Gramsci’s politics of language: Engaging the bakhtin circle and the Frankfurt school

Gramsci's Politics of Language: Engaging the Bakhtin Circle and the Frankfurt School

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-239

  Ives, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEG   (Canada)

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EID: 84967214957     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (518)

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2. Stuart Hall, ‘The Problem of Ideology: Marxism without Guarantees’ and ‘For Allon White: Metaphors of Transformation,’ in Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, ed. David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, (London: Routledge, 1996), 25-46 and 287-305;
3. Culture, Ideology and Social Process: A Reader, ed. Tony Bennet, Colin Mercer, and Janet Woollacott, (London: Open University Press, 1981).
4. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971), 429
5. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, 4 vols., ed. Valentino Gerrarana (Turin: Einaudi, 1975).
6. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, trans. William Boelhower (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 224-34.
7. Karl Marx, ‘Preface to the Second German Edition,’ Capital, vol. 1, trans. Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling (New York: Random House, 1906), 18.
8. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London: Verso, 1985), 59-71.
9. Sue Golding, Gramsci’s Democratic Theory (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992)
10. Michèle Barrett, The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), especially chapter 5.
11. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), 250-302.
12. Michel Foucault, Remarks on Marx, trans. R. James Goldstein and James Cascaito (New York: Semiotext(e), 1991), especially 103-13.
13. Barry Smart, ‘The Politics of Truth and the Problem of Hegemony,’ in Foucault: A Critical Reader, ed. David Couzens Hoy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 157-74.
14. Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe and Jean-Luc Nancy, Retreating the Political, ed. Simon Sparks (London: Routledge, 1997).
15. Nancy Fraser, Unruly Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 69-92.
16. Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx, trans. Peggy Kamuf (London: Routledge, 1994).
17. Jacques Derrida, ‘Politics and Friendship: An Interview with Jacques Derrida,’ trans. R. Harvey, in The Althusserian Legacy, ed. E. Ann Kaplan and Micheal Sprinker (New York: Verso, 1993), 183-231.
18. J.K. Gibson-Graham, ‘Haunting Capitalism … in the Spirit of Marx and Derrida,’ Rethinking Marxism 8, no. 4 (1995): 25-39;
19. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, ‘Speculations on Reading Marx: After Reading Derrida,’ in Post-Structuralism and the Question of History, ed. D. Attridge et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 30-62;
20. Michael Ryan, Marxism and Deconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).
21. Aijaz Ahmad, ‘Reconciling Derrida: "Spectres of Marx" and Deconstructive Politics,’ New Left Review 208 (November-December 1994): 88-106
22. Terry Eagleton, ‘Marxism without Marxism,’ Radical Philosophy 73 (September-Octobet 1995): 35-7.
23. Perry Anderson, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism (London: Verso, 1983), 44.
24. Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Retreat from Class (London: Verso, 1986), 5, 77-8.
25. Laclau and Mouffe, ‘Post-Marxism?’ New Left Review 163 (May-June 1987): 40-82;
26. Bryan D. Palmer, Descent into Discourse (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990).
27. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), 243-51
28. John Thompson’s ‘Editor’s Introduction,’ in the same volume, 29-31.
29. Jiirgen Habermas, Communication and the Evolution of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), 95-130.
30. Esteve Morera, Gramsci’s Historicism: A Realist Approach (London: Routledge, 1990), see especially 115-24.
31. Esteve Motera, ‘Gramsci’s Critical Modernity,’ Rethinking Marxism 12, no. 1 (2000): 16-46.
32. Louis Dupre, Marx’s Social Critique of Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), especially 10, 13, 79-98, 148, 227-8
33. Williams, Marxism and Literature, especially 27-34.
34. Alex Callinicos, Marxism and Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983), 96-113.
35. Sean Sayers, Reality and Reason: Dialectic and the Theory of Knowledge (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), xiv-xv.
36. Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 406-9, 24.
37. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky (Bloomington: Indiana Univeisity Press, 1984), especially 465-74.
38. Joseph Buttigieg, ‘Gramsci’s Merhod,’ Boundary 2, 17, no. 2 (1990): 60-81
39. ‘Philology and Politics: Returning to the Text of Antonio Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks,’ Boundary 2, 21, no. 2 (1994): 98-138.
40. Joseph V. Femia, Gramsci’s Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 35-50.
41. Roy Harris, Language, Saussure, and Wittgenstein (London: Routledge, 1988).
42. Charles Taylor, Human Agency and Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 248-55.
43. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe (New York: Macmillan, 1953), 8.
44. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, trans. Roy Harris (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1986), 118.
45. Marxism and Ideology, trans. Roger Griffin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 60-6.
46. Antonio Gramsci, Letters from Prison, trans. Lynne Lawner (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), 79.
47. Perry Anderson, ‘The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,’ New Left Review 100 (November 1976-January 1977): 13-15.
48. Franco Lo Piparo, Lingua intellettuali egemonia in Gramsci (Bari: Laterza, 1979)
49. ‘Studio del linguaggio e teoria gramsciana,’ Critica Marxista 2, no. 3 (1987): 167-75.
50. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, trans. William Boelhower (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 164-7.
51. Niels Helsloot, ‘Linguists of All Countries …! On Gramsci’s Premise of Coherence,’ Journal of Pragmatics 13 (1989): 547-66;
52. Leonardo Salamini, The Sociology of Political Praxis: An Introduction to Gramsci’s Theory (London: Routledge, 1981), 181-96;
53. Lucia Borghese, ‘Tia Alene in bicicletta: Gramsci traduttore dal tedesco e teorico della ttaduzione,’ Belfagor 36, no. 6 (1981): 635-65.
54. Anne Showstack Sassoon, ‘Gramsci’s Subversion of the Language of Politics,’ Rethinking Marxism 3, no. 1 (1990): 14-25.
55. Craig Brandist, ‘Gramsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony,’ New Left Review 216 (March-April, 1996): 94-109
56. ‘The Official and the Popular in Gramsci and Bakhtin,’ Theory, Culture, and Society 13, no. 2 (1996): 59-74;
57. David McNally, ‘Language, History, and Class Struggle’ Monthly Review 47, no. 3 (July-August 1995): 13-30;
58. E. San Juan, Jr, Hegemony and Strategies of Transgression (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 35-51;
59. Renate Holub Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism (New York: Routledge, 1992), 117-47.
60. Luigi Rosiello, ‘Linguistica e marxismo nel pensiero di Antonio Gramsci,’ in The History of Linguistics in Italy, ed. Paolo Ramat, Hans-J. Niederehe, and Konrad Koerner (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1986), 237-58;
61. Luigi Rosiello, ‘Problemi linguistici negli scritti di Gtamsci,’ in Gramsci e la cultura contemporanea, vol. 2, ed. Pietro Rossi (Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1970), 347-67;
62. M. Emilia Passaponti, ‘Gtamsci e le questioni linguistiche,’ Lingua, linguaggi, e società: Proposta per un aggiornamento, 2nd ed., ed. Stefano Gensini and Massimo Vedovelli (Florence: Tipolitografia F.lli Linari, 1981), 119-28;
63. Stefano Gensini, ‘Linguistica e questione politica della lingua,’ Crìtica Marxista 1 (1980): 151-65;
64. Antonio Carrannante, Antonio Gramsci e i problemi della lingua italiana,' Belfagor 28 (1973): 544-56;
65. Renzo De Felice, ‘Un corso di glottologia di Matteo Bartoli negli appunti di Antonio Gramsci,’ Rivista storica del socialismo 7(1964): 219-21;
66. Luigi Ambrosoli, ‘Nuovi contributi agli "Scritti giovanile" di Gramsci,’ Rivista storica del socialismo 3 (1960): 545-50.
67. André Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano filosofia della prassi,’ Marxismo oggi 1 (1996): 49-67;
68. Maurizio Lichtnet, ‘Traduzione e metafore in Gramsci,’ Critica Marxista 39, no. 1 (January-February 1991): 107-31;
69. Derek Boothman, ‘Translating Signal and Sign: The Case of Gramsci’s Quaderni,’ in Miscellanea fra linguistica e letteratura, ed. Antonio Loprieno (Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1988), 57-81.
70. Tullio De Mauro, preface to Lingua intellettuali egemonia in Gramsci, by Franco Lo Piparo (Bari: Laterza, 1979): ix.
71. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 106-9.
72. Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State, trans. David Fernbach (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1980), 9.
73. Bruno Migliorini, The Italian Language (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), 472.
74. Stefano Gensini, Elementi di storia linguistica italiana (Bergamo: Minerva Italica, 1982), which mentions Gramsci throughout.
75. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971), 438.
76. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, ed. Valentino Gerratana, 4 vols. (Turin: Einaudi, 1975).
77. Karl Marx, ‘Theses on Feuerbach,’ in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology: Part One (New York: International Publishers, 1991), 122.
78. Harvey Kaye, ‘Political Theory and History: Antonio Gtamsci and the British Marxist Historians,’ Italian Quarterly 31, nos. 119-20 (1990): 145-66.
79. Sebastiano Timpanaro, ‘Graziadio Ascoli,’ Belfagor 27, no. 2 (1972); 149-76, especially 170.
80. Tullio De Mauro, Storia linguistica delTItalia unita (Rome: Editori Laterza, 1986), 43, 95.
81. Giacomo Devoto, The Languages of Italy, trans. V. Louise Katainen (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 277.
82. Timpanaro, ‘Graziadio Ascoli’: 164-5.
83. Hermann Osthof F and Karl Brugmann, Morphologische Untersuchungen aufdem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen I (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1878)
84. A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics, ed. and trans. Winfred P. Lehmann (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1967), 199-202.
85. Benedetto Croce, The Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and of the Linguistic in General, trans. Colin Lyas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 156.
86. Karl Vossler, The Spirit of Language in Civilization, trans. Oscar Oeser (London: Kegan Paul, Tench Trubner, 1932), 15.
87. ‘The Official and the Popular in Gramsci and Bakhtin,’ 61-2
88. ‘Gramsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony,’ 94-109.
89. Croce, The Aesthetic, 160.
90. ‘The Translatabiliry of Scientific and Philosophical Languages,’ in Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 306-19.
91. V.N. Vololinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, trans. Ladislav Matejka and I.R. Titunik (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), especially chapter 1.
92. Steven B. Mansfield, ‘Introduction to Gramsci’s "Nores on Language,'" Telos 59 (1984): 119.
93. Helsloot, ‘Linguists of All Countries,’ 553-4.
94. ‘The Semiotics of Working Class Speech,’ Working Papers in Cultural Studies 9 (1976): 165.
95. ‘Linguists of All Countries,’ 552.
96. SPN, 54-5.
97. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 59. Translated by the author, as are all the following quotations.
98. Rosiello, ‘Linguistica e marxismo,’ 243-5.
99. Joseph V. Femia, Gramsci’s Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 4.
100. ‘Notebook Ten and the Critique of Benedetro Croce,’ Italian Quarterly 31, nos. 119-20 (1990): 23. Such approaches conceal the importance of linguistics to Gramsci’s work.
101. LP, 79-80.
102. Rosiello, ‘Linguistica e marxismo,’ 245-8.
103. Sebastiano Timpanaro, On Materialism, trans. Lawrence Garner (London: Verso, 1975), 145, 151.
104. Timpanaro, ‘Graziadio Ascoli,’ 149-76.
105. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 67-8.
106. Timpanaro, ‘Graziadio Ascoli,’ especially 160-74.
107. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 73
108. Timpanaro, On Materialism, 145.
109. Graziadio Ascoli, ‘Il tipo galloromano SEUV-SEBO,’ in Archivio glottologico italiano, 260-72.
110. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 69-70.
111. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, trans. Roy Harris (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1986), 118.
112. Kutt Jankowsky, The Neogrammarians (The Hague: Mouton, 1972), 230.
113. Matteo Bartoli, ‘Parte II: Criteri tecnici,’ in Guilio Bertoni and Matteo Bartoli, Breviario di neolinguistica (Modena: Società Tipografica Modenese, 1925), 66-75.
114. Matteo Battoli, Appunti di glottologia. Anno accademico 1912-13, part I, 25;
115. Lo Pipato, Lingua, 91.
116. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 106.
117. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 87.
118. Timpanaro, ‘Graziadio Ascoli,’ especially 152-5.
119. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 60.
120. Anronio Pagliaro’s Sommario di linguistica arioeuropea (1930);
121. Gramsci states: ‘It appears to me that much has changed (judging from the review) but that the basis on which linguistic studies can be situated has not been found.’ SCW, 177;
122. LP, 80.
123. Holub, Antonio Gramsci, 54-5.
124. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 98.
125. SCW, 30.
126. SCW, 183-4;.
127. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 135.
128. SPN, 438-9;
129. SCW, 26.
130. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 248.
131. Benedetto Croce, ‘Questa tavola rotonda equadrata,’ in Problemi di estetica e contributi allstoria dell’estetica italiana (Bari: Gius, Laterza e Figli, 1966), 172-6.
132. Croce, The Aesthetic, 156.
133. QC, 2341;
134. SCW, 179.
135. Croce, ‘Questa tavola,’ 173-4.
136. SCW, 179;.
137. SCW, 175; Q3§74.
138. Antonio Gramsci, Letters from Prison, vol. 1, ed. Frank Rosengarten, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 160.
139. Roland Barthes, Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (London: Paladin, 1973), 125.
140. Steven R. Mansfield, ‘On Language,’ Telos 59 (1984): 145.
141. Helsloot, ‘Linguists of All Countries,’ 553.
142. Lo Piparo, Lingua, 252.
143. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London: Verso, 1985), 47-91.
144. Caryl Emerson, The First Hundred Years of Mikhail Bakhtin (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997);
145. Craig Brandist, ‘Ethics, Politics and the Potential of Dialogism,’ Historical Materialism 5 (2000): 231-53;
146. Materializing Bakhtin: The Bakhtin Circle and Social Theory, ed. Craig Brandist and Galin Tihanov (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000).
147. Bakhtin, The Master and the Slave: Lukdcs, Bakhtin and the Ideas of Their Time (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).
148. Mikhail Bakhtin: An Aesthetic for Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
149. Brian Poole, ‘Bakhtin and Cassirer: The Philosophical Origins of Bakhtin’s Carnival Messianism,’ South Atlantic Quarterly 97, nos. 3/4 (1998): 537-78;
150. ‘From Phenomenology to Dialogue: Max Scheler’s Phenomeno-logical Tradition and Mikhail Bakhtin’s Development from "Towards a Philosophy of the Act" to His Study of Dostoevsky,’ in Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, 2nd ed., ed. Ken Hirschkop and David Shepherd (Manchestet: Manchester University Press, 2001), 109-35.
151. Craig Brandist, ‘Gtamsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony,’ New Left Review 216 (March-April 1996): 94-109;
152. Gramsci and Bakhtin,' Theory, Culture and Society 13, no. 2 (1996): 59-74;
153. Renate Holub, Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1992), 18-19, 132-40.
154. M.M. Bakhtin, ‘Discourse in the Novel,’ in The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981), 259-422
155. See Raymond Williams, ‘The Uses of Cultural Theory,’ New Left Review 158 (July-August 1986): 19-31
156. Marxism and Literature (Oxfotd: Oxford University Press, 1977);
157. Tony Bennett, ‘The Politics of "the Popular" and Popular Culture,’ in Popular Culture and Social Relations, ed. Tony Bennett, Colin Mercer, and Janet Woollacott, (Milton Keynes: Open Univetsity Press, 1986), 6-21;
158. Charles Woolfson, ‘The Semiotics of Working Class Speech,’ Working Papers in Cultural Studies 9 (1976): 163-97.
159. V.N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, trans. Ladislav Matejka and I.R. Titunik (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 23-4
160. Master and the Slave, 187-215.
161. Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, trans. Rodney Livingstone (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971), 27-45;
162. Martin Jay, Marxism and Totality: The Adventures of a Concept from Lukdcs to Hahermas (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
163. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, trans. William Boelhower (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 178
164. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, 4 vols., ed. Valentino Gerratana (Turin: Einaudi, 1975).
165. Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 397.
166. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, trans. G.E.M. Anscombe (New York: Macmillan, 1953), 5, 11, 48.
167. Tony Bennett, Formalism and Marxism (London: Routledge, 1979);
168. Graham Pechey, ‘Boundaries versus Binaries: Bakhtin in/against the History of Ideas,’ Radical Philosophy 54 (1990): 23-31
169. ‘Bakhtin, Marxism, and Post-Structuralism,’ in The Politics of Theory, ed. Francis Barker et al. (Colchester: University of Essex Press, 1983), 234-47;
170. David Forgacs, ‘Marxisr Literary Theories,’ in Modern Literary Theory, ed. Ann Jefferson and David Robey (London: Batsford, 1982), 134-69;
171. Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986);
172. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983);
173. Julia Kristeva, ‘Word, Dialogue, and Novel,’ in Desire in Language, trans. Thomas Gora, Alice Jardine, and Leon S. Roudiez (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981), 64-91;
174. Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique: M.M. Bakhtin andthe Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992).
175. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 274, 256
176. Woolfson, ‘Semiorics of Working Class Speech,’ 170-1;
177. Brandist, ‘Ethics, Politics and the Potential of Dialogism,’ 235, 249.
178. Robert Young, ‘Back to Bakhtin,’ Cultural Critique 2 (1985-6): 71-92
179. Allon White, ‘The Struggle over Bakhtin: Fraternal Reply to Robert Young,’ Cultural Critique 8 (1987-8): 217-41.
180. Caryl Emerson, ‘Keeping the Self Intact during the Culture Wars: A Centennial Essay for Mikhail Bakhtin,’ New Literary History 27 (1996): 107-26
181. Emerson, The First Hundred Years, 22.
182. Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984), 146-70;
183. Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 101-20
184. Irwin R. Titunik, ‘Bakhtin and/or Volosinov and/or Medvedev: Dialogue and/or Doubletalk?’ in Language and Literary Theory, ed. Benjamin A Stolz et al. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1984), 535-64;
185. Irwin R. Titunik, ‘The Baxtin Problem: Concerning Katerina Clark and Michael Holquist’s Mikhail Bakhtin,’ Slavic and East European Journal 30 (1986): 91-5;
186. Nina Perlina, ‘Bakhtin-Medvedev-Voloshinov: An Apple of Discourse,’ University of Ottawa Quarterly 53, no. 1 (1983): 35-47;
187. Ken Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 126-40.
188. Maria Shevtsova, ‘Dialogism in the Novel and Bakhtin’s Theory of Culrure,’ New Literary History 23 (1992): 748-9.
189. Tihanov, Master and the Slave, 102.
190. Antonio Gramsci, ‘La taglia della storia’ [The Ransom of Hisrory], L’Ordine nuovo (Milan: Edizione del Calendario, 1969 [7 June 1919]), 31-2.
191. Williams, Proletarian Order, 100.
192. SPW2, 426-40.
193. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoate and Geoffrey Nowell Smirh (New York: Interational Publishers, 1971), 155.
194. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 111-12.
195. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 135.
196. Emerson, The First Hundred Years, 8.
197. Tihanov, Master and the Slave, 12-14.
198. Bakhtin ‘stayed out of sight and out of print until the end of the decade.’ Mikhail Bakhtin, 158.
199. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 169.
200. Holub, Antonio Gramsci, 18-19.
201. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 114-24.
202. Bakhtin, Master and the Slave, 21-38 and 246-91.
203. Brandist, ‘The Official and the Popular,’ 59.
204. M.M. Bakhtin and P.N. Medvedev, The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship: A Critical Introduction to Sociological Poetics, trans. Albert Wehrle (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 6.
205. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, ‘The Artist to Power? Futurism, Fascism and rhe Avanr-Garde,’ Theory, Culture and Society 13, no. 2 (1996): 39-58.
206. SCW, 51. Emphasis in original.
207. SCW, 51. Note that Gramsci specifies that this ‘destruction’ pertains to the ‘spiritual hierarchies, prejudices, idols and ossified traditions’ and ‘does not mean to deprive humanity of the material products that it needs to subsist and to develop.'
208. FM, 171.
209. Paul Thibault, Repleading Saussure: The Dynamics of Signs in Social Life (London: Routledge, 1997).
210. Fredric Jameson, The Prison-House of Language (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972);
211. Jonathan Culler, Saussure (London: Fontana Press, 1976).
212. Paul Thibault argues, ‘Saussure was sreeped in the very Traditions of historical and comparative linguistics to which a certain structuralist reading would oppose him.’ Re-Reading Saussure, 81.
213. MPL, 52, Emphasis in original.
214. Galvano Delia Volpe, ‘Settling Accounts with the Russian Formalists,’ New Left Review 113-14 (January-April 1979): 134.
215. FM, 37.
216. Delia Volpe, ‘Settling Accounts’;
217. Bennett, Formalism and Marxism, especially 33;
218. Ben Brewster, ‘From Shklovsky to Brecht: A Reply,’ Screen 15, no. 2 (1974): 82-102.
219. Bennett, Formalism and Marxism, 45.
220. Bennett, Formalism and Marxism, 24-5.
221. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology: Part One (New York: International Publishers, 1991), 50-1.
222. Benedetto Croce, The Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and of the Linguistic in General, trans. Colin Lyas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 156.
223. Karl Vossler, The Spirit of Language in Civilization, trans. Oscar Oeser (London: Kegan Paul, Tench Trubner, 1932), 7.
224. Brandist, ‘Gramsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony,’ 98-100.
225. Croce. Vossler, Spirit of Language, 175.
226. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development, trans. George Buck and Frithjof Raven (Philadelphia: Univetsity of Pennsylvania Press, 1971)
227. Peter Ives, ‘The Grammar of Hegemony,’ Left History 5, no. 1 (1997): 30-47
228. Antonio Gramsci: Critical Assessments, vol. 2, ed. James Martin (London: Routledge, 2001), 319-36.
229. ‘Gramsci, Bakhtin and the Semiotics of Hegemony,’ 98-9.
230. Humboldt, Linguistic Variability, 11.
231. Noam Chomsky, Knowledge of Language (New York: Praeger, 1986), 30;
232. John Joseph, ‘Ideologizing Saussure: Bloomfield’s and Chomsky’s Readings of the Cours de linguistique générale,’ in Ideologies of Language, ed. John Joseph and Talbot Taylor (London: Routledge, 1990), 51-78.
233. V.N. Volosinov, Freudianism, trans. I.R. Titunik (Bloomington: Indiana Univetsity Press, 1976).
234. MPL, 98. Emphasis in original.
235. Tihanov, Master and the Slave, 99.
236. Emerson, The First Hundred Years, 8-10.
237. Btandist, ‘The Official and the Popular,’ 72.
238. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 11, 14-15, 129-30, 224.
239. ‘For if Bakhtin suggested that language, novels, or societies themselves could be thought of as dialogues, it was at the price of making it less clear why dialogues could be thought of as dialogues.’ Mikhail Bakhtin, 4.
240. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1954).
241. Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 218-19.
242. DiN, 270-1.
243. Ken Hirschkop, ‘Introduction: Bakhtin and Cultural Theory,’ in Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, ed. Ken Hirschkop and David Shepard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 5.
244. Hirschkop, ‘Inrroduction,’ 4-6.
245. Clark and Holquist, Mikhail Bakhtin, 220.
246. Tony Crowley, ‘Bakhtin and the History of the Language,’ in Bakhtin and Cultural Theory, 2nd ed., ed. Ken Hirschkop and David Shepherd (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 194.
247. Tony Crowley, Language in History: Theories and Texts (London: Rourledge, 1996), especially chapter 2, 30-53.
248. Crowley, ‘Bakhtin and the History of the Language,’ 195.
249. Holquist, Dialogism, 34.
250. Young, Back to Bakhtin, 74.
251. DiN, 273.
252. Motson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 30.
253. Morson and Emerson summarize, ‘order needs justification, disorder does not,’ Mikhail Bakhtin, 30.
254. DiN, 300-7.
255. MPL, 11.
256. Tzvetan Todorov, Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogic Principle, trans. Wlad Godzich (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 57.
257. DiN, 270.
258. M.M. Bakhtin, ‘The Problem of Speech Genres,’ in Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, trans. Vern McGee (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986), 77-80.
259. M.M. Bakhtin, ‘From Notes Made in 1970-71,’ in Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, 147.
260. Morson and Emerson, Mikhail Bakhtin, 92.
261. Hirschkop, Mikhail Bakhtin, 249-71.
262. RHW, 412.
263. RHW, 450-1.
264. M.M. Bakhtin, ‘From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse,’ in The Dialogic Imagination, 41-83, see 61-2.
265. Philippe Wolff, Western Languages AD 100-1500, trans. Frances Partridge (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 133-96.
266. Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique, 186.
267. Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 307.
268. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, 4 vols., ed. Valentino Gerratana (Turin: Einaudi, 1975).
269. Umberto Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language, trans. James Fentress (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 351.
270. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Linguistic Variability and Intellectual Development, trans. George Buck and Frithjof Raven (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971).
271. Experiences in Translation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001).
272. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Task of the Translator,’ trans. Harry Zohn, in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), 75.
273. Eco, The Search for the Perfect Language, 349.
274. Rodolphe Gasché, ‘Saturnine Vision and the Question of Difference: Reflections on Walter Benjamin’s Theory of Language,’ Studies in Twentieth Century Literature 11, no. 1 (1986): 69-90;
275. Andrew Benjamin, Translation and the Nature of Philosophy (London: Routledge, 1989), 86-108;
276. Jacques Derrida, ‘Des Tours de Babel,’ trans. Joseph Graham, in Difference in Translation, ed. Joseph Graham (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), 165-205;
277. Paul DeMan, '"Conclusions": Walter Benjamin’s "The Task of the Translator," Messenger Lecture, Cornell University, Match 4, 1983,' Yale French Studies 69 (1985): 25-46.
278. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971).
279. Derek Boothman, ‘Translating Signal to Sign: The Case of Gtamsci’s Quaderni,’ in Miscellanea fra linguistica e letteratura, ed. Antonio Loprieno (Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1988) 57-81;
280. Maurizio Lichtnet, ‘Traduzione e metafore in Gramsci,’ Critica Marxista 39, no. 1 (1991): 107-31;
281. André Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano filosofia della prassi,’ Marxismo Oggi 1 (1996): 49-67.
282. Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State, trans. David Fetnbach (London: Lawtence and Wishart, 1980), 367-71.
283. ‘Science, Logic and Translatability,’ in FSPN, 278-325.
284. Gasché ‘Saturnine Vision,’ 72.
285. V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 33 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1966), 430-2.
286. Collected Works, vol. 28 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), 455-6.
287. Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State, 123;
288. Camilla Ravera, Diario di trentanni 1913-1943 (Rome: Riuniti, 1973), 18.
289. William Hartley, ‘Politics and Culture in Antonio Gtamsci’s Quaderni del carcere (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1985), 90-2.
290. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, vol. 2, ed. and trans. Joseph A. Buttigieg (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996) 192.
291. Lori Chamberlain, ‘Gender and the Metaphorics of Translation,’ in Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology, ed. Lawtence Venuti (London: Routledge, 1992), 57-74.
292. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings 1910-1920, ed. Quintin Hoare, trans. John Mathews (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 34-7.
293. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1934), 10.
294. TT, 69.
295. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, trans. William Boelhower (Cambridge: Harvard University Press), 384-5.
296. Boothman, ‘Translating,’ 57-81.
297. Maurice Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 48.
298. Lenin, Collected Works 33: 430-2.
299. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, vol. 1, ed. Joseph Buttigieg, trans. Joseph Buttigieg and Antonio Callari (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 137
300. Lichtner, ‘Traduzione e metafore,’ 113-14.
301. Gramsci and the State, 174-95.
302. Palmiro Togliatti, Gramsci (Rome: Riuniti, 1967);
303. Perry Anderson, ‘The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,’ New Left Review 100 (November 1976-January 1977): 5-78;
304. Paolo Spriano, Storia delPartito comunista italiano, vol.1 (Turin: Einaudi, 1967).
305. Anne Showstack Sassoon, ‘Gramsci’s Subversion of the Language of Politics,’ Rethinking Marxism 3, no. 1 (1990): 14-25.
306. Benedetto Fontana, Hegemony and Power: On the Relation between Gramsci and Machiavelli (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993)
307. ‘Gioberti is not by any means the Italian Hegel.’ FSPN, 442;
308. Susan Bassnett-McGuire, Translation Studies, rev. ed. (London: Routledge, 1991), 18-19.
309. Eugene Nida, Towards a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964), especially 120-44.
310. Bassnett-McGuire, Translation Studies, 13-37;
311. Edwin Gentzler, Contemporary Translation Theories (London: Routledge, 1993).
312. Walter Benjamin, ‘On Language As Such and on the Language of Man,’ in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings, ed. Peter Demetz, trans. Edmund Jeph-cott (New York: Schocken Books 1978), 315-16.
313. OLAS, 315-16;
314. Edward Sapir, The Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949)
315. Benjamin Lee Whorf, Language, Thought and Reality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1956).
316. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 63-4.
317. Antonio Gtamsci, Letters from Prison, vol. 1, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 351.
318. Barbata Godard, ‘Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation,’ Tessera 6 (1989): 50.
319. Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (London: Verso, 1985), especially 65-88.
320. Lichtner, ‘Traduzione e metafore,’ 122.
321. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 61.
322. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 58-9.
323. Antonio Gramsci, Letters from Prison, vol. 2, ed. Frank Rosengarten, rrans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 207.
324. Antoine Berman, The Experience of the Foreign: Culture and Translation in Romantic Germany, trans. S. Heyvaert (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), 178.
325. Berman, Experience of the Foreign, 69-86, and 184.
326. Rodolphe Gasché ‘The Sobet Absolute: On Benjamin and the Early Romantics,’ Studies in Romanticism 31 (1992): 434-5.
327. Ian Lyne, ‘Walter Benjamin and Romanticism: The Romantic Ttadi-tion,’ Philosophy Today (1995): 391-407.
328. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Concept of Criticism in German Romanticism,’ trans. David Lachterman et al., Selected Writings, vol. 1, ed. Marcus Bullock and Michael Jennings (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 116-200.
329. Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. John Osborne (London: Verso, 1977), 160, 182.
330. Berman, Experience of the Foreign, 99.
331. Gasché, ‘The Sober Absolute,’ especially 448-53.
332. Berman, Experience of the Foreign, 7-8.
333. Gentzler, Contemporary Translation Studies, 185.
334. André Lefevere and Susan Bassnett, ‘Introduction: Proust’s Gtandmother and the Thousand and One Nights - The "Cultural Turn" in Translation Studies,’ in Translation, History and Culture, ed. Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere (London: Pinter, 1990), 1-13.
335. Bassnett-McGuire, Translation Studies, 6.
336. Barbara Godard, ‘Culture as Translation,’ in Translation and the Multilingualism in Post-Colonial Contexts, ed. Shantha Rama Krishna (Delhi: Pencraft, 1996), 157-83.
337. Bassnett-McGuire, Translation Studies, 44-5.
338. André Lefevere, ‘Translation: Its Genealogy in the West,’ in Translation, History and Culture, 14-29.
339. Mary Snell-Hornby, ‘Linguistic Transcoding or Cultural Transfer? A Critique of Translation Theory in Germany,’ in Translation, History, and Culture, 79-86;
340. Mary Snell-Hornby, Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1988), especially 13-22.
341. Douglas Robinson, The Translator’s Turn (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
342. Experience of the Foreign, 183.
343. Jacques Derrida, ‘Des Tours de Babel,’ and The Ear of the Other: Oto-biography, Transference, Translation, ed. Christie McDonald (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985).
344. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Holy Family: or, Critique of Critical Critique (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1956), 55.
345. Lichtner, ‘Traduzione e metafore,’ 120.
346. Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics, trans. Roy Harris (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1986), 110-20 [155-69].
347. Lichtner, ‘Traduzione e metafore’ and Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gtamsciano.'
348. Primate Visions (New York: Routledge, 1989).
349. Jürgen Habermas, ‘Walter Benjamin: Consciousness-Raising or Rescuing Critique,’ in Philosophical-Political Profiles, trans. Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983), 154.
350. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Role of Language in Trauerspiel and Tragedy,’ trans. Rodney Livingstone, Selected Writings, I: 59-60.
351. Walter Benjamin, Walter Benjamin Briefe vol. 1, ed. Gershom Scholem and Theodor Adorno (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1966), 355;
352. Richard Wolin, Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 112.
353. Benedetto Croce, The Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and of the Linguistic in General, trans. Colin Lyas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 76.
354. Chamberlain, ‘Gender and the Metaphonics of Translation.'
355. Rainer Rochlitz, The Disenchantment of Art: The Philosophy of Walter Benjamin, trans. Jane Marie Todd (New York: Guilford Press, 1996), 36.
356. Benedetto Croce, The Essence ofjEsthetic, trans. Douglas Ainslie (London: William Heinemann, 1921), 57.
357. Rochlitz, Disenchantment of Art, 33.
358. Croce, The Essence, 57.
359. Leigh Hafrey and Richard Sieburth, ‘Translators’ Introduction to "N,"’ in Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetics, History, ed. Gary Smith (Chicago: Univetsity of Chicago Press, 1989), 38-42.
360. Enrico Guglielminetti, Walter Benjamin: Tempo, ripetizione, equivocità (Milan: Mursia, 1990), 102-4.
361. Samuel Weber, ‘Genealogy of Modernity: History, Myth and Allegory in Benjamin’s Origin of the German Mourning Play,’ MLN 106, no. 3 (1991): 465-500;
362. Wolin, Walter Benjamin, 96-7.
363. Weber, ‘Genealogy,’ 468-72.
364. See Benedetto Croce, Theory and History of Historiography, trans. Douglas Ainslie (London: George Harrap, 1921), especially 11-56.
365. Croce, The Essence, 58.
366. G.W.F Hegel, Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, trans. T.M. Knox (London: Oxford University Press, 1967), 10.
367. Croce, Theory and History, 18-19.
368. Benjamin, ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History,’ 262.
369. Antonio Gramsci, Letters from Prison, trans. Lynne Lawner (New York: Harper and Row, 1973), 237-8.
370. Walter Benjamin, ‘N,’ 43-83.
371. Benjamin, ‘Theses,’ 261.
372. Gaschi, ‘The Sober Absolute,’ 449.
373. Benjamin, ‘Theses,’ 254.
374. Karl Marx, ‘Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction,’ in Karl Marx: Early Writings, trans. T.B. Bottomote (London: C.A. Watts, 1963), 43-4.
375. Benjamin, ‘Theses,' 253. For a detailed reading of the ambiguity in Benjamins First Thesis, see Ian Balfour, ‘Reversal, Quotation (Benjamin’s History),’ MLN 106, no. 3 (1991): 622-47.
376. Rebecca Comay, ‘Benjamins Endgame,’ in Walter Benjamin’s Philosophy: Destruction and Experience, ed. Andtew Benjamin and Peter Osborne (London: Routledge, 1994), 251-91.
377. ‘Italian Martin Luther,’ Hegemony and Power, 35-51.
378. Hartley, ‘Politics and Culture,’ 331-5.
379. Waltet Benjamin, ‘Theologico-Political Fragment,’ in Reflections, 312-13.
380. Walter Benjamin, ‘On the Program of the Coming Philosophy,’ in Benjamin -Philosophy, Aesthetics, History, 1-12.
381. Tullio De Mauro, Ludwig Wittgenstein: His Place in the Development of Semantics (Dordrecht-Holland: D. Reidel Publishing, 1967).
382. Anson Rabinbach, ‘Between Enlightenment and Apocalypse: Benjamin, Bloch and Modern German Jewish Messianism,’ New German Critique 34 (1985): 78-124.
383. Jiirgen Habermas, ‘The German Idealism of Jewish Philosophers,’ in Philosophical-Political Profiles
384. Rochlitz, Disenchantment of Art, 6.
385. Walter Benjamin, ‘On the Mimetic Faculty,’ Reflections, 333-36, 336.
386. Knut Tat-nowski, New German Critique 17 (1979): 65-9.
387. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Doctrine of the Similar,’ 66.
388. Charles Taylor, ‘The Importance of Herder,’ in Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge-Harvard University Press, 1995), 81, 79-99.
389. David McNally, Bodies of Meaning: Studies on Language, Labor and Liberation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001), 161-228.
390. ‘Three Interventions on Cultural Difference,’ Studies in Political Economy 68 (2002): 107-25.
391. Habermas, ‘Waltet Benjamin,’ 154.
392. Jürgen Habermas on Walter Benjamin,' New German Critique 17 (1979): 15-30.
393. Waltet Benjamin, ‘Cutriculum vitae [3],’ in Ecrits autobiographiques, trans. C. Jouan-lanne and J.-F. Poirier (Paris: Christian Bourgeois, 1990), 31;
394. Rochlitz, Disenchantment of Art, 45.
395. David F. Noble, Progress without People: New Technology, Unemployment and the Message of Resistance (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1995).
396. A.S. Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (London: Cambridge University Press, 1928), 1-2.
397. Esteve Morera, Gramsci’s Historicism: A Realist Interpretation (London: Routledge, 1990), 46-8, 65-6.
398. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 65.
399. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 60.
400. Tosel, ‘Il lessico Gramsciano,’ 62-4.
401. Jurgen Habermas, A Berlin Republic: Writings on Germany, trans. Steven Rendal (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 149.
402. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971), 8.
403. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni dei carcere, 4 vols., ed. Valentino Gerratana (Turin: Einaudi, 1975)
404. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995), 567.
405. Antonio Gramsci, Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Derek Boothman (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 56-7;
406. Antonio Gtamsci, Selections from Cultural Writings, ed. David Forgacs and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith, trans. William Boelhower (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 422-3;
407. Maurice Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 76-93.
408. Benedetto Fontana, ‘Logos and Kratos: Gtamsci and the Ancients on Hegemony,’ Journal of the History of Ideas 62(1) (2000): 314.
409. Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought, 155-8.
410. Philip Brewster and Carl Howard Buchner, ‘Language and Critique: Jiitgen Habermas on Walter Benjamin,’ New German Critique 17 (1979): 19.
411. Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
412. Anne Phillips, ‘Universal Pretensions in Political Thought,’ in Destabilizing Theory, ed. Michéle Barrett and Anne Phillips (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), 10-30.
413. Joan Cocks, The Oppositional Imagination (London: Rourledge, 1989);
414. Michéle Barrett, The Politics of Truth (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991);
415. Mary O’Brien, ‘Hegemony and the Reproduction of Patriarchy,’ in Reproducing the World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989), 223-58.
416. Alfred Cobban, The Social Interpretation of the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964)
417. Aspects of the French Revolution (New York: G. Bra-ziller, 1968).
418. Ellen Meiksins Wood, Democracy against Capitalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
419. ‘Modernity, Postmodernity, or Capitalism?’ Monthly Review 48, no. 3 (1996): 21-39.
420. George Comninel, Rethinking the French Revolution (London: Verso, 1987).
421. Paul Ginsborg, ‘Gramsci and the Era of the Bourgeois Revolution in Italy,’ in Gramsci and Italy’s Passive Revolution, ed. John Davis (London: Croom Helm, 1979), 31-66.
422. Jiirgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991).
423. Ferruccio Rossi-Landi, Language As Work and Trade, trans. Martha Adams et al. (South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, 1983)
424. Ferruccio Rossi-Landi, Marxism and Ideology, trans. Roger Griffin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
425. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, vol. 1, ed. Joseph Buttigieg, trans. Joseph Buttigieg and Antonio Callari (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 120;
426. Jennifer Stone, ‘Italian Fteud: Gramsci, Giulia Schucht, and Wild Analysis,’ October 28 (1984): 107.
427. Christine Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State, trans. David Fernbach (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1980), 86-91.
428. Renate Holub, Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism (London: Routledge, 1992), 69-92.
429. Max Hotkheimer, "The End of Reason,' in The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, ed. Andrew Arato andEike Gebhardt (New York: Continuum, 1982), 34.
430. Rolf Wiggerhaus, The Frankfurt School, trans. Michael Robertson (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994), 291-350.
431. Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cum-ming (New York: Continuum, 1987), 3.
432. On Max Horkheimer, ed. Seyla Benhabib, Wolfgang Bonß, and John McCole (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993).
433. Max Horkheimer, ‘Beginnings of the Bourgeois Philosophy of History,’ in Between Philosophy and Social Science, trans. G. Frederick Hunter, Matthew Kramer and John Torpey (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 313-88.
434. Anfänge der bürgerlichen Geschichtsphilosophie (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1930).
435. Giambattista Vico, The New Science of Giambattista Vico, trans. Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), 60.
436. Horkheimer, ‘Beginnings of rhe Bourgeois Philosophy of History,’ 380.
437. Max Horkheimer, ‘Tradition and Critical Theory,’ in Critical Theory, trans. Matthew O’Connell et al. (New York: Continuum, 1989), 199-202.
438. Max Horkheimer, ‘On the Problem of Ttuth,’ in Between Philosophy and Social Science, 182.
439. Benedetto Fontana, ‘The Concept of Nature in Gramsci,’ Philosophical Forum 27, no. 3 (1996): 220-43.
440. Fontana, ‘The Concept of Nature in Gramsci,’ 225.
441. Theodor Adorno, ‘The Idea of Natutal History,’ trans. Bob Hullor-Kentor, Telos 60 (1984): 116-17.
442. Susan Buck-Morss, The Origin of Negative Dialectics (New York: Free Press, 1977).
443. Jiitgen Habermas, ‘Remarks on the Development of Horkheimet’s Work,’ in On Max Horkheimer, ed. Benhabib et al., 49-66, especially 56.
444. Hotkheimer, ‘Beginnings of the Boutgeois Philosophy of History,’ 314-7.
445. Benedetto Fontana, Hegemony and Power (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
446. Horkheimer, ‘Beginnings of the Bourgeois Philosophy of History,’ 323.
447. Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought, 141.
448. Jiifgen Habermas, ‘The Classical Docttine of Politics,’ in Theory and Practice, trans. John Viertel (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), 49-60.
449. Horkheimer, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory,’ 210.
450. Alfred Schmidt, ‘Max Horkheimer’s Intellectual Physiognomy,’ in On Max Horkheimer, ed. Benhabib et al., 25-47;
451. Habermas, ‘Remarks on the Development of Horkheimer’s Work,’ 57-66.
452. Horkheimer, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory,’ 204.
453. Max Horkheimer, ‘Materialism and Metaphysics,’ in Critical Theory, trans. Matthew O’Connell (New York: Continuum, 1989), 46.
454. Horkheimer, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory,’ 215.
455. Horkheimer, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory,’ 213.
456. Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought, 78.
457. Horkheimer, ‘Traditional and Critical Theory,’ 224-5.
458. Fredric Jameson, Late Marxism: Adorno, or, The Persistence of the Dialectic (London: Verso, 1990), 107.
459. Theodot W. Adorno, ‘Perennial Fashion: Jazz,’ in Prisms, trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1981), 119-33.
460. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, trans. Thomas McCarthy, vol. 2, Lifeworldand System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason (Boston: Beacon Press, 1987), 332-4.
461. Theodor Adorno, ‘Cultural Criticism and Society,’ in Prisms, 17-34.
462. Theodor W Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E.B. Ashton (New York: Continuum, 1990), 3.
463. Adorno, ‘Cultural Criticism and Society,’ 29-30.
464. Jameson, Late Marxism, 180.
465. Jameson, Late Marxism, 102.
466. DoE, xii, 17, 147.
467. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ‘Essay on the Origin of Languages,’ in On the Origins of Language, trans. John H. Motan and Alexander Gode (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 5-72.
468. Teresa De Lauretis, Alice Doesn’t (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984): 172-83
469. Umberto Eco, A Theory of Semiotics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976).
470. Max Horkheimer, Eclipse of Reason (New York: Continuum, 1972), 179.
471. V.N. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, trans. Ladislav Matejka and I.R. Titunik (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 9-10.
472. Charles Taylor, ‘The Importance of Herder,’ in Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 79-99.
473. DoE, 15.
474. DoE, 18.
475. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from Political Writings, 1910-1920, ed. Quintín Hoare, trans. John Mathews (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 307-9.
476. Jameson, Late Marxism, 66-8, 103-5.
477. Walter Benjamin, The Origin of German Tragic Drama, trans. John Osborne (London: New York, 1977), 183.
478. Michel Foucault, The Order of Things (New Yotk: Vintage Books, 1970), 250-302.
479. Max Horkheimer, letter to Adorno, 14 September 1941, quoted in Wiggerhaus, The Frankfurt School, 505.
480. Theodor Adorno, letter to Horkheimer, 23 September 1941
481. Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought, 14-15.
482. Benedetto Ctoce, The Conduct of Life, trans. Arthur Livingston (New Yotk: Hattap, 1924), 300;
483. Croce, The Conduct of Life, 27-33.
484. Finocchiaro, Gramsci and the History of Dialectical Thought, 3, 11-20.
485. Nancy Fraser, ‘Whar’s Critical about Critical Theory? The Case of Habermas and Gender,’ in Unruly Practices (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 113-43;
486. Itis Marion Young, ‘Impartiality and the Civic Public: Some Implications of Feminist Critiques of Moral and Political Theory,’ in Feminism as Critique, ed. Seyla Benhabib and Drucilla Cornell (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1987), 56-76;
487. Johanna Meehan, ed., Feminists Read Habermas (London: Routledge, 1995).
488. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996).
489. Jürgen Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), 65-186;
490. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, vol. 1, Reason and the Rationalization of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984), 273-337
491. Jürgen Habermas, ‘What Is Universal Pragmatics?’ in Communication and the Evolution of Society, trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979), 14-20;
492. Jürgen Habermas, Postmetaphysical Thinking, trans. William Hohengatten (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), 57-114.
493. Jürgen Habermas, ‘Modernity: An Unfinished Project,’ trans. Nicholas Walker, in Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity, ed. Maurizio d’Entrèves and Seyla Benhabib (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), 38-58.
494. Jürgen Habermas, ‘A Positivistically Bisected Rationalism,’ in The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology, ed. Theodor Adorno et al., trans. Glyn Adey and David Frisby (London: Heinemann, 1976), 198-225, especially 218-25.
495. Ingram, Habermas and the Dialectic of Reason, 28-31.
496. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, 91-112.
497. Eco, A Theory of Semiotics, and De Lauretis, Alice Doesn’t, especially 158-86.
498. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, 137.
499. Habermas, TCA1, 366-99;
500. Jürgen Habermas, ‘The Enrwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno,’ in The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, trans. F. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987), 106-30.
501. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, 46-63.
502. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, 62-3.
503. ‘Questions of Political Theory,’ in A Berlin Republic, 148.
504. William Rehg, Insight and Solidarity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), especially Part II, 89-172.
505. Jürgen Habermas, ‘Theodor Adorno: The Primal History of Subjectivity - Self-Affirmation Gone Wild,’ Philosophical-Political Profiles, trans. Frederick G. Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983), 99-110.
506. Habermas, ‘The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment,’ 106-30
507. Habetmas, ‘Theodor Adorno,’ 108.
508. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, 314.
509. Jürgen Habermas, "The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Re-Reading Dialectic of Enlightenment,' trans. Thomas Levin, New German Critique 26 (Spring-Summer 1982): 30.1.
510. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, ‘Murder That Is a Thteat to Survival,’ Guardian Weekly: Learning English, Supplement, 22 March 2001, 3.
511. David Crystal, English As a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 5.
512. Noam Chomsky, Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use (New York: Prae-ger, 1986).
513. Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson, eds., Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994).
514. Roland Bardies, Image-Music-Text, trans. Stephen Heath (London: Fontana, 1977), 142-9.
515. Joseph Buttigieg, ‘Gramsci’s Method,’ Boundary 2, 17, no. 2 (1990): 79-80.
516. Joseph Buttigieg, ‘Philology and Politics: Returning to the Text of Antonio Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks,’ Boundary 2, 21, no. 2 (1994): 98-138.
517. Tullio De Mauro, preface to Lingua Intellettuali Egemonia in Gramsci, by Ftanco Lo Piparo (Bari: Laterza, 1979), ix.
518. Franco Lo Piparo, ‘Studio del linguaggio e teoria gramsciana,’ Critica Marxista 2/3 (1987): 167-75.