Science “Gone Native” in Colonial India

Representations

Volumn 40, Issue , 1992, Pages 153-178

  Prakash, Gyan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84968146876     PISSN: 07346018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2928743     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Michael Adas’s Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989), traces the mid-nineteenth-century ascension of science and technology to dominance in colonial ideology.
2. see T. H. Thornton and J. L. Kipling, Lahore (Lahore, 1876), 59-60, 62-77.
3. see Homi Bhabha’s “Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority Under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817,” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (1985): 144-165.
4. See his “The Commitment to Theory,” in Questions of the Third Cinema, ed. J. Pines and Paul Willemen (London, 1989), 111-131.
5. “where museums had grown up by accretion of legacies and bequests generally tied up with special conditions”; Report on the Conference as Regards Museums in India Held at Calcutta on Dec. 27th to 31st, 1907 (Calcutta, 1908), 16.
6. Government of Bengal, Financial Department (Industry and Science), Proceeding no. 2.1, May 1874, India Office Library and Records, London (IOLR), P/186.
7. Michel Foucault writes in The Order of Things (New York, 1973): “Natural history in the Classical age is not merely the discovery of a new object of curiosity” (158).
8. see alsoS.F. Markham and H. Hargreaves, The Museums of India (London, 1936), 123.
9. See O. P. Kejariwal, The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India’s Past, 1784-1838 (Delhi, 1988), 85
10. Markham and Hargreaves, Museums of India, 13-18.
11. see The Conference of Orientalists Including Museums and Archaeology Conference Held at Simla, July 1911 (Simla, 1911), 99-115.
12. See Government of Madras, Educational Department, Administration Report of the Government Central Museum for the Year 1895-1896 (Madras, 1896), appendix E, p. 15
13. see also Government of India, Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce (Industrial Arts, Museums, Exhibitions), Proceeding no. 6, April 1872, “Précis of the History of the Government Central Museum, Bombay,” IOLR, P/687.
14. See Carol A. Breckenridge, “The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 32, no. 2 (1989): 195—215.
15. Indian Industrial and A gricultural Exhibition, 1906—1907: Catalogue of Exhibits of the Bengal Agricultural Department (Calcutta, 1907), iii.
16. see Government of Madras, Report on the Agricultural Exhibitions in the Provinces in the Year 1856 (Madras, 1856), 41; Moulvi Arshad Ali, ed., A Report on Pagla Mian’s Mela with Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition (Feni, 1915), 2
17. Government of Bengal, Statistical Department (Industry and Science), Proceeding no. 17.1, May 1873, IOLR, P/186.
18. see Report on Pagla Mian’s Mela, 1-2
19. see alsoNabin Chandra Sen, Ämär-Jiban [Bengali], vol. 4 (Calcutta, 1912)
20. “The Calcutta International Exhibition,” Hindoo Patriot, 10 December 1883.
21. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 1866, 5.
22. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, January to December, 1868 (Calcutta, 1869), 2931.
23. Donna Haraway, Primate Visions (New York, 1989), 26—58
24. Record of Cases Treated in the Mesmeric Hospital, From June to December 1847, With Reports of the Ofßcial Visitors (Calcutta, 1847), xxi-xxxii passim.
25. James Esdaile, Mesmerism in India and Its Practical Application in Surgery and Medicine (London, 1846), 49.
26. The following account of Father Lafont is taken from the biographical sketches in the Empress 15, no. 1 (December 1904): 2-3
27. “Annals of St. Xavier’s College, Calcutta, 18351935,” Typescript compiled by A. Verstraeten, St. Xavier’s College Library, Calcutta.
28. The Seventeenth Anniversary Report of the Burra Bazar Family Literary Club, Established in 1857, With the Abstracts of the Anniversary Address and Other Lectures (Calcutta, 1874), 14.
29. “Prayag ki pradurshini,” Sarawati [Hindi] 1, no. 12 (January 1911): 33-36.
30. The concept of “second colonization” comes from Ashis Nandy, Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism (Delhi, 1983).
31. R. B. Sanyal, Hours with Nature (Calcutta, 1896), 84-121.
32. See, for example, Government of Madras, Education Department, Administration Report of the Government Central Museum for the Year 1896-1897 (Madras, 1897), 2.
33. The following account is taken from the annual series entitled Report on the Working of the Lahore Museum (Lahore, 1892).
34. Manorama Bose, “Notes on Various Subjects,” IOLR, mss Eur. 178/72.
35. see Government of Bengal, Financial Department (Industry and Science), Proceeding no. 3.3/5, March 1876, IOLR, P/894.
36. Saraswati 11, no. 1 (January 1910): 26-27 (my translation).
37. Bengalee, 17 November 1883.
38. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 1866, 88—89.
39. Report on Agricultural Exhibitions in 1856, 41, 59
40. Government of Madras, Report on the Agricultural Exhibitions in the Provinces in the Year 1856, vol. 2 (Madras, 1858), 29, 63.
41. Report on Agricultural Exhibitions in 1856, vol. 2, p. 51.
42. Edgar Thurston, “Anthropology in Madras,” Nature, 26 May 1898
43. Report on Agricultural Exhibitions in 1856, vol. 2, p. 121.
44. Bahadoor, Discourse on Periodical Census, vi—vii.
45. Conference of Orientalists at Simla, 117—18.
46. Administration Report of the Government Central Museum for 1894—1895, 1.
47. Administration Report of Government Central Museum for 1895—1896
48. Thurston, “Anthropology in Madras,” 26.
49. See George Basalla, “The Spread of Western Science,” Scienee 156(1967): 611-622.
50. see Arnold’s “Cabinets for the Curious.” Also relevant is Steven Mullaney’s “Strange Things, Gross Terms, Curious Customs: The Rehearsal of Cultures in the Late Renaissance,” in Representing the English Renaissance, ed. Stephen Greenblatt (Berkeley, 1988), 65—92.
51. see Breckenridge, “Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting”; R. W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair (Chicago, 1988)
52. Paul Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions, and World’s Fairs, 1851—1939 (Manchester, 1988).
53. see Gauri Viswanathan’s powerfully argued Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York, 1989)
54. Sara Suleri’s probing The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago, 1992).
55. see Tony Bennett’s “The Exhibitionary Complex,” New Formations 4 (Spring 1988): 73-102
56. Eilean Hooper Greenhill, Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge (London, 1992), 167—190.
57. Bhabha’s “Signs Taken for Wonders” presents a brilliant reading of such revisions and realignments.