The historic imaginary: Politics of history in fascist Italy

The Historic Imaginary: Politics of History in Fascist Italy

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-267

  Fogu, Claudio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966989713     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (315)

1. Carlo Ginzburg, Myths and the Historical Method (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 143.
2. Marina Galletti, ‘II sacro nell’ideologia del fascismo: Commento ad un inedito di Bataille,’ Alternative 4 (1989): 112-13.
3. Georges Bataille, Choix de lettres 1917-1962 (Paris: Gallimard, 1997), 80-3.
4. Georges Bataille, ‘La structure psychologique du fascisme,’ La Critique sociale 10 (November 1933): 159-65
5. Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939, ed. Allan Stoekl (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985): 137-60.
6. Michael Richardson, Georges Bataille (London: Routledge, 1994).
7. Sandra Lotte Esslinger, ‘Art in the Third Reich: The Fabrication of National Cultural Identity’ (PhD diss., University of Southern California Los Angeles, 2000)
8. Peter Adam, Art of the Third Reich (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992)
9. Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Fascist Modernities: Italy, 1922-1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001)
10. Emily Braun, Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
11. Marla Stone, The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998)
12. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Specta, cle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997)
13. Jeffrey Schnapp, Sta, gingFascism: 18 BL and the Theater of Masses for the Masses (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996)
14. Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes: Italian Advertising under Fascism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995)
15. Walter Adamson, ‘The Language of Opposition in Early Twentieth-Century Italy: Rhetorical Continuities between Prewar Florentine Avant-Gardism and Mussolini’s Fascism,’ Journal of Modern History 64 (March 1992): 22-51.
16. Barbara Spackman, Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996)
17. Walter Adamson, ‘Futurism, Mass Culture, and Women: The Reshaping of an Artistic Vocation, 1909-1920,’ Modernism/modernity 4, no. 1 (1997): 89-114.
18. Zeev Sternhell, Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France, trans. David Maisel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986)
19. Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution, trans. David Maisel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
20. Walter Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
21. Walter Adamson, ‘Modernism and Fascism: The Politics of Culture in Italy, 1903-1922,’ American Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 1990): 359-90.
22. Thomas Crow, ‘Modernism and Mass Culture in the Visual Arts,’ Modernism and Modernity: The Vancouver Conference Papers, ed. S. Guilbaut and D. Solkin (Halifax: Press of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, 1983), 215-64.
23. Adamson ‘Futurism,’ 90.
24. Theodore Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, ed. Gretel Adorno and Rolf Tiedemann Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, [1970].
25. Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
26. Matei Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, AvantGarde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987), 68-86.
27. Robert Wohl, The Generation ofigi4 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979)
28. Adamson, Avant-Garde Florence.
29. Adamson, ‘Futurism,’ 92.
30. Günther Berghaus, Futurism and Politics: Between Anarchist Rebellion and Fascist Reaction, igog-ig44 (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1996), especially 218-76.
31. Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle.
32. Jeffrey Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations: Fascist Modernity and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution,’ in Fascism, Aesthetics, and Culture, ed. Richard Golsan (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1992), 1-32.
33. Jeffrey Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture, and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1984).
34. Modernism/modernity 1, no. 3 (1994): 55-87.
35. Andrew Hewitt, Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics and the AvantGarde (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993).
36. Michael Salewski, ‘Geschichte als Waffe: Der Nationalsozialistische Missbrauch,’ Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 14 (1985): 289-310.
37. Franz-Lothar Kroll, ‘Geschichte und Politik im Weltbild Hitlers,’ Viertelsjahrheft für Zeitgeschichte 44, no. 3 (1996): 327-53.
38. George Mosse, ‘Death, Time, and History: Volkish Utopia and Its Transcendence,’ Masses and Men (New York: Howard Fertig, 1980), 69-86.
39. Gilmer W. Blackburn, Education in the Third Reich: Race and History in Nazi Textbooks (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985), especially 22-41.
40. Karl Ferdinand Werner, ‘Die deutsche Historiographie unter Hitler,’ in Geschichtswissenschaft in Deutschland, ed. Bernd Faulenbach (Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1974);
41. Karen Schònwalder, Historiker und Politik: Geschichstwissenschaft im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt: Campus, 1992)
42. Horst Gies, Geschichstunterricht unter derDiktatur Hitlers (Cologne: Bòhlau, 1992);
43. Rainer Riemenschneider, ‘L’enseignement de l’historie, en Allemagne, sous le “IIIe Reich,”’ Francia 7:401-28
44. Koshar, From Monuments, 115-16.
45. Adam, Art, 26-7.
46. Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 75-9.
47. Piergiorgio Zunino, L’ideologia del fascismo (Bologna: II Mulino, 1980), 122-3.
48. Piergiorgio Zunino, L’ideologia del fascismo (Bologna: II Mulino, 1980), 75.
49. David Freedberg, The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 77.
50. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection (New York and London: Norton, 1977), especially 191-7.
51. Bice Benvenuto and Roger Kennedy, The Works of Jacques Lacan: An Introduction (London: Free Association Books, 1986), especially 80-2
52. Dylan Evans, An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis (London: Routledge, 1996), 82-4.
53. Luisa Passerini, Mussolini immaginario: Storia di una biografia, 1915-1939 (Bari: Laterza, 1991), 6.
54. Fernand Braudel, On History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 21.
55. Passerini, ‘Immaginare,’ 20.
56. Luisa Passerini, Fascism in Popular Memory: The Cultural Experience of the Turin Working Class (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
57. Passerini, Mussolini immaginario, 61-116.
58. F.R. Ankersmit, The Reality Effect in the Writing of History: The Dynamics of Historical Topology (Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlanse Akademie Van Wetenschappen, 1989), especially 15-33.
59. Jeffrey Schnapp and Barbara Spackman, ‘Introduction’ to the special issue ‘Fascism and Culture,’ Stanford Italian Review 8, nos. 1-2 (1992): 215-35.
60. Ginzburg, ‘Microhistory,’ 27.
61. Carlo Ginzburg and Carlo Poni, ‘The Name of the Game: Unequal Exchange and the Historiographical Marketplace,’ in Microhistory and the Lost Peoples of Europe. Selections from Quaderni Storici, ed. E. Muir and C. Ruggiero (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 8.
62. Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 33.
63. Stone, The Patron State, 128-76
64. Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations,’ 23
65. Diane Ghirardo, ‘Architects, Exhibitions, and the Politics of Culture in Fascist Italy,’ Journal of Architectural Education (JAE) 45 (February 1992): 70;
66. Libero Andreotti, ‘Art and Politics in Italy: The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution’ (PhD diss., Massachussets Institute of Technology, 1989), 156.
67. Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 109-21.
68. Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self: The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997).
69. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,’ in Illuminations, ed. Hanna Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), 241-2.
70. Bataille, Visions, 243-5.
71. E.H. Gombrich, Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Presentation (London: Phaidon, 1968);
72. David Freedberg, The Power of Images’
73. W.J.T. Mitchell, Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
74. WJ.T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)
75. E.H. Gombrich, ‘Style,’ in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 15, D. Sills ed. (New York: Macmillan and The Free Press, 1982), 352-61.
76. H. Aram Veeser, ‘Introduction,’ in The New Historicism, ed. H.A. Veeser (London: Routledge, 1989)
77. Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Psychoanalysis and Renaissance Culture,’ in Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts, ed. P. Parker and D. Quint (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 217.
78. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition. A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 28.
79. Alexandre Kojève, Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit Assembled by Raymond Queneau, ed. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, [1947], 1969), 147-52
80. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
81. Carlo De Frede, ‘II giudizio di Mussolini su Croce,’ Storia e Politica 22, no. 1 (March 1983): 122.
82. Emilio Gentile, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista (1918-1925) (Bologna: II Mulino, 1975), republished without modifications in 1996
83. Zeev Sternhell, Mario Sznajder and Maria Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994);
84. Piergiorgio Zunino, L’ideologia del fascismo. Miti, credenze e valori nella stabilizzazione del regime (Bologna: II Mulino, 1980), especially 63-129.
85. Giovanni Belardelli, ‘II Fascismo e l’organizzazione della cultura,’ in Storia. d’Italia 4: Guerre e fascismo, 1914-1943 (Bari: Laterza, 1997), 394.
86. Benito Mussolini, Scritti e discorsi vol. 5 (Milan: Hoepli, 1934-39), 279-84.
87. Marla Stone, The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), especially 43-54.
88. Belardelli, ‘II Fascismo,’ 395.
89. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Los Angeles, Berkeley, and London: University of California Press, 1997), 26.
90. Jeffrey Schnapp and Barbara Spackman, ‘Selections from the Great Debate on Fascism and Culture,’ Stanford Italian Review 8, no. 1/2: 235-72
91. Peter Adam, Art of the Third Reich (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992)
92. Malvano, Fascismo e politica dell’imma, gine (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 1988).
93. Zunino, L’ideologia, 63, 72-71.
94. Renzo De Felice, ‘Gli storici italiani nel periodo fascista,’ in Intellettuali difronte al fascismo: Sa, ggi e note documentarie (Rome: Bonacci, 1985), 191.
95. Zunino, L’ideologia, 65-75.
96. Giovanni Belardelli, ‘II fantasma di Rousseau: Fascismo, nazionalsocialismo e vera democrazia,’ Storia contemporanea (June 1994): 361-89;
97. Emilio Gentile, The Sa, cralization of Politics in Fascist Italy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 1-19.
98. Giovanni Gentile, Opere filosofiche, ed. E. Garin (Milan: Garzanti, 1991), 13-80.
99. Fabio Vander, L’estetizzazione della politica: II fascismo come antiItalia (Bari: Dedalo, 2001).
100. Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher of Fascism (New Brunsnick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001).
101. Patrick Romanell, The Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile: An Inquiry into Gentile’s Concept of Experience (New York: Vanni, 1938).
102. H.S. Harris, The Social Philosophy of Giovanni Gentile (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1960)
103. Richard Bellamy, ‘Giovanni Gentile,’ in Modern Italian Social Theory: Ideology and Politics from Pareto to the Present (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), 100-14.
104. M.E. Moss, Benedetto Croce Reconsidered: Truth and Error in Theories of Art, Literature and History (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1987);
105. David D. Roberts, Benedetto Croce and the Uses of Historicism (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987).
106. H.W. Carr (London: Macmillan, 1922); The Reform of Education, a translation of La riforma dell’educazione (1920)
107. D. Bigongiari, with an introduction by B. Croce (New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1922)
108. ‘The Philosophical Basis of Fascism,’ Foreign Affairs 6, no. 2 (January 1928): 290-304;
109. Sara Bonechi, ‘B. Croce G. Gentile: Bibliografia, 1980-1993,’ in Giornale Critico della Filosofia Italiana: Croce e Gentile un secolo dopo, 6th series, vol. 14, nos. 2-3 (May-December 1994): 529-660.
110. David D. Roberts, ‘La fortuna di Croce e Gentile negli Stati Uniti,’ in the same volume, 253-81.
111. Emilio Gentile, ‘From the Cultural Revolt of the Giolittian Era to the Ideology of Fascism,’ in Studies in Modern Italian History: From the Risorgimento to the Republic, ed. FJ. Coppa (New York: Peter Lang, 1986), 106.
112. Emilio Papa, Storia di due manifesti: II Fascismo e la cultura italiana (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1958).
113. Emilio Papa, Storia di due manifesti: II Fascismo e la cultura italiana (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1958), 29-43.
114. Benedetto Croce, ‘Misticismo e idealismo,’ La Voce 3, no. 11 (November 1913).
115. Giuseppe Prezzolini, La Voce, 1908-1913: Cronologia, antologia fortuna di una rivista (Milan: Rusconi, 1974), 507.
116. Augusto Del Noce, Giovanni Gentile: Per una interpretazione filosofica della storia contemporanea (Bologna: II Mulino, 1990), 268.
117. Giovanni Gentile, ‘Mazzini,’ Politica 1, no. 2 (January 1919), 185-205
118. Giovanni Gentile, ‘II Fascismo e la Sicilia,’ in Che cos’è il fascismo (Florence: Vallecchi, 1925), 32.
119. Armando Saitta, ‘L’organizzazione degli studi storici,’ in Federico Chabod e la ‘nuova storiografia’ italiana dal primo al secondo dopoguerra, ed. B. Vigezzi (Milan: Jaca Book, 1982); 511-13
120. Massimo Miozzi, La scuola storica romana, 1926-1943 (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1982);
121. Delio Cantimori, ‘Note sugli studi storici dal 1926 al 1951,’ in Storici e storia (Turin: Einaudi, 1971), 268-80
122. Antonio Casali, Storici italiani fra le due guerre: La ‘nuova rivista storica,’ 1917-1943 (Naples: Guida, 1980).
123. Zunino, L’ideologia, 76.
124. De Felice, ‘Gli storici,’ 191.
125. Giovanni Belardelli, II mito della ‘nuova italia’: Gioacchino Volpe tra guerra e fascismo (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1988), 25
126. Barbara Spackman, Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 133.
127. Barbara Spackman, Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 133, 133-123.
128. Falasca Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle.
129. Mussolini, Scritti e discorsi, 105-10.
130. Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life’ (1874), in Untimely Meditations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 57-123.
131. T.S. Eliot, ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ (1919), cited in James Longenbach, Modernist Poetics of History: Pound, Eliot, and the Sense of the Past (Princeton: Princeton University Press, [1919], 1987).
132. Hayden White, ‘The Modernist Event,’ in The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television, and the Modern Event, ed. Vivian Sobchack (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), 21-2.
133. Hayden White, ‘The Modernist Event,’ in The Persistence of History: Cinema, Television, and the Modern Event, ed. Vivian Sobchack (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), 21-2.
134. Robert Wohl, The Generation of1914 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979);
135. Spackman, Fascist Virilities, 24-33.
136. Giovanni Gentile, La filosofia di Marx (Pisa: Spoerri, 1899).
137. Giovanni Gentile, ‘Benedetto Croce: II concetto della storia nelle sue relazioni col concetto dell’arte,’ Studi Storici 6 (1897), 137-52.
138. Michele Biscione, ‘II tema della storia nella corrispondenza Croce-Gentile, 1896-1899,’ Rivista di Storia della Storiografia Moderna 4, no. 3 (1983): 3-43.
139. Antimo Negri, ‘II concetto attualistico della storia e lo storicismo,’ in Giovanni Gentile: La vita e il pensiero, vol. 10 (Florence: Sansoni, 1962), 1-220.
140. Prezzolini, La Voce, 512-515-510.
141. G. Gentile, ‘L’Esperienza pura,’ quoted in Garin, ed., Giovanni Gentile: Opere filosofiche, 410.
142. Negri, ‘II concetto attualistico,’ 81.
143. Immanuel Kant, ‘The Contest of Faculties and Other Writings,’ (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), 182-183-181.
144. Negri, ‘II concetto attualistico,’ 45.
145. Giovanni Gentile, Opere: Studi vichiani, vol. 16
146. Antimo Negri, ‘Le Teorie estetiche di Giovanni Gentile,’
147. G. Gentile, ‘L’Esperienza pura,’ 423-25.
148. Turi, Giovanni Gentile, 254.
149. G. Gentile, ‘Politica e filosofia,’ in Dopo la vittoria: Nuovi frammenti politici (Rome: Edizioni La Voce, 1920), 145 (my emphasis).
150. Giovanna Procacci, ‘Aspetti della mentalità collettiva durante la guerra: L’Italia dopo Caporetto,’ in La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini, ed. Dino Leoni and Camillo Zadra (Bologna: II Mulino, 1986), 261-89.
151. G. Gentile, ‘Lenin,’ in Giovanni Gentile: Opere. Guerra e fede, vol. 43 (Florence: Le Lettere, 1987), 441-2.
152. G. Gentile, ‘Lenin,’ in Giovanni Gentile: Opere. Guerra e fede, vol. 43 (Florence: Le Lettere, 1987), 156.
153. Emilio Gentile, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista (1918-1925) (Bologna: II Mulino, 1975), especially 397-418
154. Del Noce, Giovanni Gentile, 283-96.
155. Adamson, ‘Modernism and Fascism. The Politics of Culture in Italy, 19031922,’ American Historical Review 95 (1990): 360.
156. Emilio Gentile, ‘The Conquest of Modernity: From Modernist Nationalism to Fascism,’ Modernism/modernity 1, no. 3 (September 1994): 55-88.
157. Giovanni Gentile, ‘L’atto del pensare come atto puro,’ Annuario della biblioteca filosofica di Palermo 1 (1912): 27-42.
158. Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni del carcere, ed. V. Gerratana, vol. 3 (Turin: Einaudi, 1975), 2038.
159. Andrew Hewitt, Fascist Modernism (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993).
160. Adamson, ‘Modernism and Fascism,’ 368, and compare with ‘Benedetto Croce and the Death of Ideology,’ Journal of Modern History 55, no. 2 (June 1983): 208-36
161. Hayden White, ‘Historical Emplotment and the Problem of Truth,’ in Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the ‘Final Solution,’ ed. Saul Friedlander (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 49.
162. T.S. Eliot ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’ (1919), cited in James Longenbach, Modernist Poetics of History.
163. Reinhard Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985).
164. H.G. Lindell and R. Scott, Greek-English Lexicon, vol. 1 (Oxford: Claredion Press, 1925), 564.
165. Andrew D. Walker, ‘Enargeia and the Spectator in Greek Historiography,’ Transactions of the American Philological Association, 123 (1993): 353-77
166. G. Zanker, ‘Enargeia in the Ancient Criticism of Poetry,’ Reinisches Museum für Philologie 124 (1981): 297-311;
167. A J. Goodman, Rhetoric in Classical Historiography; Four Studies (Portland: Areopagica Press, 1988);
168. James Davidson, ‘The Gaze of Polybius,’ Journal of Roman Studies 81 (1991): 10-24.
169. Roy Park, ‘“Ut Pictura Poesis”: The Nineteenth-Century Aftermath,’ Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 28, no. 2 (Winter 1969): 155-64
170. James Heffernann, ‘Space and Time in Literature and the Visual Arts,’ Soundings 70, nos. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 1987): 95-119
171. Joseph Frank, ‘Spatial Form in Modern Literature,’ SewaneeReview 53 (1945): 221-40.
172. Carlo Ginzburg, ‘Representation: Le mot, l’idée, la chose’ in AnnalesESC, 6 (November-December 1991): 1224.
173. David Freedberg, The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 161-91.
174. Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 227.
175. Mario Isnenghi, II mito della grande guerra (Bologna: II Mulino, 1989), 179-260.
176. Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self: The Political Culture of Interwar Italy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997), 110.
177. Luisa Passerini, Fascism in Popular Memory: The Cultural Experience of the Turin Working Class (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
178. Passerini, Mussolini immaginario, 6:226.
179. WJ.T. Mitchell, Picture Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 158-60.
180. Antonio Monti, ‘II civico istituto per la storia contemporanea di Milano,’ Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (May 1939), 3-4
181. Stephen Bann, The Inventions of History: Essays on the Representation of the Past (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1990), 109.
182. Antonio Monti, ‘Le date estreme di un martirologio glorioso,’ Nuova Antologia vol. 53 (November 1918): 3-5.
183. Alois Riegl, Der moderne Denkmalkultus: Sein Wesen und seine Entstehung (Vienna-Leipzig, 1903).
184. K.W. Forster and D. Ghirardo ‘The Modern Cult of Monuments: Its Character and Its Origin,’ Oppositions 25 (1982): 21-51.
185. Antonio Monti, Museo del Risorgimento nazionale di Milano: Guida (Milan: Comune di Milano 1926), 5.
186. Antonio Monti, ‘II Museo del Risorgimento di Milano,’ Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento 19, no. 4 (October-December 1932): 4-6.
187. Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 33.
188. Benito Mussolini, ‘Relazione alla camera sugli accordi del laterano, 14 maggio 1929’ in Scritti e discorsi di Benito Mussolini: Edizione definitiva 7 (Milan: Hoepli, 1939), 54.
189. Menandro Greco, II Monumento ad Anita Garibaldi: L’Arte (Rome: Lux, 1907).
190. Omar Calabrese, Garibaldi: Tra Ivanohe e Sandokan (Milan: Electa Calabrese, 1982)
191. Mario Isnenghi, ‘Usi politici di Garibaldi, dall’interventismo al fascismo,’ in Garibaldi condottiero: storia, teoria, prassi, ed. F. Mazzonis (Milan: Angeli, 1984), 533-44;
192. Bruno Tobia, Una patria per gl’italiani (Bari: Laterza, 1991), 163-80.
193. Massimo Baioni, La ‘religione della patria’: Musei e istituti del culto risorgimentale (1884-1918) (Treviso: Pagus, 1994).
194. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997) 45-56.
195. Alberto Riccoboni, Roma nell’arte (Rome: Mediterranea, 1942), 459.
196. Antonietta Macciocchi, La Donna nera (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1976);
197. Victoria De Grazia, How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922-1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992), 41-76
198. Barbara Spackman, Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
199. Mario Isnenghi, ‘Usi politici di Garabaldi,’ 540-541.
200. Vito Labita, ‘II milite ignoto: Dalle trincee all’Altare della Patria,’ in Gli occhi di Alessandro, ed. S. Bertelli and C. Grottanelli (Florence: Ponte alle Grazie, 1990), 120-53.
201. E. Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 27.
202. Emilio Gentile in The Sacralization of Politics, 27-8.
203. Barbara Spackman, Fascist Virilities: Rhetoric, Ideology, and Social Fantasy in Italy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 117.
204. WJ.T. Mitchell, Picture Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 241.
205. Mino Argentieri, L’Occhio del regime: Informazione e propaganda nel cinema del fascismo (Florence: Vallecchi, 1979), 17-70;
206. Elaine Mancini, ‘LUCE: Pedagogy and Propaganda in Documentaries and Newsreels,’ in Struggles of the Italian Film Industry during Fascism, 1930-1935 (Michigan: University of Michigan Research Press, 1981), 121-60.
207. Argentieri, L’Occhio del regime, 35-7
208. Elaine Mancini, ‘LUCE: Pedagogy and Propaganda,’ 142-5.
209. Paolo Murialdi, La Stampa del regime fascista (Rome: Laterza, 1986), 79-110.
210. Philip V. Cannistraro, La fabbrica del consenso: Fascismo e mass media (Bari: Laterza, 1975), 312-15.
211. James Hay, Popular Film Culture in Fascist Italy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 201-32.
212. Massimo Cardillo, II duce in moviola: Politica e divismo nei cinegiornali e documentari ‘Luce’ (Bari: Edizioni Dedalo, 1983).
213. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,’ in Illuminations, ed. Hanna Arendt (New York: Schoken Books, 1968), 222-3.
214. Luisa Passerini, Mussolini immaginario: Storia di una biografia, 1915-1939 (Bari: Laterza, 1991), 116.
215. Stephen Bann, ‘Poetics of the Museum: Lenoir and Du Sommerard,’ in The Clothing of Clio: A Study of the Representation of History in Nineteenth-Century Britain and France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 84-8.
216. Ceccarius, ‘Come sara la Mostra dell’ottocento,’ IIPiccolo (19 November 1931).
217. David Freedberg, The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 201.
218. Eugenio Giovannetti, II Giornale d’ltalia (9 March 1932)
219. Rodolfo De Mattei, II Tevere (26 January 1932)
220. Gian Andrea Andriulli, IIResto del Carlino (16 March 1932)
221. Michele Biancale, IIPopolo di Roma (1 February 1932)
222. Pietro Maria Bardi, ‘Mostra dell’ottocento romano vista da novecentista,’ L’Ambrosiano (14 January 1932).
223. Monti, ‘La Mostra garibaldina a Roma,’ Corriere della Sera (30 April 1932).
224. Hayden White, ‘The Politics of Historical Interpretation: Discipline and De-Sublimation,’ in The Content of the Form (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 58-82.
225. White, ‘The Politics of Historical Interpretation,’ 62-7.
226. Stephen Greenblatt, ‘Resonance and Wonder,’ in Exhibiting Cultures, ed. Ivan Karp and Steven D. Levine (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1991).
227. Murray Krieger, Ekphrasis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), especially Chapter 4.
228. Mitchell, Blake’s Composite Art: A Study of the Illuminated Poetry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 35.
229. Mattia, ‘Verso la chiusura della Mostra garibaldina,’ L’Impero (10 June 1932).
230. Pier Maria Bardi, ‘La Mostra garibaldina ch’è stata inaugurata dal Duce,’ Gioventù Fascista 13 (10 May 1932): 3-4.
231. P.M. Bardi, ‘Nuove esigenze delle esposizioni,’ Ambrosiano (20 March 1931).
232. P.M. Bardi, ‘Gli artisti e la Mostra del fascismo,’ Ambrosiano (13 July 1932).
233. Margherita Sarfatti, ‘Architettura, arte e simbolo alla Mostra del fascismo,’ Architettura (January 1933): 2.
234. Giorgio Ciucci, ‘L’autorappresentazione del fascismo: La Mostra del decennale della marcia su Roma,’ Rassegna di Architettura (4 june 1982): 48-55;
235. Gigliola Fioravanti, ed., Archivio centrale dello stato: Partito nazionale fascista Modella rivoluzione fascista, Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato Strumenti CIX (Rome: 1990)
236. Fabio Benzi, Mario Sironi: II mito dell’architettura (Milan: 1990)
237. Libero Andreotti, ‘The Aesthetics of War: The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution,’ JAE 45 (February 1992): 76-86;
238. Jeffrey T. Schnapp, ‘Fascism’s Museum in Motion,’ JAE 45 (February 1992): 87-98;
239. Brian McLaren, ‘Under the Sign of Reproduction,’ JAE 45 (February 1992): 98-106;
240. Jeffrey T. Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations: Fascist Modernity and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution’ in Fascism, Aesthetics, and Culture, ed. Richard J. Golsan (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1992), 1-37;
241. Marla Stone, ‘Staging Fascism: The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution,’ Journal of Contemporary History 28 (April 1993): 215-43;
242. Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 102-13;
243. M. Stone, The Patron State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999);
244. Emily Braun, Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), especially 132-57.
245. Jeffrey T. Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations,’ 8-10.
246. Luigi Freddi, Traccia storico-politica della mostra del fascismo, 3.
247. Antonio Monti, ‘La Mostra della rivoluzione fascista: Un sacrario del tempo di guerra,’ Corriere della Sera (28 June 1932).
248. Emily Braun, Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
249. Andreotti, ‘Art and Politics in Italy,’ 152.
250. Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations,’ 28.
251. E. Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 108-10
252. Stone, The Patron State, 150
253. Braun, Mario Sironi, 132-57.
254. Andreotti, ‘Art and Politics in Italy,’ 171.
255. Schnapp A, ‘Epic Demontrations,’ 28.
256. Mabel Berezin, Making the Fascist Self: The Politics of Culture in Marla Stone, The Patron State: Culture and Politics in Fascist Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 128-76-222-53.
257. Jeffrey T. Schnapp, ‘Epic Demonstrations: Fascist Modernity and the 1932 Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution’ in Fascism, Aesthetics, and Culture, ed. Richard J. Golsan (Hanover & London: University Press of New England, 1992), 17-24.
258. Libero Andreotti, ‘Art and Politics in Italy: The Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution’ (PhD diss., Massachussetts Institute of Technology, 1989), 156.
259. Diane Ghirardo, ‘Architects, Exhibitions, and the Politics of Culture in Fascist Italy,’ Journal of Architectural Education (JAE) 45 (February 1992): 70.
260. Stone, The Patron State, 222.
261. Antonio Monti, ‘Documenti per la storia del fascismo: La Mostra del fascismo,’ Corriere della Sera (30 April 1932).
262. Emilio Pifferi, ‘Mostra della rivoluzione,’ Casabella (April 1933): 38-41 (my emphasis).
263. Ugo D’Andrea, ‘La Mostra della rivoluzione,’ Giornale d’Italia (19 October 1932).
264. Francesco Sapori, ‘Epopea,’ II Popolo d’Italia (16 December 1932).
265. E. Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 104.
266. Massimo Baioni, ‘Fascismo e risorgimento: L’Istituto per la storia del risorgimento italiano,’ Passato e presente 41 (May-June 1997): 45-76.
267. Luciano Romersa, II quadriumviro scomodo: II vero Mussolini nelle memorie del più monarchico dei fascisti (Milan: Mursia, 1983), 132.
268. De Vecchi, ‘La bonifica fascista della storia,’ in La bonifica fascista della cultura (Milan: Mondadori, 1937), 132-7.
269. Baioni, ‘Fascismo e risorgimento,’ 46-9.
270. E. Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics, 53-79.
271. Stone, The Patron State, 177-221.
272. Baioni, ‘Fascismo e risorgimento,’ 54.
273. Stone, The Patron State, 194.
274. Silvia Danesi, ‘Aporie dell’architettura italiana in periodo fascista: Mediterraneità e purismo,’ in II Razionalismo e l’architettura italiana durante il fascismo, ed. S. Danesi and L. Patetta (Venice: La Biennale Edizioni, 1976): 21-8
275. Fabio Benzi, ‘La “mediterraneità” nel dibattito artistico italiano degli anni trenta,’ in Luci del mediterraneo, ed. M. Vescovo (Milan: Electa, 1997): 29-35.
276. Stone, The Patron State, 176.
277. Saul Friedlander, Reflections of Nazism: An Essay on Kitsch and Death (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 25-6.
278. Loreto Di Nucci, Fascismo e spazio urbano: Le città storiche dell’Umbria (Bologna: II Mulino, 1992);
279. Henry A. Millon, ‘Some New Towns in Italy in the 1930s,’ in Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics, ed. H. Millon and L. Nochlin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1983): 326-41
280. Diane Ghirardo, Building New Communities: New Deal America and Fascist Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989);
281. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), 89-118.
282. Stone, The Patron State, 218.
283. Tim Benton, ‘Rome Reclaims its Empire,’ in Art and Power: Europe Under the Dictators, 1930-45, ed. D. Britt (London: Hayward Gallery, 1996): 123-5.
284. Stone, The Patron State, 244-53.
285. Romke Visser, ‘Fascist Doctrine and the Cult of Romanità,’ Journal of Contemporary History 27 no.1 (January 1992): 5-22;
286. Tim Benton, ‘Rome Reclaims its Empire,’ 121-22
287. Spiro Kostof, ‘The Emperor and the Duce: The Planning of Piazzale Augusto Imperatore in Rome,’ in Art and Architecture in the Service of Politics, ed. H.A. Millon and L. Nochlin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978), 303.
288. Giulio Quirino Giglioli, Mostra augustea della romanità: catalogo (Rome: C. Colombo, 1937).
289. Anna Maria Liberati Silverio, ‘La Mostra augustea della romanità,’ in Dalla mostra al museo: Roma capitale, 1870-1911 (Venice: Marsilio, 1983): 83-4.
290. Kostof, ‘The Emperor and the Duce,’ 303.
291. Stone, The Patron State, 129-30.
292. Berezin, Making the Fascist Self, 116.
293. Stone, The Patron State, 224.
294. Mario Pagano, ‘Parliamo di esposizioni,’ Casabella-Costruzioni (March-April 1941): 159-60.
295. Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes: Italian Advertising under Fascism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
296. Stone, The Patron State, 254.
297. Galletti, ‘II sacro nell’ideologia del fascismo,’ Alternative 4 (April 1996): 112 (my translation).
298. Georges Bataille, Contre-Attaque: Gli anni della militanza antifascista 1932-1939, ed. Marina Galletti (Rome: Edizioni Associate, 1995), 194 (my translation).
299. Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927-1939, ed. A. Stoekel (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 262.
300. Giovanni Gentile, ‘Politica e filosofia,’ in Dopo la vittoria: Nuovi frammenti politica (Rome: Edizioni La Voce, 1920), 148.
301. Reinhard Koselleck, Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985).
302. William Salomone, ‘The Risorgimento between Ideology and History: The Political Myth of the “Rivoluzione Mancata,”’ American Historical Review 68, no. 1 (1962): 38-56
303. Sergio Romano, ‘Cavour and the Risorgimento,’ Journal of Modern History 88, no. 3 (September 1986): 669-77
304. Walter Maturi, Le Interpretazioni del Risorgimento (Turin: Einaudi, 1962);
305. Simonetta Soldani, ‘Risorgimento,’ in II Mondo contemporaneo: Storia d’italia 3, vol. 1 (Bari: Laterza, 1978), 1132-58.
306. Giovanni Sabbatucci, ‘La grande guerra e i miti del Risorgimento,’ in II mito del Risorgimento, 215.
307. Mario Isnenghi, Il mito della grande guerra (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1989), 77-178.
308. Sabbatucci, ‘La grande guerra,’ 216.
309. Kriss Ravetto, The Unmaking of Fascist Aesthetics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001).
310. Karen Pinkus, Bodily Regimes: Italian Advertising under Fascism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
311. Susan Sontag, ‘Fascinating Fascism,’ in Under the Sign of Saturn (New York: Ferrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1980).
312. Alexandre Kojève, ‘Introduction to the Reading of Hegel,’ Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit Assembled by Raymond Queneau, ed. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books [1947], 1969): 147-52.
313. Alexandre Kojève, ‘Introduction to the Reading of Hegel,’ Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit Assembled by Raymond Queneau, ed. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books [1947], 1969) 147.
314. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 28.
315. R.J.B. Bosworth, The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism (London and New York: Arnold, 1998), 25-6.