Negotiating demands: The politics of skid row policing in Edinburgh, San Francisco, and Vancouver

Negotiating Demands: The Politics of Skid Row Policing in Edinburgh, San Francisco, and Vancouver

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-253

  Huey, Laura ^a  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84967329260     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (252)

1. Adilman, Steve, and Gordon Kliewer. 2000. ‘Pain and Wasting on Main and Hastings: A Perspective from the Vancouver Native Health Society Medical Clinic.’ BC Medical Journal 42(9): 422-5.
2. Allen, Tom C. 2000. Someone to Talk To: Care and Control of the Homeless. Halifax, NS: Fernwood.
3. Anderson, Simon, Richard Kinsey, Ian Loader, and Connie Smith. 1994. Cautionary Tales: Young People and Policing in Edinburgh. Aldershot: Avebury.
4. Baldassare, Mark. 2002. A California State of Mind: The Conflicted Voter in a Changing World. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
5. Banton, Michael. 1964. The Policeman in the Community. London: Tavistock.
6. Bauman, Zygmunt. 1997. Postmodernity and Its Discontents. Cambridge: Polity Press.
7. Bauman, Zygmunt. 1999. ‘The Burning of Popular Fear.’ New Internationalist 310: 20-4.
8. Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. ‘What It Means “To Be Excluded”: Living to Stay Apart - or Together.’ In Peter Askonas and Angus Steward (eds), Social Inclusion: Possibilities and Tensions, 73-88. London: St Martin’s Press.
9. Bermingham, John. 2004. ‘Welfare Cheques Put Demand on Injection Site.’ The Vancouver Province, 19 August, A26.
10. Bittner, Egon. 1967. ‘The Police on Skid-Row: A Study of Peace Keeping.’ American Sociological Review 32(5): 699-715.
11. Bittner, Egon. 1990 [1970]. Aspects of Police Work. Ann Arbor, MI: Northeastern University Press.
12. Black, DonaldJ. 1980. The Manners and Customs of the Police. New York: Academic Press.
13. Blomley, Nicholas. 1998. ‘Landscapes of Property.’ Law and Society Review 32(3): 567-613.
14. Blumberg, Leonard U., Thomas E. Shipley, Jr., and Stephen F. Barsky. 1978. Liquor and Poverty: Skid Row as a Human Condition. New Brunswick, NJ: Journal of Studies on Alcohol.
15. Blumberg, Leonard, Thomas E. Shipley, Jr., and Irving W. Shandler. 1973. Skid Row and Its Alternatives: Research and Recommendations from Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
16. Bradford, Neil. 1999. ‘The Policy Influence of Economic Ideas: Interests, Institutions and Innovation in Canada.’ Studies in Political Economy 59 (Summer): 17-60.
17. Brown, Douglas M. 2002. Market Rules: Economic Union Reform and Intergovernmental Policy-Making in Australia and Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
18. Brown, Michael K. 1981. Working the Street: Police Discretion and the Dilemmas of Reform. New York: Russell Sage.
19. Buchan, Bruce. 2002. ‘Zero Tolerance, Mandatory Sentencing and Early Liberal Arguments for Penal Reform.’ International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30(3): 201-18.
20. Bula, Frances. 2001. ‘700 Sign Up to Speak against Centres for Drug Users: Chinatown Merchants Vow to Fight Health Board Initiatives for the Downtown Eastside.’ The Vancouver Sun, 17 February, B4.
21. Bula, Frances. 2003a. ‘Homeless Top Issue for Vancouver Voters.’ The Vancouver Sun, 28 November, B5.
22. Bula, Frances. 2003b. ‘Mayor Takes Flack for Police Deficit Plan.’ The Vancouver Sun, 11 July, A1.
23. Bula, Frances, and Petti Fong. 2003. ‘Police Drug Plan was Six Months in the Making.’ The Vancouver Sun, 11 April, A1.
24. California State Attorney General’s Office. 2003. http://caag.state.ca.us/(accessed 6 June 2003).
25. Castel, Robert. 1991. ‘From Dangerousness to Risk.’ In Graham Burchell, Graham, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 281-98. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Chan, Janet B.L., Chris Devery, and Sally Doran. 2003. Fair Cop: Learning the Art of Policing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
27. City of Edinburgh. 2003. ‘City Of Edinburgh Council: Key Facts And Figures 2003-2004.’ http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk (accessed 15 April 2004).
28. City of Edinburgh. 2004. http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk (accessed 15 April 2004).
29. City of San Francisco. 2003. ‘Consolidated Budget and Annual Appropriate Allowance for Fiscal Year Ending June 20, 2004.’ http://www.sfgov.org/(accessed 29 April 2004).
30. City of San Francisco. 2004. http://www.sfgov.org (accessed 19 May 2004).
31. City of Vancouver. 2000. Downtown Eastside Community Monitoring Report. Vancouver: City of Vancouver.
32. City of Vancouver. 2001. Downtown Eastside Community Monitoring Report. Vancouver: City of Vancouver.
33. City of Vancouver. 2003. http://www.city.vancouver.bc.ca (accessed 16 January 2003).
34. Clarke, P.H. 2000. ‘Adam Smith, Stoicism and Religion in the 18th Century.’ History of the Human Sciences 13(4): 49-72.
35. Coalition on Homelessness (San Francisco). 2003. http://www.sf-homeless-coalition.org (accessed 30 June 2003).
36. Daiches, David. 1978. Edinburgh. London: Hamish Hamilton.
37. Davidson, Lynn, and Brian Ferguson. 2003. ‘First Step in Rebirth of Fire-Hit Old Town.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 3 April 2003).
38. Davis, Mike. 1992. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Books.
39. Dean, Mitchell. 1999. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: Sage.
40. Decker, John. 2002. Covington’s Homeless. http://www.intac.com/~jdeck/Covdex2. html (accessed 12 March 2002).
41. Denholm, Andrew. 2004. ‘Funding Fears Grow over Anti-social Behaviour Bill.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 14 April 2004).
42. Denver, David, James Mitchell, Charles Pattie, and Hugh Bochel. 2000. Scotland Decides: The Devolution Issue and the 1997Referendum. London: Frank Cass.
43. Department for Work and Pensions (United Kingdom government). 2004. wwwjobcentreplus.gov.uk (accessed 19 May 2004).
44. Dick, Sandra. 2003. ‘Building a Picture of the Past.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 3 April 2003).
45. Directors of Central Area Planning and Legal Services. 1996. Policy Report to Vancouver City Council, 9 April 1996. Department file no.: VAI.
46. Duneier, Mitchell. 1999. Sidewalk. New York: Farrar Strauss and Giroux.
47. Edinburgh Evening News. 2002. ‘More than 500 Years of History Goes up in Smoke.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 3 April 2003).
48. Edinburgh Evening News. 2003a. ‘Division of the Capital’s Resources.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 17 June 2003).
49. Edinburgh Evening News. 2003b. ‘103 People Sleeping Rough on City Streets.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 27 April 2004).
50. Edinburgh Old Town website. 2003. http://www.edinburgholdtown.org.uk (accessed 6 May 2003).
51. Edmondson, Richard. 2000. Rising Up: Class Warfare in America from the Streets to the Airwaves. San Francisco: Librad Press.
52. Ellickson, Robert C. 1996. ‘Controlling Chronic Misconduct in City Spaces: Of Panhandlers, Skid Rows, and Public-Space Zoning.’ The Yale Law Journal 105(5): 1165-1248.
53. Ericson, Richard V. 1982. Reproducing Order: A Study of Police Patrol Work. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
54. Ericson, Richard. 1994. ‘The Division of Expert Knowledge in Policing and Security.’ British Journal of Sociology 45(2): 149-75.
55. Ericson, Richard, Dean Barry, and Aaron Doyle. 2000. ‘The Moral Hazards of Neo-liberalism: Lessons from the Private Insurance Industry.’ Economy and Society 29(4): 532-58.
56. Ericson, Richard V., and Kevin D. Haggerty. 1997. Policing the Risk Society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
57. Fagan, Ronald W. 2002. ‘Homelessness.’ In Charles F. Hohm and James A. Glynn (eds), California’s Social Problems, 2nd ed., 15-30. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
58. Ferguson, Brian. 2003a. ‘Council Tax Rises by 4%.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 3 April 2003).
59. Ferguson, Brian. 2003b. ‘Cairns Declares War on Capital Beggars.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 21 April 2004).
60. Ferguson, Brian. 2003c. ‘Homeless Training for Shop Staff.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 22 April 2004).
61. Fielding, Nigel G. 2002. ‘Theorizing Community Policing,’ British Journal of Criminology 42: 147-63.
62. Fitzpatrick, Suzanne, and Catherine Kennedy. 2001. ‘The Links between Begging and Rough Sleeping: A Question of Legitimacy?’ Urban Housing Studies 16(5): 549-68.
63. Forbes, Elaine, and Emily Gumper. 2002. ‘Processing “Quality of Life” Violations.’ Legislative Analyst Report. City of San Francisco. 15 May.
64. Foucault, Michel. 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheriden. New York: Vintage Books.
65. Foucault, Michel. 1991. ‘Governmentality.’ In Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, 87-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
66. Foucault, Michel. 1994. ‘Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Critique of Political Reason.’ In Paul Rabinow and Nicholas Rose (eds), The Essential Foucault, 180-201. New York: The New Press.
67. Foucault, Michel. 1995 [1977]. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books.
68. Foucault, Michel. 2003. ‘Society Must Be Defended’: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976. Edited by Mauro Bertani and Allessandro Fontana. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador.
69. Gammadge, Allen X., David L. Jorgensen, and Eleanor M. Jorgenson. 1972. Alcoholism, Skid Row and the Police. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers.
70. Gardner, Anthony, and Peter Lindstrom. 1997. ‘Police on the Homelessness Front Line: A Postmortem of San Francisco’s Matrix Program.’ In Martin L. Forst (ed.), The Police and the Homeless: Creating a Partnership between Law Enforcement and Social Service Agencies in the Development of Effective Policies and Programs, 98-117. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
71. Garland, David. 1996. ‘The Limits of the Sovereign State: Strategies of Crime Control in Contemporary Society.’ The British Journal of Criminology 26: 44567.
72. Garr, Allen. 2003. ‘New Police Chief Alienating Longtime Allies.’ The Vancouver Courier, 4 May, 10.
73. Giamo, Benedict. 1989. On the Bowery: Confronting Homelessness in American Society. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
74. Giddens, Anthony. 1994. Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
75. Giddens, Anthony. 1998. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.
76. Giffen, PJ. 1966. ‘The Revolving Door: A Functional Interpretation.’ Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 3(3): 343-54.
77. Gitlin, Todd. 1995. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars. New York: Henry Holt.
78. Gordon, Rachel. 2002. ‘Census Data Yields Surprises about San Francisco Districts.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 January 2003).
79. Gordon, Rachel. 2003. ‘S.F. Budget Plan Avoids Deep Cuts, Big Layoffs: City’s Businesses, Residents, Visitors Will Share the Pain.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 April 2004).
80. Graham, Jamie H. 2003. ‘Revised Community Policing Centre Model.’ Report to Vancouver Police Board (#03-24), 27 April.
81. Graves, Judy. 2004. ‘Shelterless in Vancouver, 2004.’ Administrative Report to Vancouver City Council, 10 February. CC File no. 4659.
82. Gray, John. 1999. False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism. London: Granta.
83. Greene, Jack R. 1998. ‘Evaluating Planned Change Strategies in Modern Law Enforcement: Implementing Community-Based Policing.’ In Jean-Paul Brodeur (ed), How to Recognize Good Policing: Problems and Issues, 141-60. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
84. Hamilton, Jane. 2003. ‘Capital Police Costs Hitting Beat Bobbies’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 24 September 2003).
85. Hamilton, Jane, and Miranda Fettes. 2003. ‘Is Masterplan a Criminal Failure?’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 17 June 2003).
86. Hampton, Adriel. 2003a. ‘Judge Spikes Voters’ Plan for Homelessness.’ The San Francisco Examiner, online edition.http://www.sfexaminer.com (accessed 15 May 2003).
87. Hampton, Adriel. 2003b. ‘With Newsom in Mexico, Supes Pass CnC Rival Bill.’ The San Francisco Examiner, online edition.http://www.sfexaminer.com (accessed 9 July 2003).
88. Hampton, Adriel. 2004. ‘Daly: Stop Babying the Police Budget.’ The San Francisco Examiner, online edition.http://www.sfexaminer.com (accessed 15 May 2004).
89. Harcourt, Bernard. E. 1998. ‘Reflecting on the Subject: A Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows theory, and Order-Maintenance Policing New York Style.’ Michigan Law Review 97(2): 291-390.
90. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2001. Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Harris, Richard N. 1978. ‘The Police Academy and the Professional Self-Image.’ In P. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds), Policing: A View from the Street, 273-91. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
92. Hayek, Friedrich A. 1969 [1944]. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
93. Hearn, Jonathan. 2002. ‘Identity, Class and Civil Society in Scotland’s Neonationalism.’ Nations and Nationalism 8(1): 15-30.
94. Heath, Joseph. 2001. The Efficient Society: Why Canada Is as Close to Utopia as It Gets. Toronto: Penguin.
95. Herbert, Steve. 1996. ‘Morality in Law Enforcement: Chasing “Bad Guys” with the Los Angeles Police Department.’ Law and Society Review 30(4): 799-817.
96. Herbert, Steve. 2001a. ‘Policing the Contemporary City: Fixing Broken Windows or Shoring Up Neo-liberalism?’ Theoretical Criminology 5(4): 445-66.
97. Herbert, Steve. 2001b. ‘“Hard Charger” or “Station Queen?” Policing and the Masculinist State.’ Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 8(1): 55-72.
98. Hoge, Patrick. 2001a. ‘Squalor in the Streets: S.F. Turning Blind Eye to Homeless Addicts Tenderloin Drug Busts Underway.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 January 2003).
99. Hoge, Patrick. 2001b. ‘Call for Action on Street Drunks.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 16 May 2003).
100. Howell, Mike. 2003a. ‘Police Crackdown Having an Effect.’ The Vancouver Courier, 7 May 2003, 7.
101. Howell, Mike. 2003b. ‘Police Form Task Force to Tackle Problem Crime Areas.’ The Vancouver Courier, 5 March, 7.
102. Hua, Vanessa. 2003. ‘Business Community Disappointed: S.F. Merchants Had Backed Proposition N.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com(accessed 29 April 2004).
103. Huey, Laura, Richard V. Ericson, and Kevin D. Haggerty. 2005. ‘Policing Fantasy City.’ In D Coolley (ed.), Reimagining Policing, 140-208. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
104. Hughes, Everett C. 1951. ‘Work and the Self.’ In J.H. Rohrer and M. Sherif (eds), Social Psychology at the Crossroads: The University of Oklahoma Lectures in Social Psychology, 313-23. New York: Harper and Brothers.
105. Jeffrey, Brooke. 1999. Hard Right Turn: The New Face of Neo-conservatism in Canada. Toronto: HarperCollins.
106. Johnson, Pat. 2002. ‘Vancouver Voters Usually Give the Boot to Victoria’s Toadies.’ The Vancouver Sun, 15 February, A15.
107. Jordan, Bill. 1996. A Theory of Poverty and Social Exclusion. Cambridge: Polity Press.
108. Kaplan, Robert D. 1997. The Ends of the Earth: A Journey to the Frontiers of Anarchy. New York: Vintage Books.
109. Kelling, George L., and Catherine M. Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York: Martin Kessler Books.
110. Kennedy, Catherine, and Suzanne Fitzpatrick. 2001. ‘Begging, Rough Sleeping and Social Exclusion: Implications for Social Policy.’ Urban Studies 38(11): 2001-16.
111. Keynes, John Maynard. 1927. The End of Laissez-Faire. London: Hogarth Press.
112. Klein, Annette. 2003. Operating Budget - Final Estimates. City of Vancouver Administrative Report, CC File no. 1605, 22 April 2003.
113. Kleinig, John. 1993. ‘Policing the Homeless: An Ethical Dilemma.’ Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 2(4): 293-309.
114. Lee, Jeff. 2001. ‘Police “Not Pursuing” Arrests for Possession of Hard Drugs: Vancouver Inspector Makes Revelation at Senate Hearing.’ The Vancouver Sun, 19 November, B1.
115. Lee, Jeff. 2002. ‘Landslide Trigger: West-Side Swing Vote: District of Both the Premier and Mayor-Elect Mirrors Outcome.’ The Vancouver Sun, 19 November, B1.
116. Lee, Mario, and Bill Goddard. 2003. ‘New Community Policing Centres Model.’ Vancouver City Council Administrative Report, RTS no. 3466, C.C. File no. 3703, 18 June 2003.
117. Lelchuk, Ilene. 2002. ‘Campaign 2002: S.F. Homeless Crisis Spills onto Ballot.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 January 2003).
118. Lelchuk, Ilene. 2003. ‘Homeless Protest S.F. Fingerprinting Plan.’ The San
119. Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 18 March 2003).
120. Lelchuk, Ilene, and Julian Guthrie. 2002. ‘S.F. Board OKs Ban on Public Urination: Unanimous Vote “Demonstrates We Live in a Civilized Society.”’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 January 2003).
121. Lloyd, Mike. 2001. ‘Rough Sleepers Come in from the Cold.’ BBC News online. http://www.bbc.com (accessed 31 March 2003).
122. Loader, Ian. 1999. ‘Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security.’ Sociology 33(2): 373-92.
123. Lothian and Borders Police. 2001. Lothian and Borders Police Strategic Aims 20012004. Internal report of the force.
124. Lothian and Borders Police. 2003a. Operation Capital website. http://www.operationcapital. com (accessed 27 July 2003) (now defunct).
125. Lothian and Borders Police. 2003b. The Record, Public Performance Report 20022003. http://www.lbp.police.uk (accessed 29 October 2002).
126. Lothian and Borders Police press office. 2004. Personal communication to author.
127. Lothian and Borders Police website. 2003c. http://www.lbp.police.uk (accessed 29 October 2002; 19 September 2003).
128. Luba, Frank. 2003. ‘Vancouver Given Green Light to Open First Safe-injection Site in North America.’ The Vancouver Province, 25 June, A4.
129. Lyons, William. 1999. The Politics of Community Policing: Rearranging the Power to Punish. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
130. Macallair, Dan, and Khaled Taqi-Eddin. 1999. Shattering ‘Broken Windows’: An Analysis of San Francisco’s Alternative Crime Policies. San Francisco: The Justice Policy Institute.
131. MacPherson, Donald. 2001. A Framework for Action: A Four Pillar Approach to Drug Problems in Vancouver. City of Vancouver report.
132. Maleshefski, Tiffany. 2003. ‘Park Officials Hope to Stave Off Deep Cuts.’ The San Francisco Examiner, online edition.http://www.sfexaminer.com (accessed 20 May 2003).
133. Manning, Peter. 1977. Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
134. Manning, Peter. 1978. ‘The Police: Mandate, Strategies, and Appearances.’ In P. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds), Policing: A View from the Street, 7-31. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
135. Manning, Peter K. 2003. Policing Contingencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
136. Marx, Karl. 1966 [1844]. The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Edited by Dirk J. Struik. Translated by Martin Milligan. New York: International Publishers.
137. Mather, Adrian. 2003. ‘Old Town Shops Call for Blitz on Drunks.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 7 June 2003).
138. Mattier, Phillip, and Andrew Ross. 2002. ‘S.F. Billboards Slap Handouts for Feeding Panhandlers’ Vices: Hotel Council Says Giving to Beggars Fuels Drug Use, Venereal Disease.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com(accessed 1 May 2004).
139. Mayor’s Office on Homelessness (San Francisco). 2002. 2002Homeless Count Report. http://www.sfgov.ca.us (accessed 17 April 2004).
140. McDougall, Dan. 2002. ‘Handouts to Heartbreak.’ Scotland on Sunday, http://www.scotsman. com (accessed 31 March 2003).
141. Mclnnes, Craig. 2002. ‘Fewer People Get Welfare: About 29,000 Have Gone off the Rolls in 12 Months.’ The Vancouver Sun, 25 July, B7.
142. McKenna, Paul F. 1998. Foundations of Policing in Canada. Toronto: Prentice Hall.
143. McLaughlin, Eugene, and Karim Murji. 2001. ‘Lost Connections and New Directions: Neo-Liberalism, New Public Managerialism and the “Modernization” of the British Police.’ In K. Stenson and R. Sullivan (eds), Crime, Risk and Justice: The Politics of Crime Control in Liberal Democracies, 104-22. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing.
144. McLellan, Wendy. 2003. ‘Parents, Trustees Want School Police Back to Full Strength.’ The Vancouver Province, 4 November, A11.
145. McNulty, Jim. 2002. ‘Campbell Cuts Put Harris, Klein to Shame.’ The Vancouver Province, 20 January, A27.
146. McSheehy, William. 1979. Skid Row. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall and Co.
147. Miller, Ronald J. 1982. The Demolition of Skid Row. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
148. Ministry of Human Resources (BC). 2002. A New Era Update: 2001/02 Annual Report.
149. Ministry of Human Resources (BC) website. 2003. http://www.mhr.bc.gov.bc.ca (accessed 24 January 2004).
150. Monaghan, Bernadette. 1997. ‘Crime Prevention in Scotland.’ International Journal of the Sociology of Law 25(2): 21-44.
151. Mooney, Chris. 2003. ‘More Homeless Given Roof over Their Heads.’ Edinburgh Evening News, online edition. http://news.scotsman.com (accessed 7 June 2003).
152. Morton, Brian. 2002. ‘Chinatown Merchants Blast Addict Centre: Area Is Scary, One Shop Owner Says.’ The Vancouver Sun, 17 January, B7.
153. Murray, Charles. 1999. ‘And Now for the Bad News.’ Society 37(1): 12-16.
154. National Centre for Social Research. 1999. Scottish Parliamentary Election Study (Scottish Social Attitudes Survey, 1999). Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive. June 2001. SN 4636.
155. Neocleous, Mark. 1998. ‘Policing and Pin-Making: Adam Smith, Police and the State of Prosperity.’ Policing and Society 8(4): 425-49.
156. Nordberg, Maya. 2002. ‘Jails Not Homes: Quality of Life on the Streets of San Francisco.’ Hastings’s Women’s Law Journal 13 (Summer): 261-315.
157. Obe, Don. 1960. ‘Skid Road Aid Picks Pockets of Taxpayers, Expert Says.’ The Vancouver Sun, 2 December, 1, 2.
158. O’Connor, Brendan. 2002. ‘Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton’s Third Way Welfare Politics 1992-1996.’ Australian Journal of Politics and History 48(3): 396-411.
159. Office of the Controller, City of San Francisco. 2002. ‘Homeless Services: The City Lacks Commonly Accepted Goals and an Effective Plan for Its Homeless Services.’ http://www.sfgov.org (accessed 29 April 2004).
160. Office of the Controller, City of San Francisco. 2003.’Police Department Budget 2002-03.’ http://www.sfgov.org (accessed 22 May 2003).
161. O’Malley, Pat. 1992. ‘Risk, Power and Crime Prevention.’ Economy and Society 21(3): 252-75.
162. O’Malley, Pat, and Darren Palmer. 1996. ‘Post-Keynesian Policing.’ Economy and Society 25(2): 137-55.
163. One City (Edinburgh City Council). 2003. http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk (accessed 9 June 2003).
164. Parrish, David. 2002. ‘Outdated Technology Compounds Cops’ Woes: New Software Could Help S.F. Crime-Solving Record.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 1 May 2003).
165. Parrish, David, and Jaxon Van Derbeken. 2002. SFPD Dead Last at Solving Violent Crime.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 4 December 2003).
166. Passaro, Joanne. 1996. The Unequal Homeless: Men on the Streets, Women in Their Place. New York: Routledge.
167. Paterson, Lindsay, Alice Brown, John Curtice, Kerstin Hinds, David McCrone, Alison Park, Kerry Sproston, and Paula Surridge. 2001. New Scotland, New Politics? Edinburgh: Polygon.
168. Plotkin, Martha R., and Tony Narr. 1997. ‘Police: The Forgotten Service Provider.’ In Martin L. Forst (ed.), The Police and the Homeless: Creating a Partnership between Law Enforcement and Social Service Agencies in the Development of Effective Policies and Programs, 58-86. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
169. Punch, Maurice. 1979. Policing the Inner City: A Study of Amsterdam’s Warmoesstraat. London: Macmillan Press.
170. Reiner, Robert. 1992. The Politics of the Police, 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
171. Rich, B., and D. LePard. 2003. ‘2003 Police Sworn Staffing Funding Request for the Downtown Eastside.’ Vancouver City Council Administrative Report, RTS no. 03482, C.C. File no. 1376/8104, 27 June.
172. Roberts, Dorothy E. 1999. ‘Foreword: Race, Vagueness, and the Social Meaning of Order-Maintenance Policing.’ Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 89(3): 775-837.
173. Robinson, Tony. 1995. ‘Gentrification and Grassroots Resistance in San Francisco’s Tenderloin.’ Urban Affairs Review 30(4): 483-514.
174. Ropke, Wilhelm. 1987. The Problem of Economic Order, Welfare Freedom and Inflation. Edited by Johannes Overbeek. New York: University Press of America.
175. Rose, Nicholas. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Polity.
176. Rossi, Peter H. 1989. Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
177. Rough Sleepers Initiative. 2003. Monitoring the Target of Ending the Need to Sleep
178. Rough by 2003. Report of the Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk (accessed 31 March 2004).
179. Rubenstein, Jonathan. 1978. ‘Controlling People.’ In P. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds), Policing: A View from the Street, 255-65. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
180. Ruddick, Sue. 2002. ‘Metamorphosis Revisited: Restricting Discourses of Citizenship.’ In Joe Hermer and Janet Mosher (eds), Disorderly People: Law and the Politics of Exclusion, 55-64. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing.
181. Rustow, Alexander. 1980. Freedom and Domination: A Historical Critique of Civilization. Edited by Kankwart A. Rustow. Translated by Salvator Attanasio. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
182. Safety Awareness for Everyone (SAFE). Undated. ‘How to Organize a SAFE Neighbourhood.’ Brochure.
183. San Francisco Police Activities League (SFPAL). Undated. ‘San Francisco Police Activities League.’ Brochure.
184. San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) website. 2003. http://www.sfgov.org/police (accessed 15 May 2003).
185. San Francisco Police Officers Association (SFPOA). 2001. http://www.sfpoa.org (accessesd 1 November 2003).
186. San Francisco Rescue Mission. 2003. http://www.sf911.com (accessed 15 June 2003).
187. San Francisco SOS website. 2003. http://www.sfsos.org (accessed 10 June 2003).
188. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 2003. ‘Most Junkies Too Paranoid to Use Safe Injection Site.’ Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, 26 December, C5.
189. Saunders, Ralph. H. 1999. ‘The Politics and Practice of Community Policing in Boston.’ Urban Geography 20(5): 461-82.
190. Schrag, Peter. 1998. Paradise Lost: California’s Experience, America’s Future. New York: The New Press.
191. Scotland Office. 2002. Website of the Scottish Secretary (United Kingdom government). http://www.scottishsecretary.gov.uk (accessed 29 October 2002).
192. Scottish Advisory Committee on Drug Misuse. 2003. ‘Mind the Gaps: Meeting the Needs of People with Co-occurring Substance Misuse and Mental Health Problems.’ A Report of the Scottish Executive. http://www.scotland.gov.uk (accessed 21 March 2004).
193. Scottish Executive. 1999. ‘Major Cash Boost for Rough Sleepers.’ Press release. http://www.scotland.gov.uk (accessed 31 March 2003).
194. Scottish Executive. 2000. The Way Forward: Framework for Economic Development in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.
195. Scottish Executive. 2004. ‘Corporate Action Plans.’ Drug Misuse in Scotland website. http://drugmisuse.isdscotland.org (accessed 29 May 2004).
196. Scull, Andrew T. 1977. Decarceration: Community Treatment and the Deviant — A Radical View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
197. Shearing, Clifford D., and Philip C. Stenning. 1984. ‘From the Panopticon to Disney World: The Development of Discipline.’ In Anthony Doob and Edward Greenspan (eds), Perspectives in Criminal Law. Aurora, ON: Canada Law Book. Pp. 413-22.
198. Shearing, Clifford D., and Jeffrey S. Leon. 1992. ‘Reconsidering the Police Role.’ In Kevin R.E. McCormick and Livy A. Visano (eds), Understanding Policing, 209-28. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
199. Silver, Allan. 1992. ‘The Demand for Order in Civil Society.’ In Kevin R.E. McCormick and Livy Visano (eds), Understanding Policing, 57-82. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
200. Simmel, Georg. 1971 [1903]. ‘Metropolis and Mental Life.’ In D. Levine (ed.), Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, 324-39. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
201. Skelton, Chad. 2004. ‘B.C. Detox Bed Shortage Helps Spread HIV, Study Suggests: Addicts Who Try to Get Treatment and Fail Are More Likely to Share Needles.’ The Vancouver Sun, 26 May, A1.
202. Skogan, Wesley G. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
203. Skolnick, Jerome H. 1999. ‘On Democratic Policing.’ Ideas in American Policing. Police Foundation paper. August.
204. Smith, Adam. 1986 [1759]. ‘The Theory of Moral Sentiments.’ In Robert L. Heilbroner (ed.), The Essential Adam Smith, 57-148. New York: W.W. Norton.
205. Smith, Adam. 1986 [1766]. ‘Lectures on Jurisprudence.’ In Robert L. Heilbroner (ed.), The Essential Adam Smith, 37-56. New York: W.W. Norton.
206. Smith, Adam. 1986 [1776]. ‘The Wealth of Nations.’ In Robert L. Heilbroner (ed.), The Essential Adam Smith, 149-320. New York: W.W. Norton.
207. Smyth, Michael. 2001. ‘Welfare No Longer a Free Ride, Coell Warns.’ The Vancouver Province, 7 October, A3.
208. Smyth, Michael. 2003. ‘Gordon Campbell’s Liberals Continue to Lead a Charmed Life.’ The Vancouver Province, 29 May, A6.
209. Special Joint Committee on ‘Skid Road.’ 1966. Meeting minutes, 22 August 1966. City of Vancouver archives, City Clerk files (series 20). Locn.: 79-C-5 (file 3).
210. Spencer, Kent. 2003. ‘Taxes Hit Wallets Hard.’ The Vancouver Province, 19 May, A3.
211. Spitzer, Steven. 1975. ‘Towards a Marxian Theory of Deviance.’ Social Problems 22: 641-75.
212. Spradley, James P. 1970. You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads. Boston: Little, Brown.
213. Stein, Janice Gross. 2001. The Cult of Efficiency. Toronto: Anansi.
214. Stewart, Kennedy. 2003. ‘Storming the Tower.’ Vancouver’s Voice (COPE) newsletter (Winter/Spring): 4-5.
215. Takser, Anne. 1992. Profile of the Downtown Eastside: The People and the Place. Report of the Downtown Eastside Economic Development Society.
216. Toch, Hans, and J. Douglas Grant. 1991. Police as Problem Solvers. New York: Plenum.
217. Trojanowicz, Robert, Victor E. Kappeler, Larry K. Gaines, and Bonnie Bucqueroux. 1998. Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective, 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
218. Tryon, Pat. 1953. ‘Salvation Army’s “Harbour Light” Brings New Hope to Outcasts.’ The Vancouver Province, 28 October, 13.
219. Turvey, John. 2000. ‘Our Street, Monday Morning: An Insider’s View from Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside.’ The Vancouver Sun, 19 September 2000, A13.
220. Vancouver Coastal Health Authority website. 2004. http://www.vch.ca (accessed 24 November 2004).
221. Vancouver Police Board. 2003. Meeting Minutes, 26 March.
222. Vancouver Police Department. 1977. Annual Report. City of Vancouver archives, Police Department fonds (PDS25).
223. Vancouver Police Department. 2003. Annual Statistical Report 2002. Vancouver: VPD.
224. Vancouver Province. 2003. ‘What B.C.’s Budget Means to You.’ The Vancouver Province, 19 February, A4.
225. Van Derbeken, Jaxon. 2003. ‘Shakeup of S.F. Police Investigators: Teams Join Night Shift at District Stations.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 4 December 2003).
226. Van Derbeken, Jaxon J, and David Parrish. 2002. ‘“A Wake-up Call”: S.F. Police Chief Promises Changes after Report that Department Solves Only 28% of Violent Crime.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 9 May 2004).
227. Van Derbeken, Jaxon J, and David Parrish. 2002. ‘SFPD Still Lags in Solving Violent Crimes: Dismal Record Unchanged Despite Embarrassing Reports.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 4 December 2003).
228. Van de Water, Adam, Jesse Martinez, Gabriel Cabrera, Elaine Forbes, and Emily Gumper. 2002. ‘Summary of 2000 City and County Census Data.’ Legislative Analyst Report. File no. 012214. City of San Francisco, 26 February.
229. Van Maanen, John J. 1978a. ‘Kinsmen in Repose: Occupational Perspectives of Patrolmen.’ In P. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds), Policing: A View from the Street, 115-40. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
230. Van Maanen, John J. 1978b. ‘The Asshole.’ In P. Manning and J. Van Maanen (eds), Policing: A View from the Street, 221-37. Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
231. Wacquant, Loic. 2002. ‘From Slavery to Mass Incarceration: Rethinking the “Race Question” in the U.S.’ New Left Review 13 (January-February): 23-40.
232. Wacquant, Loic. 2003. ‘Ghetto.’ In Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129-47. London: Pergamon Press.
233. Waddington, P.A.J. 1993. Calling the Police Interpretation of, and Response to, Calls for Assistance from the Police. Aldershot: Avebury.
234. Wallace, Samuel E. 1965. Skid Row as a Way of Life. NewJersey: Bedminster Press.
235. Ward, Doug. 2002. ‘COPE Win Gives Liberals an Opposition.’ The Vancouver Sun, 18 November, A7.
236. Wardhaugh, Julia. 1996. ‘“Homeless in Chinatown”: Deviance and Social Control in Cardboard City.’ Sociology 30(4): 701-16.
237. Waters, Rob, and Wade Hudson. 1998. ‘The Tenderloin: What Makes a Neighborhood.’ In James Brook, Chris Carlsson, and Nancy J. Peters (eds), Reclaiming San Francisco: History, Politics, Culture, 301-16. San Francisco: City Lights Books.
238. Weber, Max. 1991 [1904]. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. London: Harper Collins.
239. Weber, Max. 1947 [1919]. Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Edited by Talcott Parsons. New York: Free Press.
240. Websdale, Neil. 2001. Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
241. Weir, Margaret. 1996. ‘From Equal Opportunity to “The New Social Contract”: Race and the Politics of the American “Underclass.”’ In Malcolm Cross and Michael Keith’s (eds), Racism: The City and the State, 93-107. New York: Routledge.
242. Werner, Erica. 2003. ‘Recall Could Be an Example for Nation.’ San Francisco Examiner, online edition.http://www.sfexaminer.com (accessed 9 July 2003).
243. Wilson, James Q. 1968. Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management ofLaw and Order in Eight Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
244. Wilson, James Q., and George L. Kelling. 1982. ‘Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety.’ Atlantic Monthly, March, 29-38.
245. Wilson, William Julius. 1996. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
246. Winokur, Scott. 1999. ‘Thugs, Drugs and Shrugs.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com (accessed 15 January 2003).
247. Wiseman, Jacqueline P. 1970. Stations of the Lost: The Treatment of Skid Row Alcoholics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
248. Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. 2002. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
249. Young, Cy. 1951. ‘Skid Road.’ The Vancouver Sun Weekend Picture Magazine, 1 December, 7-11.
250. Young, Jock. 1999. The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. London: Sage.
251. Zoellner, Tom. 2000. ‘Tough Duty: Gritty Tenderloin Force Will Soon Move Out of Basement Quarters.’ The San Francisco Chronicle, online edition. http://www.sfgate.com(accessed 15 January 2003).
252. Zweig, Konrad. 1979. ‘The Origins of the German Market Economy: The Leadings Ideas and Their Intellectual Roots.’ Paper of the Adam Smith Institute. http://www.adamsmith.org (accessed 21January 2004).