Screening agars for MRSA: Evaluation of a stepwise diagnostic approach with two different selective agars for the screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Military Medical Research

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Micheel, Volker ^a   Hogan, Benedikt ^b   Köller, Thomas ^c   Warnke, Philipp ^c   Crusius, Sabine ^c   Hinz, Rebecca ^a   Hagen, Ralf Matthias ^a   Schwarz, Norbert Georg ^b   Frickmann, Hagen ^a,c  

^a Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Hamburg   (Germany)

^b BERNHARD NOCHT INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL MEDICINE   (Germany)

^c ROSTOCK UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

CHROMagar; ChromID agar; Chromogenic agar; Hygiene; Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Screening; Selective agar; Stepwise diagnostics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84967163637     PISSN: 20957467     EISSN: 20549369     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0046-1     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Campbell KM, Vaughn AF, Russell KL, Smith B, Jimenez DL, Barrozo CP, et al. Risk factors for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in an outbreak of disease among military trainees in San Diego, California, in 2002. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4050-403.
2. Albrich WC, Harbarth S. Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA? Lancet Inf Dis. 2008;8:289-301.
3. Vento TJ, Calvano TP, Cole DW, Mende K, Rini EA, Tully CC, et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization of healthy military service members in the United States and Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:325.
4. Chambers HF, Deleo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:629-41.
5. Dufresne GW, Wells RD, Pfaff JA. The retrospective prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in soft tissue abscesses at two military level I trauma centers. Mil Med. 2008;173:945-8.
6. Mediavilla JR, Chen L, Mathema B, Kreiswirth BN. Global epidemiology of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15:588-95.
7. Humphreys H, Grundmann H, Skov R, Lucet JC, Cauda R. Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Inf. 2009;15:120-4.
8. Gonzalez BE, Rueda AM, Shelburne 3rd SA, Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Hulten KG. Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococccus aureus as the cause of healthcare-associated infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:1051-6.
9. Rossney AS, Herra CM, Brennan GI, Morgan PM, O'Connell B. Evaluation of the Xpert methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) assay using the GeneXpert real-time PCR platform for rapid detection of MRSA from screening specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:3285-90.
10. Ciardo DE, Burger S, Payer M, Lee C, McCallum N. GeneXpert captures unstable methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prone to rapidly losing the mecA gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3030-2.
11. Blanc DS, Basset P, Nahimana-Tessemo I, Jaton K, Greub G, Zanetti G. High proportion of wrongly identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers by use of a rapid commercial PCR assay due to presence of staphylococcal cassette chromosome element lacking the mecA gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:722-4.
12. Wassenberg MW, Kluytmans JA, Box AT, Bosboom RW, Buiting AG, van Elzakker EP, et al. Rapid screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using PCR and chromogenic agar: a prospective study to evaluate costs and effects. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:1754-61.
13. Teramura H, Sekiguchi J, Shimojima M. Development of the novel chromogenic screening medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79:473-6.
14. Manickam K, Walkty A, Lagacé-Wiens PR, Adam H, Swan B, McAdam B, et al. Evaluation of MRSASelect (™) chromogenic medium for the early detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from blood cultures. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013;24:e113-6.
15. Lee S, Park YJ, Park KG, Jekarl DW, Chae H, Yoo JK, et al. Comparative evaluation of three chromogenic media combined with broth enrichment and the real-time PCR-based Xpert MRSA assay for screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal swabs. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33:255-60.
16. Pletinckx LJ, Dewulf J, De Bleecker Y, Rasschaert G, Goddeeris BM, De Man I. Evaluation of different chromogenic media for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 in broilers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32:1023-6.
17. Veenemans J, Verhulst C, Punselie R, van Keulen PH, Kluytmans JA. Evaluation of brilliance MRSA 2 agar for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1026-7.
18. Denys GA, Renzi PB, Koch KM, Wissel CM. Three-way comparison of BBL CHROMagar MRSA II, MRSASelect, and spectra MRSA for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in nasal surveillance cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:202-5.
19. Morris K, Wilson C, Wilcox MH. Evaluation of chromogenic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus media: sensitivity versus turnaround time. J Hosp Infect. 2012;81:20-4.
20. Van Hoecke F, Deloof N, Claeys G. Performance evaluation of a modified chromogenic medium, ChromID MRSA New, for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:1595-8.
21. Danial J, Noel M, Templeton KE, Cameron F, Mathewson F, Smith M, et al. Real-time evaluation of an optimized real-time PCR assay versus Brilliance chromogenic MRSA agar for the detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt 3):323-8.
22. Buchan BW, Ledeboer NA. Identification of two borderline oxacillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus from routine nares swab specimens by one of three chromogenic agars evaluated for the detection of MRSA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;134:921-17.
23. Yang HY, Suh JT, Lee HJ. Evaluation of commercial selective agars in screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2010;40:252-6.
24. Cesur S, Yildiz E, Irmak H, Aygün Z, Karakoç E, Kinikli S, et al. Evaluation of oxacillin resistance screening agar and chromogenic MRSA agar media for the detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010;44:279-84 [Article in Turkish].
25. Peterson JF, Dionisio AA, Riebe KM, Hall GS, Wilson DA, Whittier S, et al. Alternative use for spectra MRSA chromogenic agar in detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2265-7.
26. Havill NL, Boyce JM. Evaluation of a new selective medium, BD BBL CHROMagar MRSA II, for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2228-30.
27. Van Vaerenbergh K, Cartuyvels R, Coppens G, Frans J, Van den Abeele AM, De Beenhouwer H, et al. Performance of a new chromogenic medium, BBL CHROMagar MRSA II (BD), for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in screening samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1450-1.
28. Harrington AT, Mahlen SD, Clarridge 3rd JE. Significantly larger numbers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are recovered from polymicrobial respiratory and wound sites by use of chromogenic primary media than by use of conventional culture. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1350-3.
29. Malhotra-Kumar S, Abrahantes JC, Sabiiti W, Lammens C, Vercauteren G, Ieven M, et al. Evaluation of chromogenic media for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:1040-6.
30. Peterson JF, Riebe KM, Hall GS, Wilson D, Whittier S, Palavecino E, et al. Spectra MRSA, a new chromogenic agar medium to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:215-9.
31. Wolk DM, Marx JL, Dominguez L, Driscoll D, Schifman RB. Comparison of MRSASelect Agar, CHROMagar Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Medium, and Xpert MRSA PCR for detection of MRSA in Nares: diagnostic accuracy for surveillance samples with various bacterial densities. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:3933-6.
32. Bischof LJ, Lapsley L, Fontecchio K, Jacosalem D, Young C, Hankerd R, et al. Comparison of chromogenic media to BD GeneOhm methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) PCR for detection of MRSA in nasal swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:2281-3.
33. Carson J, Lui B, Rosmus L, Rennick H, Fuller J. Interpretation of MRSASelect screening agar at 24 h of incubation. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:566-8.
34. Tandé D, Garo B, Ansart S, Lejeune B. Efficiency of CHROMagar-MRSA in detecting meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a routine setting. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:388-9.
35. Nonhoff C, Denis O, Brenner A, Buidin P, Legros N, Thiroux C, et al. Comparison of three chromogenic media and enrichment broth media for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from mucocutaneous screening specimens: Comparison of MRSA chromogenic media. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:363-9.
36. Lee S, Park YJ, Yoo JH, Kahng J, Jeong IH, Kwon YM, et al. Comparison of culture screening protocols for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using a chromogenic agar (MRSA-Select). Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2008;38:254-7.
37. van Hal SJ, Jennings Z, Stark D, Marriott D, Harkness J. MRSA detection: comparison of two molecular methods (BD GeneOhm PCR assay and Easy-Plex) with two selective MRSA agars (MRSA-ID and Oxoid MRSA) for nasal swabs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;28:47-53.
38. Grandin S, Deschamps C, Magdoud F, Zihoune N, Branger C, Eveillard M. Evaluation of the impact of different lengths of pre-enrichment in a nutritive broth and prolonged incubation of MRSA-ID, a chromogenic agar medium, on its performances for identifying methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in screening samples. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2009;57:e37-42 [Article in French].
39. Krishna BV, Smith M, McIndeor A, Gibb AP, Dave J. Evaluation of chromogenic MRSA medium, MRSA select and Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61:841-3.
40. Lagacé-Wiens PR, Alfa MJ, Manickam K, Harding GK. Reductions in workload and reporting time by use of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening with MRSASelect medium compared to mannitol-salt medium supplemented with oxacillin. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1174-7.
41. Cherkaoui A, Renzi G, François P, Schrenzel J. Comparison of four chromogenic media for culture-based screening of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(Pt4):500-3.
42. van Loo IH, van Dijk S, Verbakel-Schelle I, Buiting AG. Evaluation of a chromogenic agar (MRSASelect) for the detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with clinical samples in The Netherlands. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(Pt4):491-4.
43. Han Z, Lautenbach E, Fishman N, Nachamkin I. Evaluation of mannitol salt agar, CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar MRSA for detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from nasal swab specimens. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(Pt 1):43-6.
44. Compernolle V, Verschraegen G, Claeys G. Combined use of Pastorex Staph-Plus and either of two new chromogenic agars, MRSA ID and CHROMagar MRSA, for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:154-8.
45. Louie L, Soares D, Meaney H, Vearncombe M, Simor AE. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium, MRSA select, for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4561-3.
46. Harriau P, Ruffel F, Lardy JB. Use of BioRad plating agar MRSASelect for the daily detection of methicillin resistant staphylococci isolated from samples taken from blood culture bottles. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2006;54:506-9 [Article in French].
47. Diederen BM, van Leest CM, van Duijn I, Willemse P, van Keulen PH, Kluytmans JA. Evaluation of S. aureus ID, a chromogenic agar medium for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection. 2006;34:95-7.
48. Ben Nsira S, Dupuis M, Leclercq R. Evaluation of MRSA Select, a new chromogenic medium for the detection of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:561-4.
49. Nguyen Van JC, Kitzis MD, Ly A, Chalfine A, Carlet J, Ben Ali A, et al. Detection of nasal colonization methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective study comparing real-time genic amplification assay vs selective chromogenic media. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2006;54:285-92. Article in French].
50. Stoakes L, Reyes R, Daniel J, Lennox G, John MA, Lannigan R, et al. Prospective comparison of a new chromogenic medium, MRSASelect, to CHROMagar MRSA and mannitol-salt medium supplemented with oxacillin or cefoxitin for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:637-9.
51. Diederen BM, van Leest ML, van Duijn I, Willemse P, van Keulen PH, Kluytmans JA. Performance of MRSA ID, a new chromogenic medium for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:586-8.
52. Flayhart D, Hindler JF, Bruckner DA, Hall G, Shrestha RK, Vogel SA, et al. Multicenter evaluation of BBL CHROMagar MRSA medium for direct detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surveillance cultures of the anterior nares. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:5536-40.
53. Perry JD, Davies A, Butterworth LA, Hopley AL, Nicholson A, Gould FK. Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:4519-23.
54. Taguchi H, Kaneko T, Onozaki M, Kubo R, Kamiya S. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium for isolation of MRSA. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2004;78:54-8. Article in Japanese].
55. Apfalter P, Assadian O, Kalczyk A, Lindenmann V, Makristathis A, Mustafa S, et al. Performance of a new chromogenic oxacillin resistance screen medium (Oxoid) in the detection and presumptive identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;44:209-11.
56. Merlino J, Leroi M, Bradbury R, Veal D, Harbour C. New chromogenic identification and detection of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:2378-80.
57. Frickmann H, Christner M, Donat M, Berger A, Essig A, Podbielski A, et al. haemolyticus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and two matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) platforms. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63222.
58. Harmsen D, Claus H, Witte W, Rothganger J, Claus H, Turnwald D, et al. Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5442-8.
59. Mellmann A, Weniger T, Berssenbrügge C, Rothgänger J, Sammeth M, Stoye J, et al. Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP): an algorithm to characterize the long-term evolution of Staphylococcus aureus populations based on spa polymorphisms. BMC Microbiol. 2007;7:98.
60. Diederen B, van Duijn I, van Belkum A, Willemse P, van Keulen P, Kluytmans J. Performance of CHROMagar MRSA Medium for detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:1925-7.
61. Loulergue J, de Gialluly C, Morange V, Hostein A, van der Mee-Marquet N, Quentin R. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium for isolation and presumptive identification of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Inf Dis. 2006;25:407-9.
62. Rahbar M, Islami P, Saremi M. Evaluation of a new CHROMagar medium for detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PJBS. 2008;11:496-8.
63. Verkade E, Ferket M, Kluytmans J. Clinical evaluation of Oxoid Brilliance MRSA agar in comparison with bioMerieux MRSA ID medium for detection of livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol. 2011;60(Pt 7):905-8.
64. Frickmann H, Gawlik PP, Crusius S, Podbielski A. The current role of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) typing and the retrospective identification of outbreaks. Eu J Microbiol Imunol (Bp). 2012;2:128-33.
65. Egyr B, Guardabassi L, Sorum M, Nielsen SS, Kolekang A, Frimpong E, et al. Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Staphylococcus aureus from healthcare institutions in Ghana. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89716.
66. Moremi N, Mshana SE, Kamugisha E, Kataraihya J, Tappe D, Vogel E, et al. Predominance of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus -St88 and new ST1797 causing wound infection and abscesses. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012;6:620-5.
67. Zahar JR, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Vesin A, Schwebel C, Bonadona A, Philippart F, et al. Impact of contact isolation for multidrug-resistant organisms on the occurrence of medical errors and adverse events. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2153-60.
68. Morgan DJ, Diekema DJ, Sepkowitz K, Perencevich EN. Adverse outcomes associated with contact precautions: a review of the literature. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37:85-93.
69. Peterson LR, Diekema DJ. To screen or not to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:683-9.
70. Climo MW, Yokoe DS, Warren DK, Perl TM, Bolon M, Herwaldt LA, et al. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. NEJM. 2013;368:533-42.
71. Huang SS, Septimus E, Kleinman K, Moody J, Hickok J, Avery TR, et al. Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection. NEJM. 2013;368:2255-65.
72. Derde LPG, Cooper BS, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S, Willems RJ, Gniadkowski M, et al. Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomized trial. Lancet Inf Dis. 2014;14:31-9.