem und Quantenhypothese),” PZ, 13 (1912), 165-175, on 174 (lecture of 16 Dec 1911).
    • (1912) Uber neuere thermodynamische Theorien , vol.13 , pp. 165-175
    • Planck1    Lorentz2
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    • Eine neue Strahlungshy- pothese
    • For Planck's second theory, see and PWAV, 2, 249-259, on 249.
    • For Planck's second theory, see “Eine neue Strahlungshy- pothese,” PGV, (1911), 138-148, and PWAV, 2, 249-259, on 249.
    • (1911) PGV , pp. 138-148
  • 93
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    • 2nd ed. (Leipzig, 1913); English translation (New York
    • M. Planck, Vorlesungen uber die Warmestrahlung, 2nd ed. (Leipzig, 1913); English translation (New York, 1914), 121.
    • (1914) Vorlesungen uber die Warmestrahlung , pp. 121
    • Planck, M.1
  • 96
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    • ref. 91)
    • Wheaton (ref. 91), 85-86.
    • Wheaton1
  • 97
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    • (ref. 92
    • Planck (ref. 92), 142.
    • Planck1
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    • Zur Theorie des Rotationsspektrums,” PGV
    • 19 43-47, and on 454
    • Cf. M. Planck, “Zur Theorie des Rotationsspektrums,” PGV, 19 (1917), 43-47, and PWAV, 2, 453-457, on 454:.
    • (1917) PWAV , vol.2 , pp. 453-457
    • Planck, C.M.1
  • 99
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    • Die statistischen Bahnen [sind] nicht die einzig moglichen, sondern…die einzigen, in denen Emission strahlender Energie erfolgen kann BB (1925), 49-57, and PWAV on 584.
    • Die statistischen Bahnen [sind] nicht die einzig moglichen, sondern…die einzigen, in denen Emission strahlender Energie erfolgen kann.” Planck's reaction to the Stern and Gerlach experiment is in “Zur Frage der Quantelung einatomiger Gase,” BB (1925), 49-57, and PWAV, 2, 584-592 on 584.
    • Planck's reaction to the Stern and Gerlach experiment is in “Zur Frage der Quantelung einatomiger Gase , vol.2 , pp. 584-592
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    • N. Bohr, “Uber die Anwendung der Quantentheorie auf den Atombau, I. Die Grundpostulate der Quantentheorie,” Zeitschrift fur Physik, 13 (1923), 117-165, on 157.
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    • Un document historique de l'Academie des Sciences de Berlin sur Factivite scientifique d'Albert Einstein
    • In T. Kahan, “Un document historique de l'Academie des Sciences de Berlin sur Factivite scientifique d'Albert Einstein,” AHES, 15 (1962), 337-342.
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    • New York after an article for the London Times of 1919; ref. 77
    • A. Einstein, Ideas and opinions (New York, 1954), 228, after an article for the London Times of 1919; ref. 77.
    • (1954) Ideas and opinions , vol.228
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    • A. Einstein, “Uber das Relativitatsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen,” Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitat und Elektronik, 4 (1907), 411-462.
    • (1907) Jahrbuch der Radioaktivitat und Elektronik , vol.4 , pp. 411-462
    • Einstein, A.1
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    • 23 May (AHQP); cf. Mc Cormmach (ref. 79)
    • Einstein and Lorentz, 23 May 1909 (AHQP); cf. Mc Cormmach (ref. 79).
    • (1909)
    • Einstein1    Lorentz2
  • 105
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    • Fluctuations and statistical physics in Einstein's early work
    • ref. 72). Cf. M.J. Klein in G. Holton and Y. Elkana, eds The centenial symposium in Jerusalem (Princeton
    • Einstein (ref. 72). Cf. M.J. Klein, “Fluctuations and statistical physics in Einstein's early work,” in G. Holton and Y. Elkana, eds., Albert Einstein: Historical and cultural perspectives. The centenial symposium in Jerusalem (Princeton, 1982), 39-58.
    • (1982) Albert Einstein: Historical and cultural perspectives , pp. 39-58
    • Einstein1
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    • Uber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen uber das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung
    • A. Einstein, “Uber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen uber das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung,” PZ, 10 (1909), 817-825, on 824.
    • (1909) PZ , vol.10 , pp. 817-825
    • Einstein, A.1
  • 109
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    • (ref. 107), 825-826; Planck (ref. 93)
    • Planck and Einstein (ref. 107), 825-826; Planck (ref. 93), 101-102.
    • Planck1    Einstein2
  • 113
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    • ref. 93), 76. W. Wien expressed an analogous viewpoint in a lecture on Einstein's fluctuations: Wien (Leipzig
    • Lorentz (ref. 93), 76. W. Wien expressed an analogous viewpoint in a lecture on Einstein's fluctuations: Wien, Vorlesungen uber die neuere Probleme der theoretischen Physik (Leipzig, 1913).
    • (1913) Vorlesungen uber die neuere Probleme der theoretischen Physik
    • Lorentz1
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    • 84968284268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • draft), 6 May 1909; Einstein to Lorentz, 30 Mar and 23 May 1909; Lorentz to Planck (draft), 30 Jul 1909; Planck to Lorentz, 7 Oct 1908, 16 Jun 1909, all in AHQP; Einstein to Laub, 19 May 1909, transcribed by C. Seelig, (EA). Cf. Wheaton (ref. 91)
    • Lorentz and Einstein (draft), 6 May 1909; Einstein to Lorentz, 30 Mar and 23 May 1909; Lorentz to Planck (draft), 30 Jul 1909; Planck to Lorentz, 7 Oct 1908, 16 Jun 1909, all in AHQP; Einstein to Laub, 19 May 1909, transcribed by C. Seelig, (EA). Cf. Wheaton (ref. 91), 169-172.
    • Lorentz1    Einstein2
  • 117
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    • 27 Jan AHQP); Einstein to Besso, undated [May 1911] (ref. 74); Einstein to Hopf, undated [Dec 1911] (EA). Einstein's temporary rejecion of lightquanta did not imply any sympathy for compromises saving Maxwell's equations like accumulation theory or triggering theory. Cf. Einstein to Wien, 17 Sep 1912 (EA): “An die Existenz der abzahlbaren Quanten kann man wohl nicht ernstlich glauben, da ja die Interferenzeigenschaften des von einem leuchtenden Punkt nach ver- schiedenen Richtungen emittierten Lichtes damit unvereinbar sind. Trotzdem ist mir die ‘ehrliche’ Quantentheorie immer noch lieber, als die zu ihrem Ersatz bisher gefun- denen Kompromisse
    • Lorentz and Einstein, 27 Jan 1911 (AHQP); Einstein to Besso, undated [May 1911] (ref. 74); Einstein to Hopf, undated [Dec 1911] (EA). Einstein's temporary rejecion of lightquanta did not imply any sympathy for compromises saving Maxwell's equations like accumulation theory or triggering theory. Cf. Einstein to Wien, 17 Sep 1912 (EA): “An die Existenz der abzahlbaren Quanten kann man wohl nicht ernstlich glauben, da ja die Interferenzeigenschaften des von einem leuchtenden Punkt nach ver- schiedenen Richtungen emittierten Lichtes damit unvereinbar sind. Trotzdem ist mir die ‘ehrliche’ Quantentheorie immer noch lieber, als die zu ihrem Ersatz bisher gefun- denen Kompromisse.”.
    • (1911)
    • Lorentz1    Einstein2
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    • Weitere Bemerkungen uber die thermische und chemische Absorption im Bandenspektrum
    • J. Stark, “Weitere Bemerkungen uber die thermische und chemische Absorption im Bandenspektrum,” PZ, 9 (1908), 889-894.
    • (1908) PZ , vol.9 , pp. 889-894
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    • Einige Argumente fur die Annahme einer moleku- laren Agitation bei absoluten Nullpunkt
    • A. Einstein and O. Stern, “Einige Argumente fur die Annahme einer moleku- laren Agitation bei absoluten Nullpunkt,” AP, 40 (1913), 551-560.
    • (1913) AP , vol.40 , pp. 551-560
    • Einstein, A.1    Stern, O.2
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    • Autobiographisches
    • in P.A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein: Philosopher-scientist (La Salle and London, 1949), 3-94, on 46-47; A. Einstein PGV quotation on 822.
    • Cf. A. Einstein, “Autobiographisches,” in P.A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein: Philosopher-scientist (La Salle and London, 1949), 3-94, on 46-47; A. Einstein, “Beitrage zur Quantentheorie,” PGV, 76 (1914), 820-828, quotation on 822.
    • (1914) Beitrage zur Quantentheorie , vol.76 , pp. 820-828
    • Einstein, C.A.1
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    • Physikalische Gesellschaft, Zurich
    • ref. 60), 203; “(Zur) Quantentheorie der Strahlung and PZ, 75(1917), 121-128.
    • Einstein (ref. 60), 203; “(Zur) Quantentheorie der Strahlung,” Physikalische Gesellschaft, Zurich, Mitteilungen, 16 (1916), 47-62, and PZ, 75(1917), 121-128.
    • (1916) Mitteilungen , vol.16 , pp. 47-62
    • Einstein1
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    • New York, 1979); N. Bohr, H.A. Kramers, and J.C. Slater
    • A. Hermann, K. von Meyenn, and V. Weisskopf (New York, 1979); N. Bohr, H.A. Kramers, and J.C. Slater, “The quantum theory of radiation,” Philosophical magazine, 147 (1924), 785-822.
    • (1924) Philosophical magazine , vol.147
    • Hermann, A.1    von Meyenn, K.2    Weisskopf, V.3
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    • (1984) Physikalische Blatter , vol.40 , pp. 89-94
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    • M.J. Klein, “The first phase of the Bohr-Einstein dialogue,” HSPS, 2 (1970), 1-39.
    • (1970) HSPS , vol.2 , pp. 1-39
    • Klein, M.J.1


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